Biological Report 82(11.111) TR EL-82-4August 1989
AD-A215 677
Species Profiles: Life Histories and DTEnvironmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes A% ,-T% -and Invertebrates (South Atlantic) NOV 141a989
ALEWIFE AND BLUEBACK HERRING
Coastal Ecology GroupFish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
8 9 10 3-1 042
DISLAIER OTIcr. 1
THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST
QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY
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Biological Report 82(11.111)TR EL-82-4August 1989
Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirementsof Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (South Atlantic)
ALEWIFE AND BLUEBACK HERRING
by
Earl L. Bozeman, Jr.and
Michael J. Van Den AvyleGeorgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
School of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602
Project OfficerDavid Moran
U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNational Wetlands Research Center
1010 Gause BoulevardSlidell, LA 70458
A :t',u P or
r, T !,S
Performed by 1A5
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U a;. .. JCoastal Ecology Group J
Waterways Experiment StationVicksburg, MS 39180 -.y
and
U.S. Department of the Interior t .Fish and Wildlife ServiceResearch and Development
National Wetlands Research CenterWashington, DC 20240
0
This series may be referenced as follows:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983-19 . Species profiles: life historiesand environmental requirements of coasta-fishes and invertebrates. U.S. FishWildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4.
This profile may be cited as follows:
Bozeman, E.L., Jr., and M.J. Van Den Avyle. 1989. Species profiles: lifeii i.jyes .nu environ,,entdl .-cquirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates(South Atlantic)--alewife and blueback herring. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol.Rep- R21.i1). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 17 pp.
0
PREFACE
This species profile is one of a series on coabtal aquatic orydrisms,principally fish, of sport, commerciai, or ecological importance. The profilesare designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief
c................................. ..blraCtev 6i. t %t anu %nev ',i utIieit C1requireihents of the species and to describe how populations of the species may beexpected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Eachprofile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmentalrequirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A three-ring binder isused for this series so that new profiles can be added as they are prepared.This project is jointly planned ard flndnced by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineersand the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Suggestions or questions regardina this report should be directed to one ofthe following addresses.
Information Transfer SpecialistNational Wetlands Research Center
SU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNASA-Slidell Computer Complex1010 Gause BoulevardSlidell, LA 70458
or
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment StationAttention: WESER-CPost Office Box 631Vicksburg, MS 39180
0iii
CONVERSION TABLE
Metric to U.S Cus-omar,-
Multiply lo Obtain
millimeters (mm) 0.03937 inchescentimeters (cm) 0.3937 inchesmeters (m) 3.281 feetmeters (m) 0.5468 fathomskilometers (km) 0.6214 statute mileskilometers (km) 0.5396 nautical miles
square meters (m2 ) 10.76 square feetsquare kilometers (km2 ) 0.3861 square mileshectares (ha) 2.471 acres
liters (1) 0.2642 gallonscubic meters (mj ) 35.31 cubic feetcubic meters (m3 ) 0.0008110 acre-feet
milligrams (mg) 0.00003527 ouncesgrams (g) 0.03527 ounceskilograms (kg) 2.205 poundsmetric tons (t) 2205.0 poundsmetric tons (t) 1.102 short tons
kilocalories (kcal) 3.963 British thermal unitsCelsius degrees ('C) 1.8(OC) + 32 Fahrenheit degrees
U.S. Customarv to Metric
inches 25.40 millimetersinches 2.54 centimetersfeet (ft) 0.3048 metersfathoms 1.829 metersstatute miles (mi) 1.609 kilometersn~utical miles (nmi) 1.852 kilometers
square feet (ft') 0.0929 square meterssquare miles (mi2 ) 2.590 square kilometersacres 0.4047 hectares
gallons (gal) 3.785 literscubic feet (ft:) 0.02831 cubic metersacre-feet 1233.0 cubic meters
ounces (oz) 28350.0 milligramsouncPs (oz) 28.35 gramspounds 1]b) 0.4536 kilogramspounds ()b) 0.00045 metric tonsshlrt t (ns (ton) 0.9072 metric tons
British thermal units (Btu) 0.2520 kilocaloriesFahrenheit deqrees ('F) 0.5556 (°F - 32) Celsius degrees
iv0
CONT ENTS
CONVERSION" TABLE ............... ............. 1vA Crw N04 DOME N TS............................... v i
PROFT E SC P .. . . . .. . . . . .. . OPE.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. INOM,1ENCLATURE, TAXONOMY, AND RANGE .....................11ORRCOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION AIDS......................................... 2
Alewife ................................................................. 2Blueback Herring........................................................2Aids Far Species Separation.............................................. 2
REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES................................. .......... 4LIFE HISTORY .............................................................. 4
Spawning ............................................................ 4Eggs .................................................................... 5Larvae .................................................................. 5Juveniles ............................................................... 5Adults .................................................................. 6
GRPOWeTH CHARACTERISTICS..................................................... 6Growth Rates ............................................................ 6
THE FISHERY ............................................................... 6ECOLOG.ICAL PROLE.................... ....................................... 8
Food.................................................................... 8CompetiJtors ............................................................. 8Pre~dators ................................... 9
E' RV ONIMENTAt REQUIRPEMENTS................................................. 9Temperature ............................................................. 9
Saint............................................................... 10Piosolved Oxygen ................................ ....................... 10Substrate and System Features............................................ 10Environmental Contaminants.... o.......................................... 10
LITERATURE CITED.......................................................... 13
*0
ACKNOWLEDGMFNTS
We thank Richard Christie of the Dennis Wildlife Research Center, Bonneau,South Carolina, and Sara Winslow of the North Carolina Division of MarineFisheries, Elizabeth City, for their reviews of this manuscript. We alsoappreciate Sue Anthony for typing and preliminary editing.
vi1
A
Fiqurt 1. A. alewife; B. blueback herring.
