Aleksandr Nikolaev

Instinct vs. Ego-IdentityA Jungian, bodynamic, neurophysiological, and process-oriented perspective

UDC 159.964.2+615.851

LBC 88.944.9+53.574.9

N 63

Nikolaev Aleksandr

N63 Instinct vs. Ego-Identity. A Jungian, bodynamic, neurophysiological, and process-oriented perspective / Aleksandr Nikolaev; translation from Russian Sergey Bayev. — М.: International Institute of Process-oriented psychology and psychotraumatology, 2021. — 20 p.: il.

ISBN 978-5-6045784-2-1

The article may be of interest to psychologists working in the psychodynamic paradigm and taking into account both the transpersonal aspect and the body experience, including processworkers.

UDC 159.964.2+615.851

LBC 88.944.9+53.574.9

ISBN 978-5-6045784-2-1

© International Institute of Process-oriented psychology and psychotraumatology, 2021

1

Instinctvs.Ego-IdentityAJungian,bodynamic,neurophysiological,andprocess-orientedperspective

Thearticlemaybeofinteresttopsychologistsworkinginthepsychodynamicparadigmandtakingintoaccountboththetranspersonalaspectandthebodyexperience,

includingprocessworkers.

AleksandrNikolaevconsultedbyDr.MilanaVtyurina

editedandtranslatedbySergeyBayev

Contents

Introduction 2

WhatisInstinct 3

InstinctandArchetype 4

EgoStructure 10

Conclusion 17

Glossary 18

References 20

2

Introduction"Inthelastanalysis,mostofourdifficultiescomefromlosingcontactwithourinstincts,withtheage-oldforgottenwisdomstoredupinus."

C.G.Jung

(source:McGuire&Hull,1977,p.89)

In psychological science and practice today, there are a huge variety of concepts andmodels reflecting the structure of the Ego - from isolatedly biological to socio-behavioral -dependingonwhichparadigmtheresearcherbelongstoandwhatistheirpointofviewonthestructureandoriginofthepsyche.TheauthorsofthisworkofferthereaderaholisticmodelofthestructureanddevelopmentoftheEgoIdentitybasedonasynthesisofideasbyC.G.JungandA.Mindell,neuroscientists’moderninventionsinthefieldofbrainmapping,aswellasbiodynamicconceptionsaboutsensitiveperiodsofdevelopment*.

Since Jung considered the archetype as the structural basis of the psyche, and themanifestation of the instinctive human nature as the archetype’s behavioral and socialactualization, the article begins by examining various points of view on what the instinctis.Furtheron,thispapersummarizesJung’sviewsaboutthearchetypesandtheirrelationwiththe instincts, the structure of the psyche, and correlation with some philosophical andevolutionary systems and scientific research, such as: Taoism, psychiatrist Anthony Stevens’concept of the archetype manifesting in the instinctive behavioral responses, neurologyprofessorMichaelMerzenich’s researchaboutsensitiveperiods forming theprojectionbrainareas,LisbethMarcher’sresearchonbodynamicsinthefieldofpsychomotordevelopmentinvariousageperiods,ArnoldMindell’sprocess-orientedpsychology.

Inaddition,forthereader’sconvenience,aGlossaryoftermsdescribingtheEgoStructure,isprovidedattheendofthearticle.Thearticlecontainsasignificantnumberofquotationsfromoriginalsourceswiththeaimtoattractattentionofpsychologistsworkinginpsychodynamicparadigmwithboththetranspersonalaspectandthebodyexperience,tothestudiesofCarlJungandhisfollowersexploringthistopic.

_________________________

* SeeReferencesattheendofthearticle.

3

WhatisInstinctTheterm"instinct"inthesenseofdesireormotivationwasfirstusedbystoicChrysippus

(3rdcenturyBC)tocharacterize thebehaviorofbirdsandotheranimals.Realstudiesof theinstinct,however,beganonlyinthe18thcenturydrivenbytheworksoftheFrenchmaterialistsandnaturalists.Someofthemconsideredtheinstinctareduction(degeneration)ofthemind;others, on the contrary, its germ (LeRoy).LaMettrie argued that all living organismshad a"purely mechanical property <...> to act best for their self-preservation";he noted that theinstinctcamefrominheritedhabits,resultingfromthesatisfactionofvitalneeds.AccordingtoCharlesDarwin,theinstinctwasspeciesadaptivebehaviorsgeneratedthroughtheinheritanceofacquiredcharacteristicsandnaturalselectionthatpreservedavarietyofmorebasicinstinctsaccidently appeared yet useful for the species.IvanPavlov viewed the instinct as a complexunconditionedreflex,bymeansofwhichorganismsinteractedwiththeenvironment.

Thus, each genus or species has its own instincts determined by the complexity of itsanatomicalandmorphologicalstructuresandespeciallythenervoussystem.Instinctsreflectthevaluableexperienceofpreviousgenerations,actualizedintheformofbehavioralreactions.Theabilitytopolishaninstinctiveactionistransmittedbyinheritance.

Manifestation of the instinct does not occur in itself; first of all, there should be anappropriatebiologicalurge(needormotivation),wherebytheglandsofinternalsecretionareactivated,bloodcompositionchanges,temperatureincreasesordecreases,etc.Thencomesthesearchphase,whichcanlastlongenough–untilthetriggeringstimulusintheformofanexternalobjectisfound(anindividualoftheoppositesex,sourceofthenewodor,color,etc.).Onlyinthiscase,aninstinctivephysicalreactionislaunched.

Instinctivebehaviorischaracterizedbystereotype,expediencyandautomatism,butitismeaningfulonlywhenexternalconditionsareconstant.Hereinliesthemaindifferencebetween the instinctive activities and conscious activities: in the former case, there is noconscious foreknowledge of the results of activities, which is necessary when the externalenvironment changes.This shortcoming of instinctive activities, however, ismitigated by itsplasticity: inthecourseof life, instinctscanbeattenuatedoramplified,making itpossibletoaligninstinctivebehavior.

