Alcohol use has continued to decline among high school seniors with past-month use: 43.5% to 41.2% & alcohol binge drinking declining from

25.2% to 23.2%.

What does it say? seniors who have drunk in the past are slowing

down or stopping drinking High school seniors are drinking

What DOESN’T it say? Time period, season, holidays, break,

expectations Location? Type of student, ethnicity, race,

gender Socio economic status, population, sample size Who doing research? How? What about those starting drinking Involved College bound Parent adult trust Trusting relationship Who hanging out with Grades, job

Gaba Alcohol Depressant

endorphins Heroin Opiate

dopamine Amphetamines Stimulant

dopamine Cocaine Stimulant

Dopamine/gaba Nicotine Stimulant

Dopamine/sero Marijuana Psychedelic

serotonin Ecstasy Stimulant/diss

serotonin GHB Depressant

Gaba/serotonin Ketamine Depressant/diss

serotonin PCP Hallucinogen/dis

Gaba / glutamate

Barbiturates/ Tranquilizers

Depressant/ sedatives

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic

Oral fixationUnconsciousSatisfying needs/desiresCuriosityInitial relationships &Early childhood experiences (5-6 yrs)Traumatic experience, self medicate

BehavioralBehavioral

EnvironmentFeeling (accomplishment)

rewardingAttentionAssociationRejection

HumanisticHumanistic

Artists/musicians/creativityReach own potentialSelf worthInternal expectationsMaximize abilities

CognitiveCognitive

Thinking/internal sentencesNot meCognitive distortions (rationalize)

Bio-psychologicalBio-psychological

Pain reliefGeneticsPleasure center Frontal lobe underdevelopedNeurotransmitters

– Block– Activated– Mimicked

Cross-culturalCross-cultural

Ceremonial, traditional, cultural Peer pressure; conformityMediaNorms (Social desirability)Group expectations; group think

EvolutionaryEvolutionary

*adapt to environment*genetic characteristics*survival of the fittest*driven to do things that are pleasurable

EclecticEclectic

BIO psych Social

http://www.wnet.org/closetohome/science/html/animations.html

Describe the impact of this commercial. Explain the mindset of one of the smokers before & after meeting the children. What could you say to someone to convince them to quit?

NicotineNicotineNatural stimulantUsed as insecticideSmall doses…Large doses…Relapse % highFrontal lobes, thalamus,

hippocampus, amygdala

Drug Altered Drug Altered ConsciousnessConsciousness

Psychoactive Drug = alters sensation & perception: arousal, mood/emotion,

attention, thinking, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control

Alters synaptic transmission of neurons…*increasing neurotransmitters *blocking*decreasing *mimicking*blocking *influencing

DependenceDependence Physical = to maintain bodily comfort.

– Occurs with drugs that cause withdrawal – Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, cocaine, codeine,

tobacco, nicotine, morphine, heroin.

– Flu-like symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, sweating, cramps,

AND drug tolerance = Neuroadaptation:

PsychologicalPsychological = drug necessary to maintain = drug necessary to maintain emotional or psychologicalemotional or psychological well-being. well-being.

increase craving for drug, and its rewarding increase craving for drug, and its rewarding qualities.qualities.

*can be as powerful as physical!*can be as powerful as physical!

Drug rebound effect: experience of withdrawal symptoms opposite of what drug does.– Depressant withdrawal…excitability– Stimulant

withdrawal…depression/fatigue

Intensity depends on Intensity depends on psychological & environmental psychological & environmental

factors…factors… Personality characteristics Mood Expectations Experience w/drug, alcohol Setting Full/empty stomach Weight, age, gender Racial/ethnic differences (may affect how

drug is metabolized as well)

StimulantStimulant

Increases activity in body and nervous system.

Examples…caffeine, nicotine, LSD, hallucinogens, cocaine, antidepressants, amphetamines.

DepressantDepressant

Decreases activity in body and nervous system.

Ex. Tranquilizers, alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, hypnotics, anesthetics.

Danger of synergistic Danger of synergistic effecteffect

I would remind them that if you give a drunk person a cup of coffee, all

you get is a wide awake drunk.

Patterns of UsePatterns of UseExperimental = short term, curiosity.

Social = pleasure or relaxation.

Situational = cope with specific problem.

Compulsive = intense use, extreme dependence.