ALEWIFE AND BLUEBACK HERRING
PPCFILE SCOPE out most of the South Atlantic Region
(Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, toThis profile addresses life histo- Cape Canaveral, Florida) and isPies and environmental requirements of emphasized here. The alewife is moreboth alewife and blueback herring limited in distribution in the South" Figure I) because the morphology, Atlantic Region, occurring only inecological role, and environmenLal waters of North Carolina and northernrcquirements of the two species are South Carolina. Most of theAimilar. The fish are marketed information available on alewife life),Jether as 'river herring" or history is from studies in the Middle'al wife ," and ire often combined in and North Atlantic Regions or fromr cjrc aI fishing statistics. The studies of landlocked populations in
LJ i,-eback herring is plentiful through- the Great Lakes. Inasmuch as applic-
*
ability of some of these data, particu- Al ewi felarly those describing environmentalrequirements, to southeastern popula- Dorsal rays 12-19 (usually 13-14);tions of the alewife is unknown, this anal rays 15-21 (usually 17-18); lat-information should be a ppl i edU with erai linie scales 1L 5a. PrepelviccauL'ion. scutes (modified scales along the
ventral midline) 17-21 (usually';CMENCLATL!.E, TAXONOMY, AND RANGE 19-2O ; postpelvic scutes 12-l'
(usually 14-15); gill rakers on firstOc ienti fic names ................ Alosa arch 38-46. Body stronglyv compressed
pseudoharen gus (Wilson) and -A. and deep. Mouth oblique; 'anterior endriestivailis TMitchill) of lower jaw thick, heavy, and extend-
Privcerrpd r( mmon names .........Alewife ing to middle of orbit. Eye large,dord blueback herring ,-ioure 1). diameter greater than snout length.
OKhor -cn.nrn rvlnres bhoth species) ... Color dorsally gray to gray-green;river herring, olut herring, saw- laterally silver with prominent dark
He ,v, qoqgle-eye, blackbelly, shoulder spot; 'ins pale yellow tolz u;rePr her-rov , kyak, branch her-- green.f-r, qr-Vhack, oldwife, qasoereau.
C-assq.................... Osteichthyes Blueback Herring0~rder ................... Clupeiformes.
1............ Clupeidap. Dorsal rayvs 15-20; anal rays15-21; l ateral1 line scales 46-54.
L ecco riph ic range: The alewife is an Prepelvic scutes 18-21; postpelvicanadrfrnous species occurring in scutes 12-16; oill rakers on first
r'vr~e, estuarine, and Atlantic arch ~1E. Body moderately comn-c i 'Ia vaeers from Newfoundland pressed and elongate; eye diameter
"'4nters et al!. 19/,") to northern small , eq1ue' ior less than snoutO)cuth Carolina (Rerrv 1964). length. Upper jaw with definitivePoplF2-s of the alewife in Florida median notch; no teeth on premaxil-wae (,re ques Li una bi1e (McLane lanies. Color dorsally bluei to1955 ; AiIIi aris and Grey 1975 ). The blue-green; laterally 0ilver withr-at 'a,)e'S )nd Finger Lakes contain prominent dark shoulder spot; fins
n H 11 r l rnonulIa t ic -s Of the pale yellow to green.oQrips (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953;
'c, d Crnsm a n i'173). T he Aids fo:, Species.SeparationI u t, he-rring is a r anadnomous
occ: rulri ng in riverine, Egs Un fert iIi zed alIewi fe eggs,stuarineo and Aflant c coastal are green, and blueback herring eggs
" "~'~on Nova S cotia (Scott and are amber. Oil droplets of fertilizedrrt-,,.vn 1973') to the St. johc: or are numerous and uniformily tiny
Flor i d, (P-ildebrand 1963). in the alewife but are ot unequal size-nr~o~d populatins of blueback and scattered io the blueback herring
hrrr',Il occur in coastal pla.in lakes (Kuntz and Radcliffe 1917; Nordenar n ra sou~heastern reservoirs. 1968).
'kr t ialI distributions of thei nd bluehark herring in the Larvae. The number of myomeres
jnjl'h Arl.a3ric, Pegion are shown in between anal vent and insertion ofdorsal fin is 7-9 (mean 0i.0) in thealewife and 11-13 (mean 11.8) in thebluehack herring (Chambers et al.
V ''' my~NP nF~FICA~ml TOS1976).
T U' ) reiir if onrann was 4dults. Adults can he distin-~nf~ 7 qur e> ~i (o ushed externally by individual scale
2
NORTH CAROLINA "es IE
SOUTH CAROLINA
C SO
SAVAN AH
FEORG ATLANTIC OCEAN
Alewife
Bluebackr herring
~~CKSONVILLE
~1 -1
-j ILi OME TE RS
Figure 2. Coastal distributions of alewife and blucback herring in the South
Atlantic Region.
3
v ''- p fo( IFoeher nn 'he S h ,IIa r 197 7;01d'-'i~'w~a btnolt oil iUawkins 9; hn
Al IW. ithounh S pinq Ie! ;po-,1h pi, ber, c t ed (I a fr either spPi ie, r
sn ''h s pe c i im ns C b s e " a r a.*r hroder 1953-), rd Mos+ t aw .....