Example. If a child wants to eat, it sucks the breast once it is near (aninstinctiveactivity, innateunconditionedreflex). If there isabottleofmilkinsteadofthebreast,thechildspitsitoutandreachesforthebreast.Butovertime,itgetsusedtothefactthatfoodissuppliedfromthebottle,andwhenthe infant wants to eat, it begins to reach for the bottle (a change ininstinctiveactivity).

4

Human activities are determined by conscious motives, instincts playing asubordinate role. Yet,when the control of thebrain cortexover theunderlying subcorticalstructuresweakens(inthestateofsleep,intoxication,affect,etc.),instinctscanerupt.

Todate,instinctsaredividedintothreecategories.Vitalinstinctsareaimedatensuringthefunctioningofthebody(dissatisfactionofneedsleadstodeathofanindividual,satisfactionofneedsdoesnotrequireparticipationofanotherindividual).Roleorzoo-socialinstinctsexpressthevitalneedinrelationshipsbetweenindividuals(aimedatthesurvivalofthespecies).Self-development(intellectual)instinctsareaimedatlearningtheworld(future-orientedwiththepurposeofimprovingpsychicactivity).

InstinctandArchetypeConsequently,researchersatdifferenttimeshaveputdifferentcontentsintheconceptof

instinct.Insomecases,theinstinctwasopposedtotheconsciousness,andinrelationtopeople,the term served to indicate passion, impulsive, thoughtless behavior, "animal nature" of thehumanpsyche,etc.Inothercases,theinstinctstoodforcomplexunconditionedreflexes,neuralmechanismscoordinatingvitalmotions,etc.Thisdifference isgovernedby thedistinctionofpsychologicalandphysiologicalapproachestothetopic.

Ifwelookatitfromthepointofviewofpsychophysiology,wecantalkaboutthesocalled"instinctivemechanisms".It is logical to assume that there should be some kind of impulsebehindthem.Psychologistscallitdifferentlybutthemeaningboilsdowntoone:itisakindofenergythatseekstobeexpressedatthephysicallevel.Jungcallsthisenergy"libido",definingitaswhatishiddenbehindtheconceptof"archetype".Andforexample,intheTaoisttradition,thiscorrespondstothenotionofthePrimordialbreathorChithatgivesbirthtoGreatAbsolute(Taiji),whichisthebasisforthousandsoftransformations.

C.G.Jung,explainingthepsychologicalmeaningofthecollectiveunconscious,wrote:"Theinstinctsarenotvagueandindefinitebynature,butarespecificallyformedmotiveforceswhich,longbefore there is anyconsciousness, and in spiteof anydegreeof consciousness lateron,pursuetheirinherentgoals.Consequentlytheyformverycloseanalogiestothearchetypes,soclose,infact,thatthereisgoodreasonforsupposingthatthearchetypesaretheunconsciousimagesoftheinstinctsthemselves,inotherwords,thattheyarepatternsofinstinctualbehavior.Thehypothesisofthecollectiveunconsciousis,therefore,nomoredaringthantoassumethereareinstincts.Oneadmitsreadilythathumanactivityisinfluencedtoahighdegreebyinstincts,quiteapartfromtherationalmotivationsoftheconsciousmind.Soiftheassertionismadethatout imagination, perception, and thinking are likewise influenced by inborn and universallypresentformalelements,itseemstomethatanormallyfunctioningintelligencecandiscoverinthisideajustasmuchorjustaslittlemysticismasinthetheoryofinstincts…"

"...There are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life. Endlessrepetition has engraved these experiences into our psychic constitution, not in the form ofimagesfilledwithcontent,butatfirstonlyasformswithoutcontent,representingmerelythepossibility of a certain type of perception and action. When a situation occurs whichcorresponds to a given archetype, that archetype becomes activated and acompulsivenessappears,which,likeaninstinctualdrive,gainsitswayagainstallreasonandwill,orelseproducesaconflictofpathologicaldimensions,thatistosay,aneurosis".

5

Aswecansee,Jungconsideredarchetypesaspreconsciouspsychicpredisposition(innatepossibilityofcertainformsofbehaviorandperception),whichiscloselyrelatedtoinstincts.Atthesametime,heconsideredthecollectiveunconsciousasakindofstructuralformula,whichhadbeenmanifestedatthemateriallevelintheformofinstinctbeforeindividualconsciousnessemerged.Furthermore, the materialization of this formula had begun at least with the firstattemptsofmanifestationoflifeonearth.Itsomehowresemblesthetheosophicalideasofthecollectivesoulanditsgradualdifferentiationintheprocessofevolution"fromstonetoplant,fromplanttoanimal,andfromanimaltoman".Inhisscientificwritings,Jungdidnotexpressthisideadirectly,butmuchaboutitcanbefoundinhiscorrespondenceandintheworksofhisimmediatefollowers,EmmaJung,Marie-LouisevonFranz,andEdwardEdinger.Forexample,hereisanexcerptofClaudeDrey’sinterviewwithMariaLouisevonFranz:

"ClaudeDrey:Wouldwesaythatthearchetypesaretherootsoflife?

vonFranz:WeJungianswouldsaythat.Behindthefirstalgawasthearchetype<…>andfromitcameplantsandanimalsovermillionsofyears-wewouldsaythistookplaceundertheguidanceofthearchetype.

CD:Islifethereforeamanifestationoftheoriginalarchetype?

vonFranz:Yes.Jungdoesnotdaretosaythat,butwecaninferitfromwhathesays.Thatiswhyhesaysinhisbookonsynchronicitythatitlookssometimesasifthearchetypesarenotonlypsychicstructuresbutareworld-creatingstructuresaswell.Thatis,thearchetypesarenotonlystructuresofourunconsciousbutarestructuresofthewholeuniverse."

Andlaterintheinterview:"Dray: I have another technical question: what would be a good example of matter

producingapsyche?VonFranz:Well,forexample,weknowthattheprocessofevolutionbeganwithinorganic

matter, then appeared plants and animals that had something like a psyche.Ifwewere notbiased, we would have interpreted the diversity of their reactions as physiologicalreactions.Then there comes man who originates from apes and monkeys and who has apsyche.So,onthisplanet,inorganicmatterhasproducedbeingswithapsyche.ThetheologicalexplanationisthatinorganicmatterhasproducedonlybodiesandthatGodhasblownapsycheintothem.Butwedonotbelievethat.

