Geoengineering: Existing State Specific Laws and

impacts upon human health, the Eco-system & Economics

by: Alexandra May Hunteralexandrahunter@att.net

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IntroductionAn overview and analysis of

currently in effect state statutes on air pollution and how any proposed geoengineering and/or climate intervention plans or programs would impact current laws, human health, the Eco-system and state economies

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Geoengineering

• Deliberate large-scale interventions in the earth’s climate system to diminish climate change or its impacts according to the General Accounting Office (“GAO”) GAO Report –Climate Change – A Coordinated Strategy could Focus Federal Geoengineering Research and Inform Governance Efforts, September, 2010 GAO 10-903. (also referred to as climate engineering, climate remediation and climate intervention)

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Geoengineering• GEOENGINEERING DESCRIBES ACTIVITIES SPECIFICALLY

AND DELIBERATELY DESIGNED TO EFFECT A CHANGE IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE WITH THE AIM OF MINIMIZING OR MASKING ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE (ALLEGED GLOBAL WARMING). SCHEMES OR EXPERIMENTS INCLUDE ANY AND ALL ATTEMPTS TO ALTER, REMEDIATE, OR MASK CLIMATE CHANGE OR GLOBAL WARMING BY REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE OR BY SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT (“SRM” – ALSO REFERRED TO AS MARINE CLOUD WHITENING), WHICH INJECTS AEROSOLS, PARTICLES, CHEMICALS, GASES, VAPORS, SULFUR, BARIUM, ALUMINUM OXIDE (ALUMINA), CHAFF, SALT OR OTHER COMPOUNDS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE TO REFLECT A PORTION OF THE SUN’S RADIATION BACK INTO SPACE, THEREBY REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR RADIATION (DIRECT SUNLIGHT), REACHING THE EARTH. These schemes have the potential to change the weather, and if ongoing any period of time, change the climate.

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A FEW TYPES OF “Risky” GEOENGINEERING (Climate Remediation) SCHEMES

• Solar Radiation Management• Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering• Stratospheric Aerosol Injection• Tropospheric Aerosol Geoengineering• Tropospheric Aerosol Injection• Carbon Capture & Sequestration• Sunscreens / Solar Umbrellas / Sunshades• Space Mirrors / Solar Sails / Self-Lofting CHAFF Balloons• Cloud Whitening Experiments (Using Salt)• Ocean Iron or Lime Fertilization• Weather Modification & Mitigation• Using Aircraft or Rockets

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Aerosol Pollution• “Solar geoengineering is the idea that you

could, in principle, reduce the rate of climate change or reverse it, by making the earth more reflective, reflecting away more sunlight. For example, by putting reflective particles, aerosol pollution if you like, in the upper atmosphere… An over-riding fact, of course, of any of these technologies is that no technology alone will enable environmental protection or social protection…”

By: Dr. David Keith, Geoengineer, Harvard from his speech at the May 21-22, 2012 National Academy of Sciences meeting in Washington, DC.

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Aluminum Oxide• aluminum oxide Al2O3, occurring naturally as various minerals;

used in the production of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, catalysts, to strengthen dental ceramics, and in chromatography. a chemical element, atomic number 13, atomic weight 26.982. High levels in the body can be toxic.

• alumina, synthetically produced aluminum oxide, Al2O3, a white or nearly colourless crystalline substance that is used as a starting material for the smelting of aluminum metal. It also serves as the raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products and as an active agent in chemical processing. The properties for which alumina is well known, including low electric conductivity, resistance to chemical attack, high strength, extreme hardness. Activated alumina is a porous, granular substance that is used as a substrate for catalysts and as an adsorbent for removing water from gases and liquids.

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CHAFF (U.S. Air Force)

• A radar countermeasure in which aircraft or other targets spread a cloud of small, thin pieces of aluminum, metallized glass fiber or plastic, which either appears as a cluster of secondary targets on radar screens or swamps the screen with multiple returns. (CHAFF = Aluminum Coated Fiberglass Particulates)

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Welsbach Seeding Patent 5003186

• Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming

• A method is described for reducing atmospheric or global warming resulting from the presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere

• Seeding the atmosphere with metallic particles• The “Welsbach Materials” Oxides of metals• Aluminum oxide • Thorium oxide

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Examples of state, federal & international laws

The Law

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Existing State Specific Laws on Air PollutionArizona

• Title 49 Chapter 3 Article 1 49.401.01 12. "Conventional air pollutant" means any pollutant for which the administrator has promulgated a primary or secondary national ambient air quality standard

• Title 49 Chapter 3 Article 2 49.421.1. "Air contaminants" includes smoke, vapors, charred paper, dust, soot, grime, carbon, fumes, gases, sulfuric acid mist aerosols, aerosol droplets, odors, particulate matter, wind-borne matter, radioactive materials, or noxious chemicals, or any other material in the outdoor atmosphere.