f o1W fu nd nr n rainy rdo1 rrr I a nd o hs e r v fa tho i r
oin appeared to 1'l"" ditions. Internal- rirplr~
* I inro is pale, of .r-, rrf
~ r1with dark punctua - Ca re mi Sli.7r A
ew4 'u'1wP and u n if o riml back hr in r( h,Iebak herr ino (ei anIprt~'' '
3c n 3d C ros sma n 19 73') ). leuse v e r + V'he otco litfhs are dis- I99 P ri(~t an d Crossman 19 7; 1 7-9 n r'hT
"eil -Or
qri 7P9 'rr4 ~
V .SICN INl SERIES 197 P o r ,ii a~i ,
pe ' r'CS F pw' '-' ah~ 1, .*~' ai-~wife and blueback trc''~d'00 a~~ >~
dec PI rpd in cnmn'rc ia,.n he Snth Alanici'fhn~iqh a va!riet P+
h.. as~'.5years (Pul.if- hht~ ~ue yto' oe
'07.They are ecoloa- b'uehack hery-irn pireer oh,jjcwa
.<tos cisdue to their C OVered w It h vaee <or r F r~rjr, tPath Species a re r)7' aI c r ire Kr h i -i~ In~
'Ir mrp imrportant links anrd rive, wmsads'e'4tr Irld Piscivores in a ,v tidairsuane ' ~r y'
'rO, '~~ero es dams lO9n S~reop n-r wk '
an fidal arpasl are r~rc '
up ueback horr in q fnar -spiw, ie q o cand butid 19 77) . In ran rra,, w wihave beeon repnrloe spanbeach ponds "~iqelow Cera we, Oanrd brackish st fr ea ms V' a,,~
well1 as at upstreami, mid -rivc s(iRiqelow and Sr edr 1 '
47 C~r bljebr herrinq spawn over-r a d e tr i "!1 7 'o r 0 ( 1, S-
winter tor early summer wt tahdvqtta i'
* ,. ' 'ut5 AtlIant ic P oin . ot)her oroanic mlatter anC''o)wn'* '~~' r holar 1 7 over a had and bettor' , 0C '
n r ins a Il owi ves Sanin in bh spci cor
a + Pa~ May n Ther d iu rnall r. neotlrnal> I a' +h h,
1W rm a h n , , Flu a o n a t . a ct i v i i s a a tu r ,i l ,
oll '-loIhrs-' 1956; Fdsal 1 1964). Blueback herring'" ~i ~r',"~' make repeat spawn ing run S dfld rL Lu r v LU-
0 1 a'o er the same river to spawn. Thus, racial
r,- I aor r~i differences may exist between rivers+1I~ rd and management of the fishery may need
;rto be on a river iy-r-Ivcr basis'''f' '4 I 1~ 'OL (Christie 1984).
SThe larval stage from yo I - _i!
Fec r I v s timates of lueack absorption to transformaton intr, th ,
Fecundity. estimates of blueback juvenile stage) sts ?-3 week, '
herrinq in the Altamaha River, both species. Larval alewives areGeorgia , were 120 ,000-00 ,000 eggs per 4.3-19.9 mm standard length SI", ,"female, ird averaged 24 4,000 (St reet larval blueback herring are 4e1.1970). WiIIiams et al. (1975) esti- mm SL (Cooper 1961; onres t.mated that bTueback herring in the St. 1978). Junes et al. (1978 oresent,
hns , , c ........ e detailed drawings rC the dvolc mn,','Onn-_34 9.,00r.) egqs (mean, 262,000). stages of eggs, yo - -,
There are no reported fecundity advanced larvae of both so, eestimates fnr alewife in the South,4t'antic Region. Smith (1907) repor- Juvenilested that alewives in the PotomacRiver, Virginia, contained an average Transformation to -
102,800 egos per female, and Kissil stage is completed in both'!969) estimated that alewives in about 20 T Sca.e,Connecticut rivers produced 229,000 when juvenile; are ?5-29 sr T- ,
eggs per 'emale. fully developed at J I
(Hildebrand 1963; Norder 'Or.PO
Until water-hardened, eggs of both Nurse,'v areas for Ju'' "species are adhesive and will sink ba(k herring in the Neuse P , hQ Iunless buoyed by river or tidal Carolina, are characterizod v ,currents. Within 24 h after spawning, black water draining hardwood swa-ys,the eggs lose their adhesive property with little salinit' or current (I:d(Loesch and Lund 1977; Jones et al. with a mud or detritus b"t.r'1978). Fertilized Wlueback eggs are (Marshall 1977). Juvenile alewife andyellowish and have scattered, unequal- blueback herring were present in Southsized oil droplets, whereas alewife Creek estuary, North Carolina, ineggs a., amber and have numerous small spring (Rulifson 1985). In the Southui1 druoplets (Kuntz and Radcliffe Atlantic Region, juveil1e blueback1917; Norden 1968). Egg diameters are herring remain in primary nursery areas0.80-1.27 mm in the alewife and 0.87- until October and then begin migrat'ny1.11 mm in the blueback herring to shallow, high-salinity estuaries fo-(Mansueti 1956; Norden 1968). overwintering. These secondaryIncubation times for blueback herring nurseries are used until yearling;eggs are 80-94 h at 20-21 "C and 55- migrate to sea in the spring58 h at 22-24 'C (Cianci 1969; Morgan (Spitsbergen and Wolff 1974).and Prince 1976). Comparativeincubation times for alewife eggs are Primary nursery areas for alew!.-,89 h at 21.1 *C (Edsall 1970) and 72 h are the lower reaches of ri,'ers, i ,
at 23.8 °C (Kellogg 1982). brackish water or tidally inf"luo 'ndfreshwater. Migration pat*ern ,
juvenile alewives are net as cleo .t.arvae defined as those of blurhack r':'-
The fish rigrated rn o - ",Yolk-sac larvae of both species nursery areas in November in h rh ,
are 2.5-5.0 mm total length (TIL at Fear River, North Carolina -fh .-hatching and average 5.0 mm TL at 1977), but juveniles of 24-10 .yolk-sac absorption (Mansueti 1956; were captured in fr, , 'e-, -' ,0Norden 1968). This stage lasts 2-5 Mattamuskeet, North Caro.nl, H! ,days in the alewife and 2-3 days in J .ne, November, and an irv,the hlueback herrino (Mansueti 1956; though access to coastal : r .i wrianci 1969; Jones et al. 1978). maintained at all ti(es UTv: "'
*5
,uvenile alewives use high-salinity November (Eavis and Cheek 1966). Meanestuaries as secondary nurseries fork lengths of juiveniles in thebefore migrating to sea in winter and Altamaha River, Georgia, incraasedearly spring (Holland and Yelverton from 34.8 mm FL in July to 60.6 im FL1973). in November, or a 25.8 mm increase
over four months (Godwin and AdamsAdults 1969). Juvenile alewife ir the Neuse
River, North Carolina, increased fromPlueback herring and alewives 35 mm PL in June co 75 mm FL in
reach sexual maturity by age III or IV November (Hawkins 1979), whereas(Loesch 1969) at about 250 mm IL juveniles in the White Oak, Cape Fear,(Johrson et a'. 1978). Females of ard Northeast Cape Fear Rivers, Northbeth species are larger than males of Carolina, increased from 47 mm Ft inthe same aqe (Williams et al. 1975; July to 81 mr FL in December (DavisSholar 1977). Blueback herring sex and Cheek 1966; Sholar 1975).ratios (male:female) in North Carolinarancrd from 1:2.80 in the Northeast Holland and Velverton (1973)Care Foar River (Fischer 1989) to estimated relations between fork1:0.55 in the Neuse River (Marshall length and age, and fork length and
1977). Ccresponding ranges of sex weight for alewives and bluebackratios for the alewife were from 1:3.n herring from the Chowan River andin the Cape Fear River (Fischer 1980) offshore North Ca-olina (Table 1).to 1:0.45 in the Northeast Cape Fear Adult blueback herying and alewivesRiver (Snolar 1977). In offshore attain a maximum size of about 290 mmNorth Carolina waters, male blueback FL (females) and 270 mm FL (males) byherring were only slightly outnumbered age VII or VIII (Hlland and Yelvertonhv females, 1:1.02 (Johnson et al. 1973). The oldest reported blueback1978). herring and alewives (age IX) from the
South Atlantic Region were collectedAfter spawning, adults of both in Albemarle Sound (Holland et al.