Dray:Oh,youmeanthattheprocessofevolution...VonFranz:...producedbeingsmadeofmatterandpsyche.Wemustthereforeassumethat

fromthebeginningmatterwassomewhatpsychoid.Dray:So,wecansaythatpsycheproducesmatterandmatterproducespsyche.VonFranz:Yes.Yes.Dray:Wedon'tknowwhatcamefirst?

Example.Thegazeofamanwalkinginaparkwithhiswifeandchildrengetsrivetedonapassingwomanwearingashortskirt.

6

VonFranz:Wedonotbelieveinthetheologicalideathatmattergaverisetoplantsandanimalswiththeirownsouls,andthenextdaymattergaverisetoahigherapeandGodcameinandblewapsycheinit.Thisisapoorexplanation.So,ifyoubelieveinevolutionjustaswedo,youcansaythatmatteronthisplanethasproducedpsychicbeings.

In general, the anticipation of this kind can be found in various stages of themysticalprocessoftransformation,aswellasdifferentdegreesofinitiationintomysteries.

Drey:HowisthearchetypeoftheSelfdifferentfromthearchetypeofthe individuationprocess?

VonFranz:IwouldsaythatthearchetypeoftheSelfissomethingthatinitiatesandgovernstheindividuationprocess.Andtheindividuationprocess,asthenameimplies,istheprocessofknowingofSelf.Let'ssayforexample,аchildhasavisionofGod;youcansayitisthearchetypeoftheSelf.Laterinlifethechildbecomesagreatpersonalityandslowlyrealizesthefullvalueofhisorhervision,whichhasbeenactualizedthroughtheprocessof individuation.It isaslowprocessofrealizingwhathasalwaysbeenthere."

Thisapproachisalsoreflectedinotherphilosophicalconcepts.Forexample,inthetheoryofTaoism;particularly,intheconceptsofthe"EarlierHeaven"andthe"LaterHeaven"aswellasthestructureofhexagramsintheBookofChanges(YiChing).

Fig.1

What is of interest for us here is thecorrelation between the eight trigrams(includingtheschemeoftheiremergence– Fig.1) and Jung's typology, therelationshipbetweentheTaoandtheSelf,Yin and Anime, Yang and Animus, thestructure of the hexagrams and thearchetypes;aswellastheYiChing,whichdescribes the cyclical development andcycle-to-cycle transition both within onehexagram and within the whole system,withregardto theconceptof thepathofindividuation.

Here'showMarie-LouisevonFranzdescribes it inherbook"PsycheandMatter":«ThematerialworldarisesaccordingtotheChineseinthefollowingway:Firstthereisapreexistentimage(trigram);thenacopyofthistakesshapeincorporealform.Whatregulatesthisprocessofimitationiscalledapattern.“Whatisaboveformiscalledtao;whatiswithinformiscalledtool.” The movements of the lines and images, and of the infinitesimal germs of eventssymbolizedbythem,areinvisible,buttheirresultsmanifestthemselvesinthevisibleworldasgood fortune or misfortune. “The lines and images move within, and good fortune andmisfortunereveal themselveswithout.”Herewecomeacross intimationsof the fact that thearchetypesofthecollectiveunconsciousarelikethese“seeds”;theyareimperceptible,invisibleinaway,onlypotentiallyreal;onlywhentheybecomeactualizedintheformofanarchetypalimagedotheybecome“real,”andonlythendotheyseemtoenterourconsciousnessandwithitintoourspace-timeworld».

7

Inotherwords,ifwelookatthearchetypesfromtheperspectiveoftheTaoistschemeofhowtheGreatAbsolutemanifestsitself,wecan,byanalogy,considerthemasYangandYin.Inthechainofmutualentanglements,YangandYingivecomplexreactions,whichintheirphysicalmanifestationcanbeobservedasinstinctiveactivitiesofthesympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystem.TheyareliketheTaijisign:processesflowfromonetotheother,manifestingthemselvesjustasmuchasthestimulusrequiresfortheorganismtosurvive.

Inthisconnection,theapproachofTaoistalchemytotheevolutionofconsciousnessisalsoofinterest.Itconsidersthespiralmovementfromthe“EarlierHeaven”tothe“LaterHeaven”,andthenbacktothe“EarlierHeaven”nowinthestateofawareness.InTaoismthis iscalled"following the way of Tao".Jung called it the path of individuation meaning the process ofdifferentiationoftheegofromtheunconsciousandtheestablishmentoftheego-SelfAxis.

If,inthiscontext,welookatconditionedreflexes("LaterHeaven"),wecanseethattheysubstitute for unconditioned reflexes ("Earlier heaven"), when the latter do not allow theorganismtosurviveduringtheadaptationtotheenvironment.Thisdeparturefromthe"EarlyHeaven” state is adeparture from the instincts as the chainofunconditioned reflexes andatransitiontolifethroughconditionedreflexesthatstartarisingasearlyasintheperinatalperiodof the child’s development and continue to shape in the process of adaptation to theenvironment.Thisisanimportantpartofthepathofindividuation,becausewithoutit,wewouldnot have a single stimulus for further development.The organism, by adapting to thesurroundingworld,createsnewformsofpsychicreactions,thusformingtheego.

Example.Themotherhalf-looksafterherchildcrawlingonandaroundherwhileshesavesenergyandrestsonthebed.Whentheinfantreachestheedgeofthebed,shequicklypullsittothecenter,momentarilyactivatinghermusclesandattention.

Example.Themothergoesoutofsight,thechildbecomesanxiousandcries.Shecomesbackandsmilesatthebaby,itsanxietygoesaway.Inadulthood,suchapersonwillnothidetheirfeelings.Ifthemotherreturnsandpunishesthechild,theinstinctofself-preservationactivates:itisdangeroustocry...Inthiscase,apatternofbehaviorislaiddownconnectedtothefactthatitisnotsafetoshowone’semotions.Thus,inthecourseofupbringing,therehappensatransitionfromthe"EarlierHeaven"statetothe"LaterHeaven"state.