• Title 49 Chapter 3 Article 2 49.421.2 "Air pollution" means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants or combinations thereof in sufficient quantities, which either alone or in connection with other substances by reason of their concentration and duration are or tend to be injurious to human, plant or animal life, or cause damage to property, or unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property of a substantial part of a community, or obscure visibility, or which in any way degrade the quality of the ambient air below the standards established by the director.

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Arizona Air Pollution Statutes Continued

• Title 49 Chapter 3 Article 1. 49.401.01

• 2. “Adverse effects to human health" means those effects that result in or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness, including adverse effects that are known to be or may reasonably be anticipated to be caused by substances that are acutely toxic, chronically toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, neurotoxic or causative of reproductive dysfunction.

• 3. “Adverse environmental effect" means any significant and widespread adverse effect that may reasonably be anticipated on wildlife, aquatic life, or other natural resources, including adverse impacts on populations of endangered or threatened species or significant degradation of environmental quality over broad areas.

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California• HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE – HSC DIVISION 26. AIR

RESOURCES PART 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 2. Definitions. 39013.

“Air contaminant” or “air pollutant” means any discharge, release, or other propagation into the atmosphere and includes, but is not limited to, smoke, charred paper, dust, soot, grime, carbon, fumes, gases, odors, particulate matter, acids, or any combination thereof.• HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE – HSC DIVISION 26. AIR

RESOURCES PART 2. STATE AIR RESOURCES BOARD CHAPTER 3.5. Toxic Air Contaminants. ARTICLE 2. Definitions 39665.

(a) “Toxic air contaminant” means an air pollutant which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious illness, or which may pose a present or potential hazard to human health.

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Florida• Florida Statute XXIX Chapter 403. Environmental Control. 403.031

Definitions.

• (7) “Pollution” is the presence in the outdoor atmosphere or waters of the state of any substances, contaminants, noise, or manmade or human-induced impairment of air or waters or alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, or radiological integrity of air or water in quantities or at levels which are or may be potentially harmful or injurious to human health or welfare, animal or plant life, or property or which unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property, including outdoor recreation unless authorized by applicable law.

• (8) “Pollution prevention” means the steps taken by a potential generator of contamination or pollution to eliminate or reduce the contamination or pollution before it is discharged into the environment. The term includes non-mandatory steps taken to use alternative forms of energy, conserve or reduce the use of energy, substitute nontoxic materials for toxic materials, conserve or reduce the use of toxic materials and raw materials, reformulate products, modify manufacturing or other processes, improve in-plant maintenance and operations, implement environmental planning before expanding a facility, and recycle toxic or other raw materials. 14

Georgia• Georgia Rules for Air Quality Control- Chapter 391-3-1-.01 Definitions

(c) “Air contaminant” means solid or liquid particulate matter, dust, fumes, gas, mist, smoke, or vapor, or any matter or substance either physical, chemical, biological, or

radioactive (including source material, special nuclear material, and by-product material); or any combination of any of

the above.(d) “Air pollution” means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air

contaminant

• Georgia Code-Title 12, Conservation and Natural Resources, Chapter 9, Prevention and Control of Air Pollution

Article 1. Air Quality- 12-9-3. Definitions(3) "Air contaminant" means solid or liquid particulate matter, dust, fumes, gas, mist, smoke, or vapor or any matter or substance either physical, chemical, biological, radioactive, including without limitation source material, special nuclear material, and by-product material, or any combination of any of the above.

(4) "Air pollution" means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants.

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Montana• 75.2.103: Definitions

(1) "Air contaminant" means dust, fumes, mist, smoke, other particulate matter, vapor, gas, odorous substances, or any combination of those air contaminants. (2) "Air pollutants" means one or more air contaminants that are present in the outdoor atmosphere, including those pollutants regulated pursuant to section 7412 and Subchapter V of the federal Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq. (3) "Air pollution" means the presence of air pollutants in a quantity and for a duration that are or tend to be injurious to human health or welfare, animal or plant life, or property or that would unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life, property, or the conduct of business.