species return to the ocean, where 1975).they inhabit a narrow band of coastalwater close to ratal estuaries (Joneset al. 1978). Distribution of paren- THE FISHERYtal stocks during winter is not welldefined, but they are presumed to Bluebark herring and alewives areoverwinter in offshore waters up to marketed together and labeled as145 m deep (Bigelow and Schroeder "river herring" or "alewife" in many1953; Hiloebrand 1963). fisheries statistics. Both species
are s.ld fresh or salted for humanconsumption, but most are used f-
GPOWTH CHARACTERISTICS fish me2l and fish oil in fertilizer,pet food, and domestic animal food.
Growth Rates Some are used for fishing bait, andsome are marketed for crab and
No published data exist on growth crayfish bait. Poe from these speciesrates of juvenile alewives or blueback is canned and is highly valued as foodherring in the South Atlantic Region, (Joseph and Davis 1965; Pate 1974;but some information is available Street and Davis 1976; Merrinerbased on average sizes of juveniles at 1978).dilferprt times of the year in variousrivers. Juvenile blueback herring in U.S. commercial landings of riverthe Cape Fear River, North Carolina, herring (both species combined) along,rew from 49.3 mm fork length (FL) in the Atlantic coast were 4,949 metricJuly to a mean rf 07.4 mm FL in tons (t) in 1980 and 3,754 t in 1981.
6 "
Table 1. Fork length (FL; in mm) - age (A; in years) and fork length-weight (W;ir lo-rps) relationships of alewife and blueback herring from the Chowan Piverand offshore Nor'h Carolina. Equations reported by Holland and Yelverton (1973'.
Species Location Rearession eouationard Sex'
Alewmife 6 3.3C Offshore, NC W = 2.42 x IC6 FL
C Offshore, NC A = 190.50 FL1
M Chowan River at Tunis, NC W = 7.A9 x 10-6 FL3 .13
F Chowan River at Tunis, N"C W = 7.78 x 10-6 FL3 .13
C Chowan River at Tunis, NC A 172.70 FL0 .22
N Chowan River at Tunis, NC A = 181.40 FL0 18
F Chowan River at Tunis, NC A = 177.70 FL0 .22
9lueback HerringC Offshore, MC W = 4.51 x 10- FL3 20
C Offshore, NC A = 130.60 FL0 .37
M Chowan River at Tunis, NC W = 9.01 x 10-6 FL3 08
F Chowan River at Tunis, NC W = 2.15 x 10-5 FL 2.92
C Chowan River at Tunis, NC A = 198.40 FL0 .11
M Chowan River at Tunis, NC A = 197.90 FL0 .10
F Chowan River at Tunis, NC A = 200.90 FL0 .12
aC = sexes combined; M males; F = females
These landings were worth $779,000 and nets, drift gill nets, haul seines,S671,000, respectively (NMFS 1982). and pound nets (Pate 1974). Poundhe largest river herring fishery in nets recently produced about 95" oft e South Atlantic Region is in North the yearly catch (McCoy 1976). TnCarolina. From 1972 to 1981, North South Carolina, the principal commer-Carolina river herring landings cial gears used are haul seines and13i,357 t, accounted for over 97' of dip nets (Bulak et al. 1979); inthe total for the South Atlantic Florida, haul seines and occasionallyRegion and were worth about S3 million pound nets are used (Williams et al..Rulifson et al. 1982). North 1975). There is no commercial exploi-Carolina river herring landings in tation of blueback herring in Georgia,1985 were 11,548 thousand pounds, the although some of the fish are caughthiqhest since 1972 when the catch was incidentally by fishermen seeking11,237 thousand pounds (Winslow et al. American shad, A. sapidissima, and19P5) hickory shad, A. mediocris (Rulifson
et al. 1982).Fishing effort for both species is
concentrated in rivers during spring Alewife and blueback herringspawning runs. In North Carolind, populations appear to be decliningthey are exploited by anchor gill in the South Atlantic Region. Commer-
07
cial landinis in North Carolina have can accommodate them (Norden 1968;decreased since 1969, and Florida Nigro and Ney 1982). Davis and Cheeklandings are no longer reported. In (1966), who compared the food of juve-1975, South Carolina imposed a quota nile alewife and blueback herring inon commercial landings in an effort to the Cape Fear River, Nurth Carolina,reverse population declines in the reported that blueback herringCooper River and Lake Moultrie (Curtis selected copepods and dipteran larvae1976). Several factors seem to be more frequently than did alewives,causing this general decline. Ale- whereas alewives consumed morewives and blueback herring do not ostracods, insect eggs, and insectreach reproductive maturity until age parts. The amounts ot crustacean eggs
Ili or IV and, unlike American shad in the diets were similar for boththat die after spawning once, these species. No benthic organisms ortwo species rely on repeat spawners to detritus were found in the stomachmaintain their population levels. The contents of either species.inshore fishery is based on theexploitation of sexually mature The stomachs of all adult bluebackadults; overfishing decreases the herring captured in offshore Northabundance of older individuals, thus Carolina and examined for food con-decreasing annual spawning potential tained amphipods, copepods, isopods,(Pate 1974). The offshore North cumaceans, mysids, and d2capod larvae;Carolina fishery was established in none contained fish or fish remains1967 as a trawl fishery that exploits (Holland and Yelverton 1973). Alewifesexually immature alewives and blue- stomachs examined in the same studyback herring (NMFS 1982). The com- contained unidentified fish remains inbined effect of the two fisheries has addition to zooplankton. Afterapparently played an important role in spawning in freshwater, adult alewivesthe decline of the North Carolina feed principally on the caddis flypopuiations (Rulifson et al. 1982). Brachycentrus sp (Cooper 1961).