8

So is the natural instinct, where impossible to be adequately manifested outward,interrupted and split into two parts.The part of the instinct that was not accepted by theenvironmentandthereforewasrepressedintotheunconscious,continuestoexistandrespondtoexternalstimuliatthelevelofsubcorticalstructures(Mindell’ssecondaryprocess),whilethe part that received approval and support, pings throughthe brain cortex(primaryprocess).Iftheresponsetoastimulustravelingthroughthecortexdivisions,correspondstotheinstinctivereactionstoasimilarstimulus,thepersonfeelspsychologicallywellandcalm.

Ifnot,inparallel to thereactionsassociatedwith thebraincortex,reactionsassociatedwith subcortical structures are triggered.They seem to contradict each other, which causesaninternalconflictatthelevelofpsyche.Aconflictthatweexperiencethroughtherespectiveelementsofacomplex(inProcessworkterms,channels):proprioception,movement, images,meanings...

Yetitisthisconflictthatbecomestheincentivethatleadstoawarenessandenablestheinstinct to fully “register” in thebraincortex(an innerconflictdemandsresolution;phase3,accordingtoMindell).Inthiscase,theinstinctturnsfromanunconsciousurgeintoaconsciousresponsesubject tocontrolbyan individual.Taoismseesthisprocessasthereturnfromthe"LaterHeaven"statetothe"EarlierHeaven"state(Mindell’sphase4)bymeansofalchemicalprocessesconnectedwiththemindfulcontrolovertheprocessesoccurringinthebody.

Example.Asthevehiclesloweddownabruptly,apassengerfellonawoman;sheimmediatelypushedthemawayandfeltbetter.Athome,hersmallchildjumpedonher,whomshehuggedjoyfully.

Example.Asthevehiclesloweddownabruptly,apassengerfellonawoman;sheimmediatelypushedthemawayandfeltbetter.Athome,hercheerfulchildjumpedonher,whomsheautomaticallypushedaway.

Example.Intherapy,thewomanexploredwhyherhandsweresohardtopushthe child away when it suddenly jumped on her. After working on theperceptionofherboundaries,ensuringtherighttoprotectthem,empoweringherarmsandexpandingthefeelinginthebodythroughinternalsensations,movement,shouting,visualimagesandmeaningsbehindthem,shefoundoutthat thebodybecamemore soft, flexibleand relaxed.After that, herhandsnaturallycushionedthechildjumpingonherandsmoothlybutsurelyputbackthose who happened to lean on her in public transport. In both cases, thewomandidnotfeelaggressive.

9

Inconnectionwiththeforegoing,MichaelMerzenich’sresearchinneurophysiologyisofutmostinterest.TheprofessorofUniversityofCaliforniaconcludedthattheprojectionareasofour brain at birth resemble "rough drafts".Like sketches, they lack detail and are notdifferentiated.Itisonlyinthecourseofdevelopment,particularlyinsensitiveperiods-whenourbrainmappingstructure is formedunderthe influenceof lifeexperience– that thedraftbecomesdetailedanddifferentiated.Duringtheseperiods,theinstinctshavetheopportunityto“register”inthebraincortexfully,partially,or"notregister"atall,dependingontheexternalconditions.Thisishowbasicpatternsofbehaviorarelaidandfurtherdifferentiatedundertheinfluenceoftheenvironment.

Thedifferencebetweenbrainplasticityinasensitiveperiodandinadulthoodisthatinasensitiveperiod,brainmapscanbealteredbysimpleexposuretotheoutsideworldbecausethelearningmechanismispermanentlyenabled.This"enabledstate"hasanimportantbiologicalsignificanceforfurtherdevelopmentofachild.Itisaperiodwhen,usingNeuman’sdefinition,"personalizationofthearchetype"takesplace.

Theegoatthispointhasnoconsciouschoicewhattodo:theactionoccursinvoluntarily,andworksasa"complex",i.e.unconsciousreaction.Thisiswhyitcanbecalledego-complex.Only later a brain that already has a certain organization, is able to pay special (voluntary)attentiontocurrentprocessesandadjustthem,retrainingitselfbyvirtueofitsplasticity.

ThisprocessiscalledbyJungtheemergenceoftheego–Selfaxis,orawareness.Itisthisaxisthatallowstheegotoshiftinitsdevelopmentfromthestageofego-complextothestageofego-consciousness.This isnot justareturn fromtheconditionedto theunconditionedreflextriggered by a stimulus and responding to it with the adequate strength, but an ability toconsciouslyobserveandcontrolone’sunconditionedreflex (whatmakesdifferencebetweenMindell’sphase4andphase1).Jungshowsthisprocessintheego–Selfaxisemergencescheme(Fig.2).

Fig.2

Example.Asmallchildfeelsbad,uncomfortable,crying.Themothergivesitthebreast,anditstartstoeat-thisisareflexreaction.Theinfantnowfeelsbetter, and it is registered in its brain cortex that "feeling bad"was abouthunger.Inthefuture,theindividualsimplyunderstandsthatheorshewantstoeat,andsatisfiesthisneed.

10

EgoStructureSumminguptheforegoing,itisnowpossibletodepictthestructureoftheegointheform

ofadiagram(seeFig.3below).Thedashedcircleindicatestheboundariesoftheego.Withinitlies thepotentialof theego toknow itself (bringing inawarenessandmoving fromtheego-complex to the ego-consciousness).The rest of the space around the ego circle iswhat JungcalledtheSelf.

Eachofthesegmentsofthecircleindicatesthepossibilityofareactiontocertainstimuli,amanifestationofoneoranotherarchetype(psychicstructure)onthephysicallevel.Dependingon the environmental conditions, an archetype can be:1. fully manifested; 2. partiallymanifested;3.ornotmanifestedatall.