AlcoholAlcoholReduces inhibitionsProduce feelings of relaxation, euphoria.Slowed reaction time, poor coordinationReduced ability to store new memories, or

retrieve old onesImpairs sexual performance.Myopia…worries and second thoughts

gone.Behaviors more extreme, blackouts,

cirrhosis, organic damage, mental/neurological impairment

Most hit “rock bottom” before aware of problem.

Development of a Development of a problem…problem…

Begin to feel guilty about drinking. Drink more than used to, and gulp drinks. Have extra drinks before or after being with

others. Drink at certain times, or to get through

certain situations. Drink to relieve feelings of boredom,

depression, anxiety, or inadequacy. Feel sensitive when others mention your

drinking. Memory black outs or passed out while

drinking.

Signals not to be ignored!Signals not to be ignored!At times you NEED a drink.Drink in the morning to overcome

hangover.Promise to drink less, lie about drinking.Often regret what you have said or done.Drink alone.Lost time at work or school because of

drinking.You are noticeably drunk on important

occasions.Relationships have changed.

Paced drinkingPaced drinking

Think before hand and plan how you will manage it.

Drink slowly, rotate w/ non alcohol drink, eat.

Limit drinking to first hour of social event.Practice how you will politely & firmly

refuse.Learn to relax, meet people , and

socialize with out relying on alcohol.

Heroin/Morphine/OpiatesHeroin/Morphine/Opiates

Euphoria, relief of pain, contentment

Loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, coma, withdrawal symptoms, convulsions, possibly death

UppersUppers

AmphetaminesCocaineCaffeineNicotineEcstasy

AmphetaminesAmphetamines Synthetic stimulants. Speed up bodily resources. Aid weight loss, combat depression.

Wakefulness, alertness, raised metabolism, elevated moods

Rapidly produce drug tolerance.

Nervousness, headaches, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, high BP, delusions, psychosis, convulsions, fatal heart arrhythmias, strokes, death

After affectsAfter affectsDangerous unpleasant Fatigue, depression, terrifying nightmare,

confusion, uncontrolled irritability and aggression.

Self-starvation, sores, ulcers, brittle nails, chest infections, liver disease, high BP, brain hemorrhage.

psychosis

CocaineCocaine Extracted from coca plant.

Coca cola?

Quickly metabolized.

Risk for 1st time users.

Increases activity in brain’s pathways, euphoria, excitations, boost of energy, suppressed appetite

Excitability, sleeplessness, sweating, paranoia, anxiety, depression, heart damage, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, injury to nose if sniffed.

Once stop using…Once stop using…Crash of energy, and mood.Anhedonia = unable to feel pleasure.Intense cravings.

Signs– Compulsive– Loss of control– Disregarding consequences

CaffeineCaffeine

Stimulates by blocking chemicals. Wakefulness, alertness, shortened reaction time Restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension,

heartbeat irregularities, high blood pressure

Physical problems Psychological problems If abused…caffeinism

– Cysts in breasts, bladder cancer,heart problems, high blood pressure.

– Withdrawal…anxiety, depression, fatigue, headache, flu-like.

EcstasyEcstasy

Rush of energy, feel closer to others, heightens sensory experiences.

Designer drug.

Problems…toxic, Parkinson’s, overheat, liver damage, impure.

DownersDowners

BarbituatesTranquilizers

AlcoholGHB

Ketamine

BarbituratesBarbiturates & & TranquilizersTranquilizers

Sedative drug Depress brain activity

– Arousal, wakefulness, alertness, respiratory

Calm patients, induce sleep (relaxation)

Reduce inhibitions(seconal nembutal) Mental confusion Depression Loss of coordination &

mental functioning Unconscious, coma,

death

Lowers anxiety Reduces tension Addictive, tolerance Impaired motor/sensory

functions Impaired permanent

storage of new info Withdrawal **Convulsions, coma,

death– (especially when taken

w/other drugs) Rohypnol “Roofies”

Marijuana (Gateway drug)Marijuana (Gateway drug)

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) receptorsHighly concentrated in hippocampusRelaxation, euphoriaIncreased appetiteReduced ability to store new memories

Throat lung irritation, lung damage, impaired immunity, long term effects still being evaluated

““THC in the Brain”THC in the Brain”

Why use drugs?Why use drugs?

Curiosity Availability Belong to a group Social/cultural norms Peers / parents / role models do it Stressful life changes

– (occupational, social, academic probs) Escape feelings of inadequacy Delinquency, alienation, rebelliousness Social non conformity