The status of blueback herring and Alewives feed three ways. Two arealewife fisheries in North Carolina size-selective (in favor of largerand recommendation- for management prey): 1) particulate feeding onwere summarized by Loesch et al. individual prey; and 2) gulping, in(1977), Johnson et al. (1978), Rulif- which the mouth opens and closes moreson et al. (1982), and Winslow et al. slowly than in particulate feeding.(1985) The third method is filtering with the
mouth held agape. The feeding methodused depends on an interaction of fish
ECOLOGILAL ROLE size with prey size, type, and density(Janssen 1976).
FoodCompetitors
The alewife and blueback herringare primarily zooplanktivores, but Few studies have been conducted onfish eggs, crustacean eggs, insects competitive interactions of alewifeand insect eggs, and small fishes may and blueback herring. Some competi-be important food for the larger fish tion for food may occur between the(Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Larvae two species due to similarities inbegin feeding on zooplankton immedi- diet and feeding behavior. Loesch etately after the formiation of a func- al. (1982a) described a spatial qpna-tional mouth (about 6 mm TL). They ration between young alewives andfirst rely on small cladocerans and blueback herring in the same habitat,copepods and begin to feed on larger which may lead to reduced competitionzooplankton species as their mouths for fond.
8
roA .trs nf ccntrr c s h and AuI(
1 773). The hatchina succss of blu,-lpwivc-s and Liuehac herrinc arf, rk her-inc and alewi wiqs was47v;r many riveri re ?s t ir in , atd siQraiicant1y a ffect cd h, tr F ra tur o
-n piscivores (Coeopr 1961,, incr'eses of 6-10 "r' for 10 innr-,iding gulls and terns (Larida:' (Schufel 1974). Larvae r r r:,s
herons (Butorides virescens , -rssed by prolonned exosnire 'c... e ( Lutra caradensis), and mink olevaitd temperatures, however showed
(,Lus l, s isrn) . Peported fish preda- a variety of dets.,, , i , rq'ors r juven le alewives and blueback .eed bodies, enlarged '-"nd -
h rrino include Americin eel, Annuilla and curved or twistpd pines. 1 ,"t "ata, and white perch, Morone magnitude and frnquencv of d
arnerica na 1Kissi 1 969), and chain were directly related to elva edO(ckerel, Esox nier, largemouth bass, temperature levels and ie n r-n-
! ac repterus salrmoides, yellow perch, sure TKon and Johnson 1978). rcrba--rca flavescens, and pumpkinseed, tion temperatures below 10.6 C resul-troom's _ibbosus (Cooper 1061). ted in 69" deformities ir o.ewi eredators on adnls are bluefish, larvae (Edsall 1970).
o n , .o us sa la tri , weakfish,pinscion re(galis and striped bass There is no infoi J'.nn available
IV-0orn saxatilis (Cooper 1961; Tyus on the e-fects of temperature -uve-"? I ueback herring play an nile blueback herring. Upper lethe"'inportalt ecological role in the temperature limits and critical ther-5 artee-CooPr System, South Carolina. mal maxima (the mean temperature at
Sirce 1975, an average of 5.3 million which experimental fish lose equilib-herrinrq pass upstream annually through rium) for juvenile alewife collectedThe Pinopolis Navination Lock. These from Lake Michigan exceeded those ofish help to maintain an important adults by 3 to 6 'C and increased with
striped bass sport fishery in Lakes higher acclimation temperatures. The1,1a-ion and Moultrie (Bulak and Cu-tis preferred temperature was consis-197,). tently higher for juveniles than for
adults (Otto et al. 1976). SomeEffects on Freshwater Ecosystems juvenile alewives survived and fed at
temperatures of 34.4-35.0 'C (DorfmanSpawning alewives contribute a and Westman 1970). For a northern
substantial net increase in carbon, alewife population, McCauley andnitrogen, and phosphorus to small binkowski (1982) reported an upperstreams. Most of the input comes from incipient lethal temperature of 31-mortality of the fish. Increased 34 °C for adults. Fish were acclimatednutrients from alewives lead to faster first at 27 *C.microbial decomposition of leaf litter,and probably benefit invertebrates In heat-shock tests with adultthat feed on decaying litter. These alewives from Lake Michigan, criticalinvertebrates are important prey of thermal maxima and upper lethal tem-fishes (Durbin et al. 1979). perature limits increased as acclima-
i.ion temperatures increased; at equalacclimation temperatures, the critical
F%.-PnN'ME1 TAL PEOUIREMEr'TS thermal maximum was not affected bvfish age. !n cold-shock tests with
i.nr'ra t1r adult alewives from Lake Michiqan,temperatures less than 3 'C caused
Pa frhing success of blueback 100' mortality regardless of thehnrring rgrs axposed to simulated acclimation temperature. Some fishpriwer olant thermal regimes (7-20 'C survived a temperature decrease of 10above ambient) was IOV-14t' below that 'C if the lower test temperature was
0 9
not below 3 'C (Otto et al. 1976). No herring than in the alewife. Bluebackinformation is available on tempera- herring prefer shallow, vegetatedture effects on adult blueback areas with slow current, whereas ale-herring. Alewife and blueback herring wives use a variety of spawning sites,on the open ocean were most frequently from brackish tioai water and barriercaught at 4-7 'C (Neves 1981). beach ponds to upstream mid-river
sites. Changes in water currents orSalinity substrates in spawning rivers may
affect blueback herring more thanAlthough little information exists alewives because of the more specific
on salinity tolerances of alewives and spawning site requirements of bluebackblueback herring, they are apparently herring.efficient osmoregulators in freshwateror saltwater and are highly tolerant Schubel and Wang (1973) found thatof salinity changes. Chittenden high levels of suspended sediment(1972) observed no mortality of adult caused a delay in hatching of severalblueback herring from either gradual hours. However, Auld and Schubelor abrupt salinity changes, including (1978) found that 100 mg/L or less oftransfers from freshwater to seawater suspended sediment had no effect onand the reverse. Blood and muscle the hatching success of alewife orPiectrolyte concentrations were blueback herring eggs.similr in alewives held in seawaterand in freshwater at the same temper- Juvenile alewives and bluebackature (StanT-v and Colby 1971). The herring in the Cape Fear River, Northexistence of 3Vndlocked, reproducing Carolina, were found in areas with 4populations in lct~es and reservoirs to 22 ppm free carbon dioxide, 5 to 32indicates that riither species ppm alkalinity, 2.4-10.0 mg/Lrequires a saltwater ervironment tn dissolved oxygen, and a pH of 5.2 tocomplete its life cycle. 6.8 (Davis and Cheek 1966).