Variant1.Ifthenewexperienceissupportedbytheenvironment,itmanifestsitselfasego-complex,whichcanlaterbeknown;

Variant2.If thenewexperience isnotsupportedby theenvironmentatall, itdoesnotregisterinthebrainmapsandcanbedefinedasthemissingexperiencerelatedtothecollectiveunconscious;

Variant 3.If the reaction is possible to occur, but later on it is not accepted and notsupported,beingstoppedbya limitingbelief(parentalmindset), theoriginalreactionbreaksintoparts,sotosay;itcanbedefinedasaninterruptedexperience,partofwhichisrepressedintothepersonalunconscious.

Example. Inasensitiveperiodwhenitisespeciallyimportantforachildtoexpressitsuniqueopiniontothesurroundingmajority,Paul'sfatherlistenedto his son with interest (the experience occurred andwas supported - seeVariant1below),John'sfatherinterruptedhimmid-sentence(theexperienceoccurredbutwasn’tcompleted-Variant3),andinStephen’sfamilynooneeverhadtheirownopinion–everyoneobeyedthewillofthegrandfatherwhowasaveryrespectedpersonintown(theexperiencedidnotoccuratall–Variant2).Havinggrownup(allegedlywhenpeoplearenotyetawareoftheirego-complexes, personal and collective unconscious; they either “don't know”(Mindell’sphase1)or"sufferandbattle"(phase2)),Paulkeptablogwherehesharedpoliticalforecasts,Johnenviedacolleaguewhowasnotafraidtosharehisexpertopinionwithhisboss,andStephenattendedsatsangsinthehopeofmeetingaguruwhowouldnotdeceivehim.Afterthemid-lifecrisis(whentheegohasallegedlydifferentiatedfromtheunconscioustoanextentthattheego-Selfaxisappears–aperiodofactualization);Paulbecamemoreaware of the power of his influence, trying to refrain from manipulatingothers’ trust, John founded a center where he helped the deaf-mutes tocreativelyexpressthemselves,andStephensuccessfullyfacilitatedconflictsinteams,recognizingandnamingallthediversityofopinionsinthefield.

11

Fig.3

Next, infigures4,5,6,considerastageddevelopmentoftheegostructureforallofthethreevariants,bytheexampleofonefragmentinrelationtoaparticularstimulus.

Variant1:Environmentsupportsmanifestationofthenewexperience.

Fig.4

Originallyandpotentially, thereis a possibility of full and freemanifestationof a reaction to acertain stimulus (4.1).If thereaction is accepted by theenvironment, it registers in thebraincortexastheego-complex(4.2) and in the future canbecome conscious andcontrolled throughawareness–a growth of the ego-consciousness (4.3 and 4.4). Sodoes the little u grow towardstheBigU,accordingtoMindell.

12

Variant2:Environmentdoesnotsupportmanifestationofthenewexperiencefromthebeginning.

Fig.5

Originallyandpotentially,thereisapossibility of full and freemanifestation of a reaction to acertain stimulus (5.1).If theresponse is not accepted by theenvironment at all, it does notregister as the ego-complex (5.2)but in future, while learning, canregister in the brain cortex andbecome conscious and controlledthrough the growth of the ego-consciousness(5.3and5.4).

Example.Asmallchildfeelsbad,uncomfortable,crying.Themothergivesitthe breast, and it starts to eat - this is a reflex reaction (archetype of thecollectiveunconscious).Theinfantnowfeelsbetter,anditisregisteredinitsbraincortexthat"feelingbad"wasabouthunger.Inthefuture,theindividualsimplyunderstandsthatheorshewantstoeat,andsatisfiesthisneedbyanymeans(ego-complex).Whenfacedinlifewiththefactthatsatisfyinghisorherneedscanbringdiscomforttoothers,andreflectingonit,theindividualcanbegintoconsciouslyregulatewhen,whereandhowtosatisfythisneed(ego-consciousness).

Example.Asmallchildfeelsbad,uncomfortable,crying.Themother’sactionsdonotmeet itsneed,and itdoesnot register in thebraincortexwhat this"feelingbad"isabout(archetypeofthecollectiveunconscioushasnotbecometheego-complex).Inthefuture,whenhungry,suchapersonfeelsasenseofdiscomfortandanxiety,withoutunderstandingwhatitisabout.Atbest,heorshecanproject thisneed toanother: "Youprobablywant toeat".Noticing,however, that "feeling bad" vanishes after eating, such a person graduallyregistersthisneurallink(ego-consciousness).

13

Variant 3: The new experience has the opportunity tomanifest itself, but later on theenvironmentdoesnotacceptorsupportit.

Fig.6

Originally and potentially, there is apossibility of full and freemanifestation of a reaction to acertainstimulus(6.1).If thereactionhasanopportunitytomanifestitself,but lateron is strictly suppressed, itgets broken into parts, as describedabove, by a limiting, interruptingbelief (6.2), which creates an innerconflict.

The ego-complexhere is the part of the unconditioned, innate reaction, whosemanifestationisencouragedinthisenvironment,thusallowingthechildtosurviveinit.Thispartisregisteredinthebrainmaps.

The other part, which is not accepted, whose manifestation is dangerous in thisenvironment,isreferredbyJungtothepersonalunconscious.Inotherwords,itisrepressedormarginalized.Fromtheviewpointofneurophysiology,itisalsoregisteredinthebrainmapsbutrepressedbyastrongerimpulse.InJung’sterminology,itistheautonomouscomplex.

In the situationofnonacceptance, there isonemorepart,the limitingbelief.Thispartrepresentsanautonomouscomplexof reactionsas tohowthechild inhibits reactionsof therejectedpart.Inpsychology,thispartisassociatedwiththeparentalintroject,intheprocess-orientedapproachthisisX,theenergyoftheedgefigure.

Lastly,thepartofthearchetype,whichhasnoopportunityatalltomanifestitselfintheenvironment,doesnotregisterinthebrainmapseither.Itremainstobelongtothecollectiveunconscious.

Thus,theoriginalarchetypesplitsintotheegocomplex,limitingbelief,personalandcollectiveunconscious(Fig.6.2).

