WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN – HEUTE FÜR MORGEN
The Role of Technologyin Future Energy Supply Systems
Alexander Wokaun :: Energy and Environment ::
Paul Scherrer Institut and ETH Zurich
Agenda
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• PSI: Short Overview; European Megatrends
• The Challenge: Fluctuating renewables and decentralized generation
• The Approach: Enhanced flexibility by storage and energy carrier conversion
• Competence Center "Heat and Electricity Storage"
• Competence Center "Biomass Conversion"
• Flexibility by Energy System Integration
• The Energy System Integration Platform at PSI
• Virtual Energy Systems – Linking the Swiss Platforms
Paul Scherrer Institute - the Swiss National Lab
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synchrotron light source
neutron source
energy researchsolar concentrator
muon source
proton therapy
proton accelerator
SwissFEL
nanotechnology
radio chemistry
radio pharmacybiology
material sciences
� Basel Zürich �Germany � Aarau/Bern �
PSI west
PSI easthotlab
Mission
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Matter and
materials
Energy and
environment
Human health
Large research
facilities
Swiss and foreign users
from academia and industry
Development
Construction
Operation
Knowledge &expertise
Education
Technology transfer
more that 2400 external
users/year (39 beamports)
Megatrends (1): Population and Age Structure
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• Europe's population is decreasing;
unfavorable development of the
age structure
Population growth rate, ages 15-64
Ireland
Germany
Bulgaria
China
European Union
2007 2050men women men women
85
65
45
25
85
65
45
25
85
65
45
25
Source: T. Themistocleous, R. Garcia, Die Zukunft Europas, UBS 2016
Source: Berlin-Institut, "Die demografische Zukunft von Europa, dtv 2008
(2): Share of Western Countries in Global GDP
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Rest of World
India
China
USA
Europe
Source: T. Themistocleous, R. Garcia, Die Zukunft Europas, UBS 2016
(3): Generation Capacityin Europe
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fossil nuclear solar wind others flexiblecapacity
2012
2040
Sources: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 30.11.2015, p.26; NZZ-Infografik/cke; Bloomberg
Installed Power in Germany – July 2014
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Wind plus Solar: > 72 GW !
Planned and actual production by solar + wind, DE 2014
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old paradigm:demand forecasting actual
production adapted to
instantaneous demand
new paradigm with wind and solar:intermittent production can
not be controlled supply and
demand are decoupled
problems:• supply forecasts often
inaccurate
• high positive / negative
power gradients
actual production, solar + wind electricity
pla
nn
ed
pro
du
ctio
n,
sola
r +
win
d e
lect
rici
ty
Inverse modulation of conventional generation, negative spot market prices !
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System Integration of Renewable Energies
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The Challenge: How to match demand and supply
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band production
time of day
po
we
r
Challenges
temporary supply excess
→ lower revenues for producers
temporary high grid loads
→ increased transmission costs
reduced production of
band electricity
→ decreased grid stability
→ higher demand for
system services
Options for an Energy Hub
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Off
er
/ D
em
an
d
0 h Day time 24 h
1. Electricity storage for later use
2. Conversion of electricityto other energy forms
3. Controlling and temporallyshifting consumption
4. Cutting and discarding surpluselectricity
Swiss Competence Centers for Energy Research
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Efficiency
SCCER FEEB&D
Future Energy Efficient Buildings & Districts
Grids and their components,
energy systems
SCCER FURIES
Future Swiss Electrical Infrastructure
Storage
SCCER HaE
Heat & Electricity Storage
Power supply (supply of electrical energy)
SCCER SoE
Supply of electricity
Efficient concepts, processes, components
in mobility
SCCER Mobility
Efficient Technologies and Systems for Mobility
Economy, environment, law, behavior
SCCER CREST
Competence Center for
Research in Energy, Society and Transition
Biomass
SCCER BIOSWEET
Biomass for Swiss Energy Future
Efficiency
SCCER EIP
Efficiency of Industrial Processes
SCCER "Heat and Electricity Storage"
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www.sccer-hae.ch
Prof. Dr. Thomas J. Schmidt
Importance of Energy Storage
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Intermittency of Renewable Energy Sources calls for
ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
Storage Options Addressed in SCCER
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Phase change
Heat pump
Photovoltaic
Wind
Solar chemical
Solar thermal
Electrolysis
co-Electrolysis
Batteries
Heat storage
H2 storage
M, H2O conv.
CH4 storage
Heat storage
Geothermal
Photo chemical H2 storage
Fuel cell
CO2,H2 conv.
CO,H2 conv.
CO,H2 conv.