Dissolved OxygenIn pooled samples taken throughout
Mass mortalities of juvenile the year, alewives on the open sea wereulu-hack herring occurred in the lower captured most often at 56-110 m depths,48 km -f the Connecticut River during and blueback herring at 27-55 m.June ano July in 1965-67 and 1971, Evidence suggests that both species arewhen dissoi'pd oxygen concentrations vertical migrators, following the dielfell below 1._ -g/L at 24.6 'C and 3.6 movements of zooplankton in the watermg/L at 27.6 'C (:'nss et al. 1976). column (Neves 1981).
In laboratory studies, juvenilealewives responded to dis:olved oxygen Environmental Contaminantsconcentrations below 2.0 mg/L bymoving to the surface of the test The LC-50 (lethal concentrationchamber. They can survive for at least for 50% of fish tested) of total5 min at concentrations as low as 0.5 residual chlorine for blueback herringmg/L if allowed access to an area )f eggs in the Potomac River, Maryland,3.0 mg/L or higher concentration in ranged from 0.20 to 0.32 ppm, and allwhich to recover (Dorfman and Westman larvae exposed to sublethal concentra-1970). tions of total residual chlorine were
deformed (Morgan and Prince 1976).Substrate and System Features The body tissues of juvenile alewives
and blueback herring from the Chicko-Requirements for spawning habitat hominy and James Rivers, Virginia,
are more specialized in the blueback contained kepone concentrations grea-
10
te than 0.3 ppm -- the action level found in fish from the Rappahannockf possible closure of a fishery River, Virginia, or the Potomac River,
.)hnsor et al. 1978; Loesch et a!. Maryland (Loesch et al. 1982b).!??h). Less than 0.3 ppm kepone was
dretent in young alewives and blueback Status of water quality and systemherring from the Mattaponi and features of major river systems of thePai-unkey Pivers, Virginia, and no South Atlantic Bight are shown indetectable concentration of kepone was Table 2.
0 11
SYSTEM FEATURESWAEQULT
q, (
'It
(4 X> 4-, x xA C> -
tt r es xt' x@ ' 4 F, C
F7 44 1
N S Xx x x Yx F X -
-,ap AerX Xt _X L TX A X, 2-art: Fea-r x jx" r
' AX A 4 X_.2tX Tm 7x S
W'ee ee
2" lee _X X A T XI X
- Maneex x V T ~ ' P 5t
" St -t- t 1 --
GFAP' 4
x X X~x - -
5 1A a x X A '
Aa, h A X
AX X
.2<_1 LaA-
'I S Aq X Aoes ; Ao ~n o o, o
Rulifs± et al. 19 2 )
LITERATURE CITED
Auld, 5. H., and T. P. Schubel. 1978. Alosa aestivalis. Trans. Am. Fish.Effects of suspended sediment of Soc. 101:123-125.{ sh eogs and larvae; a laboratoryassessinrnt. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Christie, R. W. 1978. SpawningSci. 6:153-164. distribution of blueback herring,
Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill), inPerry/ F. H. 1964. Review and abandoned rice fields and tribu-emendation of family Clupeidae. taries of the West Branch of CooperCopeia 1964:720-730. River, South Carolina. M.S. Thesis.
Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.irlow, H. P., and W. C. Schroeder. 57 pp.''3 Fishes ef the Gulf of Maine.U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Eull. Christie, R.W. 1984. Preliminary63:1-577. indication of homing by blueback
herring, Alosa aestivalis, in Southiio w, H. B., and W. W. Welsh. Carolina, U.S.A., coastal rivers. J.1925. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 100:34-36.K.. Bur. Fish. Full. No. 40. 567op.
Cianci, J. M. 1969. Larval develop-Bulak, J. S., and T. A. Curtis. Iq78. ment of the alewife and the glut
Santee Cooper Pediversion Project, herring. M.S. Thesis. University,rnu. Proj. Pep., Proj. SCR 1-2. of Connecticut, Storrs. 62 pp.S.C. Wildl. Mar. Rps. Dep., Div.Wildl . Freshwater Fish. 79 pp. Cooper, R. A. 1961. Early life
history and spawning migration ofRulak, . 5., J. S. Tuten, and T. A. the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus.
Curtis. 1979. Santee Cooper M.S. Thesis. University of Rhodehluehack herring studies. Annu. island, Providence. 58 pp.,eog. Rep., Proj. SCR 1-3, 1 Jan.197 n to 30 Sept. 1979. S.C. Wildl. Curtis, T. A. 1976. Anadromous fishMar. Pes. Dep., Div. Wildl. survey of the Santee and CooperFreshwater Fish. 116 pp. River system. Annu. Prog. Rep.
AFS-3-5. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Res.Chambers, J. P., J. A. Musick, and J. Dep., Div. Game Freshwater Fish.
navis. IQ76. Methods of distin- 31 pp.cuishirg larval alewife from larvalhujphock herring. Chesapeake Sci.17:93-100. Davis, J. R., and R. P. Cheek. 1966.