Example.Themothergoesoutofsight,thechildbecomesanxiousandcries.Themother returns and punishes the child, its instinct of self-preservationactivates – it is dangerous to cry... A pattern of behavior is now laid downconnectedtothefactthatitisnotsafetoshowone’semotions.Inadulthood,this is a very reserved person. By paying attention to their psychosomaticreactionsorrelationshipproblems,heorshewillgraduallymakemoreroomfortheirfeelings.

14

In the future, the growth of the ego-consciousness, based on the resolution of innerconflictsvariouslymanifestedinlife,leadstothegradualreunionoftheseparts(Fig.6.3)andcomplete"personificationofthearchetype"(Fig.6.4).Thatisthetimewhentheegobecomesfullyawareofitself.Self-awareness,orthepathofindividuation,inthepsychologicalsensemeans a psychic process that leads to the differentiation of the individual from thecollectivepsycheandhisorherdevelopmentintoanindividualpersonality.

Here is what Carl Gustav’s wife Emma Jung wrote about it in "The Grail Legend":«Individualityisindeedanaproridatum,butitonlyexistsunconsciouslyasaspecific"pattern"or "predisposition" determined by the genes. The realization of individuality does not comeabouteoipso,sinceitunquestionablyrequiresacomingtotermswiththeenvironment,withwhich the individual often feels unable to cope. <…> The conflict between them and theirreconciliation requires the development of consciousness. <…> The development ofconsciousness progresses with increasing encounters with the outer world. Normally thisadaptationtothesurroundingsisthetaskandcontentofthefirsthalfoflife.Inthesecondhalf,theproblemisthatofbecomingawareoftheinherentindividualityanditsrealization,inthesenseindicatedabove».

Adaptation to the environment takes place especially intensively during the sensitiveperiodsofpersonalitydevelopment.Considertheegostructurebasedonthesensitiveperiodscorresponding to the bodynamics character structures (Fig.7).This classificationdistinguishes between the seven structures of characters – periods when basic patterns ofbehavior are laid and fundamental"rights" of the individual are claimed:the right to 1.existence, 2. needs, 3. autonomy, 4. will, 5. love and sexuality, 6. opinion, 7. solidarity andexpressionofinterests.Ineachofthestructurestherecanbethreepossiblescenarios:norm,hyper-responseandhypo-response.Inthecontextofthisarticle,wecansaythatthenormcorrespondstothecompleteregistrationoftheinstinctinthebrainmaps(seeaboveVariant1),the hyper-response to the breaking of the instinct into parts (see Variant3), and the hypo-responsewhentheinstinctdoesnotregisterinthebrainmapsbutmanifestsitselfintheformofreactionsatthelevelofsubcorticalstructures(seeVariant2).

Fig.7

15

This way for each individual in each psychic structure (archetype, instinct), a uniquecombination of the ego-consciousness, ego-complex, limiting beliefs, personal and collectiveunconsciousisformedthusdeterminingtheperson’speculiaritiesofdevelopment(Fig.8).

Fig.8

Thus, asAnthony Stevenswrites in his book "Archetype revisited.AnUpdatedNaturalHistoryoftheSelf":"Onceoneconceivesofarchetypesastheneuropsychiccentresresponsibleforco-ordinatingthebehaviouralandpsychicrepertoiresofourspeciesinresponsetowhateverenvironmental circumstances we may encounter, they become directly comparable to the

Example.Alexfreelyexpresseshimselfinpublic(thestructureofwill,hisperformanceswere admired, Variant 1). At the same time, he demands the same freedom from hiscolleagues (that it, he lives out of the ego-complex that has not yet become the ego-consciousness;inMindell’sterms,heisnotawareofhispsychologicalrank).Again,Alexisshy to get acquainted with those he really likes (the structure of autonomy and thestructureofexistence:"Iwanttobewithyou,butI'mafraidofnotbeingaccepted";theexperienceoccurredbutwasinterrupted,Variant3;outoftheego-complexheremainssingle,thepossibilityofacloserelationshipisrepressedintothepersonalunconscious,hislimitingbeliefbeing:"Iamnotworthyoftruelove;Ibringpain").Insex,themainthingforAlexisorgasm;simpletouchesaredevaluedanddonotbringthesamepleasureasforhispartner("thestructureofneed",theexperiencedidnothappenatall:themotherdidnotusetocaress,thesonsleptswaddledseparately,Variant2;thereisnothingtorepressinto thepersonalunconscious, gentle touches stay in the collectiveunconsciousas thepotentialandexperienceofhumanity,Alexonlyreadsabouttheminbooksandsometimesexperiences innightdreams, suffering fromdry skinwhileawake).Over time,Alex canrecognizehisfeelingfreeinpublicasapersonalpower,aresourceofacceptance,anduseittomeetagirlwhocangivehimexperienceoftouch.

16

“innatereleasingmechanismsresponsibleforLorenz's'species-specificpatternsofbehaviour'andBowlby's'goal-correctedbehaviouralsystems’".

Orelsewhere:"Jungassertedthatalltheessentialpsychiccharacteristicsthatdistinguishus as human beings are with us from birth. These typically human attributes Jung calledarchetypes.Heregardedarchetypesasbasictoalltheusualphenomenaofhumanlife.WhilehesharedFreud'sviewthatpersonalexperiencewasofcriticalsignificanceforthedevelopmentofeach individual, he denied that this development was a process of accretion or absorptionoccurringinanunstructuredpersonality.Onthecontrary,forJung,theessentialroleofpersonalexperiencewastodevelopwhatisalreadythere,toactualizethearchetypalpotentialalreadypresent in the psychophysical organism, to activate what is latent or dormant in the verysubstanceofthepersonality,todevelopwhatisencodedinthegeneticmake-upoftheindividual,inamannersimilartothatbywhichaphotographer,throughtheadditionofchemicalsandtheuseofskill,bringsouttheimageimpregnatedinaphotographicplate."

ItbecomesobviousthatthesameideasarethebasisofArnoldMindell’sprocess-orientedpsychology.Everything already exists, all we need is to let itmanifest and be aware of thisexperienceinourlives.