Turbine
SCCER "Biomass Conversion"
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www.sccer-biosweet.ch
Prof. Dr. Oliver Kröcher
oliver.krö[email protected]
Research and Development Field
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Thermochemical technologiesMicrobiological processes
Synthesis gas: CO + H2
CH4
Utilization for transport and CHP (micro gas turbines, engines)
H2
Pretreatment of biomass
Liquid fuels
Energy system integration and design
Bio
ma
ss po
ten
tial a
nd
ava
ilab
ility
Conventional
gasification
Hydrothermal
processing
Redox cycles
Sorbent enhanced
steam reforming
Conventional
hydrolysis and
fermentiation
Consolidated
bioprocessing
(multi-species)
NEW NEW
The «+100 Petajoule» Vision
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*production mainly outside Switzerland
Algae
0 PJ + 33 PJ*
Wood
37 PJ + 33 PJBiowaste / manure
19 PJ + 33 PJ
Electricity (CHP) Energy storage
Heat (CHP)
Gaseous
and liquid
biofuels
Additional 100 Petajoules
for the Energy Transition 2050
in Switzerland
The SunCHem Process: Green Gas “Hors Sol”
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CH4CCCO2
O2
Wet Biomass (micro algae)
Nutrients, CO2, H2O
Photo-Bioreactor
Hydrothermal
GasificationH2O
Renewable Energy System Integration
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Re
sou
rce
s Fluctuating Electricity
BiomassN
eig
hb
ou
rin
gC
ou
ntr
ies
Ne
igh
bo
uri
ng
Co
un
trie
s
Other
Consumption
Heat Pumps, Heating Transport Industry,
other Consumption
Fuels for Transportation
Heat Storage Gas Storage
Hydrogen Storage
Electricity
System
System Flexibility: Low
Need for Flexibility: High
Gas System
Gas Storage
System Flexibility: High
Need for Flexibility: Low
Switzerland
Syst
em
Serv
ice
s
Multi-Energy Carrier Concept: Energy System Integration
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ESI provides load(negative control power) and stores energy
ESI providescontrol power and delivers energy
Energy System Integration Platform(100 kW, Layout)
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Power-to-Power
Electricity Storage and Delivery
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ESI provides load(negative controlpower) and storesenergy
ESI providescontrol power and delivers energy
High Pressure Electrolysis
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High pressure hydrogen (optionally oxygen) is required for:• Storage and transportation in pipelines � around 50 bar
• Storage in pressure tanks for mobility � up to 800 bar
300 bar test benchfor fundamental investigations:
Significant transport losses:• two phase flow in porous
titanium not well understood
• pressure dependence to be
investigated
Combining Electrolyzers with Efficient Fuel Cells
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200430 kW FC1.4 kg/kW
Development
with Michelin2011
30 kW FC
Development
with Belenos
Clean Power
201663 kW FC
0.6 kg/kW
SwissHydrogenUsing both H2 and O2 from electrolysis yields fuel cell efficiencies of 70 %.
gg
Alternative Car Power Trains
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2002HY-POWER
Development
with VW2004
HY-LIGHTDevelopment
with Michelin2011
Development
with Belenos2015
MIRAIToyota
Use of Biomass to Produce Transporation Fuels
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Bio
ma
ss-t
o-F
ue
ls
Use of biomassfor mobility,neutral with respectto electricity grid
Biomass as Flexible Positive Control Power
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Polygeneration
Use of biomass to produce electricity, heat and fuels
ESI providescontrol power and delivers energy
Chemical Energy Storage by Power-to-Gas
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Power-to-Gas
ESI provides load (negative control power) and stores energy
electricity grid natural gas grid
wind power
solar PV
electrolysis
methanisation
H2
CO2 , CH4 from biogas plants (fermenters)
CH4
Gas-Speicher
gasification
wood or dry
waste biomass
CO, CO2 , CH4, C2H4
CO2 rich gas (flue gas from combustion, blast
furnaces, cement plants, eventually capture from air)
gas cleaning
H2
Power-to-Gas: Methanisation as the Key forLinking Electricity Grid with Natural Gas Grid
Linking Storage and Demand Side Demonstrators
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ESI – Platform at PSI
• chemical energy storage
• providing (positive / negative)
control power to the grid
• facilitating the diverting of
electricity excesses into mobility
• flexible combination with biomass
• power-to-gas for storage in gas grid
Energy Hub at Empa, eawag
• thermal, electrical, gas grids
• storage and delivery of energy
• demand side (campus and beyond)
• demand side (mobility)
• control by electrical microgrid
ESI
NEST
MOVE – future mobility
Empa-Areal
EnergyHub
ReMaP
move: Future Mobility Demonstrator @ Empa
Erdgas/Biogas (CNG)-Verdichter/Speicher
CNG-TankstelleCNG + H2 fuelling station
350 bar H2 fuelling station
electrolysis plant
H2compressorH2 storage
CNG + H2driving testsCNG + H2
driving tests
350 bar H2-street sweeper
350 bar H2-street sweeper
700 bar H2passenger car
700 bar H2passenger car
ultrafast / inductionBEV charging
ultrafast / inductionBEV charging
PtGfor gas vehicles
PtGfor gas vehicles
Using the Produced Energy Carriers for Transport
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Summarizing Remarks
• Integration of intermittent renewable energies into the system
requires options of flexibilizing / storage,
and of adapting the electricity demand to the supply.
• Chemical and electrochemical energy storage must provide a major contribution.
• Catalysis is a key competence to facilitate the inter-conversion
between chemical energy carriers, electricity and heat.
• The two SCCERs (Biomass and Storage) integrate the competences
of the participating laboratories.
• The full range of 'Technological Readiness Levels' (TRLs)
from fundamental investigations (TRL 1-2)
to pre-industrial demonstrators (TRL 6-7) must be explored.
• The Energy System Integration Platform enables this step
and acts as the proving ground for achieving targets and milestones of the SCCERs.
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Acknowledgments
Oliver Kröcher and members of the "Bioenergy and Catalysis" laboratory
Jeroen van Bokhoven, "Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry" laboratory
Peter Jansohn and members of the "Combustion Research" laboratory
Thomas J. Schmidt and members of the "Electrochemistry" laboratory
Stefan Hirschberg and members of the "Energy System Analysis" Laboratory
Urs Elber and Marcel Hofer, Coordinators of the Energy System Integration Platform
Funding by
ETH Board, CCEM, SNF, CTI, Federal Office of Energy is gratefully acknowledged.
Thank you for your attention