Distribution, food habits, andChi'tenden, M. F. 1972. Salinity qrowth of young clupeids, Cape Fear
tolerance of Younq blueback herring, River System, North Car-linA Proc.
* 13
70th Tn. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. AFCS-13-?. N.C. Dep. Nat. Resour.Game -ish Comm. 20:750-260. Commer. Dev., Div. Mar. Fish. 103
pp.P 'Frma , ., ard I. Westman. 1970.
Pespnrses ,f some anadromous fishes Hildebrand, S. F. 1963. Family Clu-'( ,.,,,id oxygen concentrations and peidae, pp. 257-385, 397-442. Inincreased temperatures. Rutgers Fishes of the western Iorth"niv., Nater Resources Res. inst., Atlantic. Sears Found. Mar. Res.,Pa'al completion and termination Mem. 1(3).
epap 75 p.Holland, B. F., Jr., and G. F.
Nrhin. A.G., S.W. Nixon, and C.A. Yelverton. 1973. Distribution andOviatt. 1979. Effects of the biological studies of anadromousspawning migration of the alewife, fishes offshore North Carolina.Alnsa nseudoharenqus, on fresh water N.C. Dep. Nat. Econ. Res. Spec. Sci.ecosystems. Ecology 60:8-17. Rep. 24. 132 pp.
Edsall, T. A. 1964. Feeding by three Holland, B. F., Jr., A. B. Powell, andspecies of fishes on toe eggs of G. F. Yelverton. 1975. Anadromousspawnin alewives. Copeia fisheries research program, Northern196a:726-227. Coastal Region, Offshore N.C. Ann.
Prog. Rep. AFCS-8-2, N.C. Dep. Nat.Edsall, T. A. 1970. The effect of Resour. Commer. Dev., Div. Mar.
,i,,per tu, Or' the rate of Fish. 89 pp.development and survival of alewifeeggs and larvae. Trans. Am. Fish.Soc. 9:376-380. Johnson, H. B., D. W. Crocker, B. F.
Holland, Jr., J. W. Gilliken, D. L.Fisher, C. A. 1980. Anadromous Taylor, M. W. Street, J. G. Loesch,
Fisheries Research Program. Cape W. H. Kricte, Jr., and J. G. Travel-Fear River System, Phase II. N.C. stead. 1978. Biology and manage-Dep. Nat. Resour. Commer. Dev., Div. ment of mid-Atlantic anadromousMar. Fish., Completion Report, Proj. fishes under extended jurisdiction.AFCS-15, 65 pp. NC-VA AFCS 9-2. N.C. Div. of Mar.
Fish. and Va. Inst. Mar. Sci.Frankensteen, E. D. 1976. Genus 175 pp.Alosa in a channelized andunchannelized creek of the Tar RiverBasin, North Carolina. M.S. Thesis. Jones, P. W., F. D. Martin, and J. U.East Carolina University, Hardy. 1978. Development of fishesGreenville, N.C. 123 pp. of the mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas
of the egg, larval and juvenileGodwin, W. F., and J. G. Adams. 1969. stages, Vol. 1. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Young clupeids of the Altamaha Serv. Biol. Serv. ProgramRiver, Georgia. Ga. Game Fish. FWS/OBS-78/12. 366 pp.Comm., Mar. Fish. Div., Contrib.Ser. 15. 30 pp. Joseph, E. B., and J. Davis. 1965. A
preliminary assessment of the river
Graham, J. J. 1956. Observations on herring stocks of lower Chesapeakethe alewife in freshwater. Univ. Bay. Va. Inst. Ma . Sci. Spec. Sci.Toronto Biol. Ser. No. 62. 43 pp. Rep. No. 51. 23 pp.
Hawkins, J. H. 1979. AnadromousFisheries Research Proqram-Neuse Kellogg, R. L. 1982. TemperaturePiver. Progress Rep. for Proj. requirements for the survival and
14
0early development of the anadromous Loesch, J. G., W. H. Kriete, Jr., and3lewife. Prog. Fish-Cult. 44:72-73. E. J. Foell. 1982a. Effects of
light intensity on the catchability
Kissil, G. W. 1969. Contributions to of juvenile Alosa species. Trans.the life history of the alewife, Am. Fish. Soc. 111:41-44.Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), inConnecticut. Ph.D. Thesis. Universi- Loesch, J. G., R. J. Hugget, and E. J.ty of Connecticut, Storrs. 111 pp. Foell. 1982b. Kepone concentration
in juvenile anadromous fishes.Kissil, G. W. 1974. Spawning of the Estuaries 5(3):175-181.anadromous alewife, Alosa pseudo-harengus (Wilson), in Bride Lake, MacLellan, P., G.E. Newsom, and P.A.Connecticut. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Dill. 1981. Discrimination by103:312-317. external features between alewife
and blueback herring. Can. J. Fish.Koo, T. S. Y., and M. L. Johnson. Aquat. Sci. 38:544-546.
1978o Larva deformity in stripcbass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), Mansueti, R. J. 1956. Alewifeand blueback herrinn, Alusa herring eogs and larvae reared;cstii is (Mitchill ) , due to heat successfully in the lab. Marylandshock treatment of developing eggs. Tidewater News 13(l):2-3.Environ. Pollut. 16(2):137-149.
Marshall, M. D. 1977. AnadromousKuntz, A., and L. Radcliffe. 1917. fisheries research program - Neuse
Notes on the embryology and larval River. Prog. Rep. for Proj. AFCS-development of twelve teleostean 13-1, N.C. Dep. Nat. Resour. Commer.fishes. U.S. Bur. Fish. Eull. No. Dev., Div. Mar. Fish. 70 pp.35. 134 pp.
McCauley, R.W., and F.P. Binkowski.Leim, A. H., and W. B. Scott. 1966. 1982. Thermal tolerance of the
Fishes of the Atlantic coast of alewife, Alosa pseudoharenous.Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111:389-391.No. 155. 485 pp.