Thethreelevelsofawareness,proposedbyProcesswork,correspondtothelevelofthematerialplane(Consensus),thelevelof"brokenintoparts"archetypes(Dreamland),andthelevelofthecollectiveunconsciouswheretheSelf istheorganizingprincipleofallarchetypes(Essencelevel).AsubjectivelyperceivedworldisrepresentedattheConsensuslevel.Perceptionofthisworldcompletelydependsontherelationshipbetweenourinnerfiguresrepresentingdifferent parts of the "broken" archetype andmanifesting themselves as ego-complexes andautonomous complexes, to use Jung’s terminology.Sensory-grounded experience andintegration of the energies behind these parts, gives us the opportunity to reunite a once"broken"archetype.Eachsuchreunionensuresthegrowthoftheego-consciousnessandinawaydrawsathreadtothearchetypeoftheSelf.Themorethreads,thelouderthevoiceoftheSelf,ortheBigU,inMindell’sterms.TheEgo,orthelittleu*strives,therefore,initsdevelopmenttomanifesttheBigUwhiletheBigUstrivestobemanifestedthroughthegrowthofawarenessof the little u*. Both processes take place as a result of conflicts – the X energy or parentalmindsetsthataffectthelittleuenergy,accordingtoMindell.Thelittleuhereistheenergyofanintact archetype, something that had been before the limiting belief was formed under theinfluenceoftheXenergy.

Fig.9

17

ConclusionIn conclusion, it is best to quote Anthony Stevens’ "Archetype revisited. An Updated

NaturalHistoryoftheSelf":

«In the course of being actualized the Self is inevitably constrained by the livingcircumstancesofthegrowingindividual,especiallybythepersonalityandcultureofhisparentsandthenatureofhisrelationshiptothem.Justasnoparentcaneverhopetoactualizethetotalityoftheparentalarchetype,sonoegocaneverincorporatethewholenessoftheSelf.Incarnationentails sacrifice: it means fragmentation ('disintegration') and distortion of the originalundifferentiatedarchetypalstate:manyaspectsoftheSelfwillproveunacceptabletothefamilymilieu and consequently are relegated to the Shadow (Freud's personal unconscious),whileotherswillremainunactualizedandwillpersistasunconsciousandlatentarchetypalpotential,whichmay ormay not be activated at a later date. Thus, in every individual life-span somedistortionofprimaryarchetypal intent isunavoidable:weareallofus, toagreateror lesserdegree,onlya'goodenough'versionoftheSelf.Thisfactisoftheutmostpsychiatricsignificance,becausetheextentofthedistortionisthefactorthatmakesallthedifferencebetweenneurosisandmentalhealth.Moreover,thelife-longstruggleofeachindividualtoachievesomeresolutionofthedissonancebetweentheneedsoftheconsciouspersonalityandthedictatesoftheSelfisattheveryheartoftheindividuationprocess».

«Hereliestheessenceofthecriticaldistinctionwhichmustbemadebetweenindividuationandthebiologicalunfoldingofthelife-cycle.Thetwoprocessesare,ofcourse,interdependentinthesensethatonecannotpossiblyoccurwithouttheother,yettheyarefundamentallydifferent.The life-cycle is the indispensableconditionof individuation;but individuation isnotblindlylivingoutthelife-cycle:itislivingitconsciouslyandresponsibly,andisultimatelyamatterofethics. Individuation is a conscious attempt to bring the universal programme of humanexistencetoitsfullestpossibleexpressioninthelifeoftheindividual».

Whatweseemtobe—toourselvesandtoothers—isonlyafractionofwhatthereisinustobe.AndasaresulttheSelfisneversatisfied:itknowsthattheegocoulddobetterifittried.Forthisreasonitneverstopspromptingandadvising;itisforevertugginginnewdirections,alwaysseekingtoexpandandreadaptthehabitsandclichésofconsciousness,sendingusbaddreamsanddisturbingthoughts,makingusquestionthevalueofthingsweholddear,mockingourcomplacentpretensionstohave'arrived'.Thisisthesecretofman's'Divinediscontent'.Forallofus,somuchmoreis'plannedfor'thanwecaneverhopetorealizeinconsciousactuality:ourlivesarecrowdedwithlostopportunities.Yet,forthosewhohaveearstohear,thecalltoindividuate ('the voice of God within') is constantly transmitted to the ego by the Self.Unfortunately,receptionisoftenjammedbyinterferencefromtheparentalcomplexes;andsuchisourextravertedconcernwiththematerialworldthatfewofusheedtheseinnerincitementstogreaterSelf-fulfilment».

18

Glossary

Ego(ego-identity)–asetofautomatic,notcontrolledarbitrarily,aswellasarbitrarilycontrolledreactions,withwhichtheindividualisidentified.

Ego-complex –a part of the ego-identity related to a set of automatic, not controlledarbitrarily, reactions(patterns)causedbyandassociatedwith innerbeliefsystems.Theego-complexconsistsofconditionedandunconditionedreflexesandislargelydeterminedbythem.

Ego-consciousness–apartof theego-identityrelated toasetofarbitrarilycontrolledreactions,ofwhichapersonisawareandcanchoosehowtorespond.

Thus, the ego-identity includes the ego-complex and the ego-consciousness.ArnoldMindell introduces the concepts of primary and secondary processes.If we consider theseconceptswithintheinnerconflictdeterminedbytheclient’srequest,theego-complexwillbetheprimaryprocess.Ifwedefinetheprimaryprocessastheego-identityonthewhole,beyondtheinnerconflict,theprimaryprocesswillalsoincludetheconsciousandintegratedpart,theego-consciousness.

Limiting belief –a part of the personal unconscious, associated with the "parentalintroject".InthetermsofMindell’sprocess-orientedpsychology,itistheedgebelief.

Personalunconscious–apartof thepsychologicalstructure(archetype)orpatternofbehavior,whichwasunabletomanifestinlifeandwasrepressedasitwasnotacceptedbythereferencefiguresatthetime.Thepersonalunconsciousiscomplementarytotheego-complex,the two parts together making a whole, "unbroken" archetype.In the language of Mindell’sprocess-orientedpsychology,thepersonalunconsciouscorrespondstoDreamland.

Collective unconscious– a pre-personal or trans-personal dimension manifested inuniversal patterns of behavior.Structural units of this measurement were called by Jungarchetypes.Thesearchetypescoincide,toacertainextent,withwhatzoologistscallpatternsofbehavioror instincts; so the Jungianarchetypes, ina sense, canbecalledpatternsofhumanbehavior.Jung considered the collective unconscious as the basic layer of the psyche,whichmanifestsitselfinhumanlifethroughcomplexes,i.e.emotionallychargedclustersofideasandmentalimages,aswellasatthelevelofbodysensationsandtheleveloforganismchemistrychange.In the parlance of Mindell’s psychology, this corresponds to the transition fromDreamlandtoEssencelevel.

Self– a structuring or regulating principle,which allows combining various archetypalcontentsofthepsyche.OneofthedefinitionsoftheSelfisthatitrepresentsthetotalityofthepsyche,whichmanifestsitselfasasingleentity.ItcanalsobesaidthattheSelfisthepsycheasawhole,whichincludesboththeegoandalltheimmensityoftheunconscious.AthirdwordingisthattheSelfisthecenterandcircumferenceofthepsyche,whichiscloselyconnectedtotheancientdefinitionofGodasacirclewhosecenteriseverywhereandcircumferenceisnowhere...

The ego is the center of the subjective identity (in which the repressed material,autonomous complexes, secondary processes the person is unaware of, interfere with theperceptionandself-perception)whiletheSelfisthecenteroftheobjectiveidentity.InMindell’sterminology,theSelfcorrespondstotheSentientlevel.

Complex(ascitedfromJung’s“TheStructureandDynamicsofthePsyche”)«…mustbeapsychicfactorwhich,intermsofenergy,possessesavaluethatsometimesexceedsthatofourconsciousintentions,otherwisesuchdisruptionsoftheconsciousorderwouldnotbepossible

19

atall.Andinfact,anactivecomplexputsusmomentarilyunderastateofduress,ofcompulsivethinkingandacting,forwhichundercertainconditionstheonlyappropriatetermwouldbethejudicial conceptofdiminished responsibility.What then, scientifically speaking, is a "feeling-toned complex"? It is the imageof a certain psychic situationwhich is strongly accentuatedemotionally and is,moreover, incompatiblewith thehabitual attitudeof consciousness.Thisimagehasapowerfulinnercoherence,ithasitsownwholenessand,inaddition,arelativelyhighdegreeofautonomy,sothatitissubjecttothecontroloftheconsciousmindtoonlyalimitedextent,andthereforebehaveslikeananimatedforeignbodyinthesphereofconsciousness.Thecomplexcanusuallybesuppressedwithaneffortofwill,butnotarguedoutofexistence,andatthefirstsuitableopportunityitreappearsinallitsoriginalstrength.

Eventhesoberestformulationofthephenomenologyofcomplexescannotgetroundtheimpressivefactoftheirautonomy,andthedeeperonepenetratesintotheirnature—Imightalmost say into their biology— themore clearly do they reveal their character as splinterpsyches.Dreampsychologyshowsusasplainlyascouldbewishedhowcomplexesappear inpersonifiedformwhenthereisnoinhibitingconsciousnesstosuppressthem,exactlylikethehobgoblins of folklore who go crashing round the house at night. We observe the samephenomenonincertainpsychoseswhenthecomplexesget"loud"andappearas"voices"havingathoroughlypersonalcharacter.Todaywecantakeitasmoderatelycertainthatcomplexesarein fact "splinter psyches." The etymology of their origin is frequently a so-called trauma, anemotional shock or some such thing, that splits off a bit of the psyche. Certainly one of thecommonestcausesisamoralconflict,whichultimatelyderivesfromtheapparentimpossibilityofaffirmingthewholeofone'snature.Thisimpossibilitypresupposesadirectsplit,nomatterwhethertheconsciousmindisawareofitornot.Asarulethereisamarkedunconsciousnessofanycomplexes,andthisnaturallyguaranteesthemallthemorefreedomofaction.Insuchcasestheirpowersofassimilationbecomeespeciallypronounced,sinceunconsciousnesshelps thecomplextoassimilateeventheego,theresultbeingamomentaryandunconsciousalterationofpersonalityknownasidentificationwiththecomplex.

Theviaregiatotheunconscious,however,isnotthedream,ashethought,butthecomplex,whichisthearchitectofdreamsandofsymptoms».

20

References1. D.Boadella"Lifestreams:AnIntroductiontoBiosynthesis",Moscow,Centerof

psychologicalcounselingandphysicaltherapy,2016

2. N.Doidge"TheBrainThatChangesItself:StoriesofPersonalTriumphfromtheFrontiersofBrainScience",Moscow,“APublishingHouse”,2017

3. LuTzu"TheSecretoftheGoldenFlower".Russiantranslation,Moscow,"QigongandLife",1992,translatedbyR.Wilhelm,commentariesbyC.G.Jung.

4. A.Stevens"Archetyperevisited.AnUpdatedNaturalHistoryoftheSelf",thirdeditionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2004

5. M.L.vonFranz"PsycheandMatter",Moscow,CastaliaClub,20136. M.L.vonFranz"ConversationsonAion"(withClaudeDrey)fromB.HannahandM.-L

vonFranz’s“LecturesonJung’sAion”,Wilmette,IL.:ChironPublications,2004.RussiantranslationbyCastaliaClub,Moscow,2015

7. M.L.vonFranz's"AlchemicalActiveImagination",Moscow,CastaliaClub,2016

8. M.L.vonFranz"Psychotherapy",Moscow,CastaliaClub,2015

9. E.Edinger,"EgoandArchetype",Moscow,CastaliaClub,2015

10. E.Edinger,"TheAionLectures",Moscow,CastaliaClub,2015

11. C.G.Jung,"TheStructureandDynamicsofthePsyche",Moscow,«Cogito-Center»,2008

12. C.G.Jung,"Letters",Moscow,ClubCastalia,2017

13. E.Jung"TheGrailLegend",Moscow,ClubCastalia,2013