Loesch, J. 1969. A study of the McCoy, E. G. 1976. Assessment ofblueback herring, Alosa aestivalis North Carolina's river herring(Mitchill), in Connecticut waters. fishery. N.C. Dep. Nat. Econ. Pes.,Ph.D. Thesis. University of Con- Div. Mar. Fish., Mimeo. Rep. 13 pp.necticut, Storrs. 78 pp.
McLane, W. M. 1955. Fishes of theSt. John's River System. Ph.D.
Loesch, J. G., W. H. Kriete, Jr., H. Thesis. University of Florida,B. Johnson, B. F. Holland, and M. W. Tallahassee. 361 pp.Street. 1977. Biology and manage-ment of mid-Atlantic anadromous Merriner, J. V. 1978. Anadromousfishes under extended jurisdiction, fisheries of the Potomac Estuary.Proj. NU. NC-VA AFCS 9-1, N.C. Div. Va. Inst. Mar. Sci. Contrib. No.Mar. Fish. and Vd. Inst. Mar. Sci. 696. 4 pp.Proj. Rep. 1977. 183 pp.
Morqan, R. P., II, and R. 0. Prince.Loesch, 1., and W. A. Lund, Jr. 1977. 1976. Chlorine toxicity to
A contribution to the life history estuarine fish eggs and larvae.of Lio biue back herring, Alosa Chesapeake Bicl. Lab. Univ. Md. Ctr.aestivalis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Environ. Estuarine Stud. Rof. Nn.106:5p3-589. 76-116 CBL. 122 pp.
15
Nlss, 2. A., . C. Legqett, and W. A. Price, li. S. 197F. Otolith compari-B od. Ij7r. Recurrent mass son of Alosa pseudoharenqus andmortalities of the blueback herrino, Alosa aestivalis. Can. J. Zoo].Alosa aestivalis, in the lower Con- 56:1216-1218.nectA c*ut RT.er. In 0. Merriman and
M. Thorpe, eds. The Connecticut Rulifson, R.A. 1985. Distribution andRiver ecnlnoical study, the impact abundance of fishes in tributaries ofof a nuclear oower plant. Am. Fish. South Creek Estuary, North Carolina,Soc. Monoqr. No. 1:227-2.34. U.S.A. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
101:160-176.National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS). 1982. Fisheries of the Rulifson, R. A., M. T. Huish, and P.United States, 1981. U. S. Dep. W. Thoesen. 19?2a. Anadromous fishComrer. Curr. Fish. Stat. No. 8200. in the Southeastern, Un. ed States!3I pp. and recommendations for development
of a manacement nln. U.S. FishNeves, R.J. 1981. Offshore W'ldl. Ser., "h. Qe I Ppcion ,distribution of alewife, Alosa Atlanta, Ga. 525 pp.pseudoharenqus, and blueback herring,Alosa aestivalis, along the Atlanticcoast. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Rulifson, R.A., M.i. Huish, and R.W.Fish. Bull. 79:473-486, Thoesen. 1982b. Status of
anadromous fishes in southeasternNigro, A. A., and J. 1. Ney. 1982. U.S. estuaries. Pages 413-425 in
Peproduction and early life accom- V.S. Kennedy, ed. Estuarine Com-modations of landlocked alewives to parisons. Academic Press, New York.a southero range extension. Trans.Am. Fish. Soc. 111:559-569. Schubel, J. R. 1974. Effects of 0
exposure to time-excess temperatureNorden, C. R. 1968. Morphology and histories typically experienced at
food habits of the larval alewife in power plants on the hatchina successLake Michigan. Proc. Conf. Great of fish egqs. Estuarine CoastalLakes Res. 11:103-110. Mar. Sci. 2:105-116.
Schubel, J. R., and A. H. Auld. 1973.
O'Neill, J. T. 1980. Aspects of the Hatching success of blueback herringlife histories of anadromous alewife and striped bass eggs with variousand the blueback herring, Margaree time vs temperature historics. InRiver and Lake Ainsle, Nova Scotia, J. W. Gibbons and R. R. Sharit z197R-1979. M.S. Thesis. Acadia eds. Thermal ecology, AFC Symp.University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Ser. (Conf. 730505), 1973.Canada. 306 pP.
Schubel, J. R., and J. C. S. Wang.Otto, P. G., M. A. Kitchel, and J. 0. 1973. The effects of suspended
Pice. 1976. Lethal and preferred sediments on the hatchinq success of
temperatures of the alewife (Alosa yellow perch, white perch, stripedpseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan. bass, and alewife eoas. Ichthyol.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:95-106. Assoc. Spec. Rep. No. 30, Ref. 73-3.
77 pp.Pate, P. P. 1974. Aqe and size com-
position of commercial catches ofbleback herring in Albemarle Sound, Scott, W. B., and E. J. Crossman.North Carolina, and its tributaries. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada.Pep. N.C. Dep. Nat. Econ. Res., Div. Fish Res. Board Can. Bull. 184.
Commer. Sport Fish. 10 pp. 966 pp.
16
f< SA C~ N'' A FQ o Wv./ F
ii~~~~ 7I' >0 .~ 1 ? . s o" FH i
h istory of th e aI l~vwi e, AlnoaT1 0i A r ro mcot spjioharenus, rn Nrh Carri na.
ci1 r . E ii , 0'i mf11
Vter 5, "' IYr HI a' c'
fs h pr ojie ctnW Ih~ Il i hamls, Wg tiny , Ird
FloI d MS r tl ' r ' ' r
r n- a - 0, , ,- -r. "
cmW (1- A, r -
if F I o r i C c! a c ~ ~ *r an rrd O''j '
'1- ~ ~ 01" r 1 ho rn h'e r r s , .-
hs s narr'n r
Nait . PF-our . Cnrn n PDv no*-)i ,r'" hickory shad , Div. Mar. Fish.
icY rO 0' S a es tivalI is,Iii'0 mn hfla'aha Dver ,intes + .f,, r. Mor' c4
11'~ V!n i veroity Cha(IIlk . 19177. Northern ar J
Pf extension a nd probable opwir rf
oarsp Prea u 0los a pjpfi d h ire nnos ins"a Dv isI. 176. the Newfoundl and a ra.Fhrrenherigfishery BPs. Board Can.
- V 'V r~' ___August__1939
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