• 49-1-101 Right of protection from personal injury. Besides the personal rights mentioned or recognized in other statutes and subject to the qualifications and restrictions provided by law, every person has the right of protection from bodily restraint or harm, personal insult, defamation, and injury to the person's personal relations.

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Montana statues, continued• Public Health

• 50-1-101. Definitions.• (2) "Condition of public health importance" means a disease, injury, or other

condition that is identifiable on an individual or community level and that can reasonably be expected to lead to adverse health effects in the community.

• (5) "Institutional controls" means legal or regulatory mechanisms designed to protect public health and safety that:

(a) limit access to or limit or condition the use of environmentally contaminated property or media;

(b) provide for the protection or preservation of environmental cleanup measures; or (c) inform the public that property or media is or may be environmentally contaminated.

• (11) "Public health services and functions" means those services and functions necessary to promote the conditions in which the population can be healthy and safe, including:

(a) population-based or individual efforts primarily aimed at the prevention of injury, disease, or premature mortality; or (b) the promotion of health in the community, such as assessing the health needs and status of the community through public health surveillance and epidemiological research, developing public health policy, and responding to public health needs and emergencies.

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Oregon• ORS Chapter 468-A AIR QUALITY

• 468A.005 Definitions for air pollution laws

“Air contaminant” means a dust, fume, gas, mist, odor, smoke, vapor, pollen, soot, carbon, acid or particulate matter or any combination thereof.

“Air contamination” means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants which contribute to a condition of air pollution.(4) “Air contamination source” means any source at, from, or by reason of which there is emitted into the atmosphere any air contaminant, regardless of who the person may be who owns or operates the building, premises or other property in, at or on which such source is located, or the facility, equipment or other property by which the emission is caused or from which the emission comes.(5) “Air pollution” means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants, or any combination thereof, in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and of a duration as are or are likely to be injurious to public welfare, to the health of human, plant or animal life or to property or to interfere unreasonably with enjoyment of life and property throughout such area of the state as shall be affected thereby.

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Rhode IslandProposed Statute Prohibiting Geoengineering

• State of Rhode Island H 5480, an Act Relating to Health and Safety-Geoengineering

• The Geoengineering Act of 2015• Introduced February 12, 2015 • By Representatives: MacBeth & McLaughlin• Referred to: House Environmental & Natural

Resources• Status-pending further analysis/comments/review

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The Constitution & Amendments IX and X state• Preamble: Public health can never be legally and constitutionally

detached from or given a life independent of the Preamble, the Constitution and Law because this is the ultimate source of their authority in the first place.

• “The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The powers not delegated by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved by the States respectively, or to the People.”

• These Amendments underline that the People of the United States are acknowledged to have specific “certain” “unalienable” “reserved” and “retained” rights, and that these rights are divinely conferred, and naturally inherent, and therefore cannot be restricted, limited or infringed upon by any government, in any way, but must respected, protected and enforced by all governments and that government exists for the chief purpose of defending and enforcing these rights. The most basic essential and obvious right is the right of the American people to choose what happens to their own bodies

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50 USC 1520 (a)• The federal law 50 USC 1520 (a) provides that The Secretary of

Defense may not conduct (directly or by contract)—(1) any test or experiment involving the use of a chemical agent or biological agent on a civilian population; or (2) any other testing of a chemical agent or biological agent on human subjects except for any peaceful purpose (emphasis added) that is related to a medical, therapeutic, pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, or research activity.

• No reasonable person would ever construe the activity of unmarked airplanes or any airplanes or other methods of dispersment for that matter of aerosol spraying the population with toxic chemicals for research purposes as peaceful.

• On the contrary, such activity is a direct hostile and dangerous act of aggression.

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CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER HOSTILE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES-The “ENMOD Treaty”

• United Nations General Assembly in September 1976• Signed in Geneva 5/18/77, Entered into force 10/5/78,

Ratification by U.S. President 12/13/79, U.S. ratification deposited at New York 1/17/80

• Realizing that the use of environmental modification techniques to be intended for peaceful purposes

• Recognizing, however, that military or any other hostile use of such techniques could have effects extremely harmful to human welfare

• Desiring to prohibit effectively military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to eliminate the dangers to mankind from such use

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Human Health Impacts

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Impacts to health• Fine particulate sulfate and alumina nano-size particulates can enter the

cardiovascular & respiratory systems, resulting in disease or even death.

• Aerosols could deplete the ozone layer leading to higher levels of UVBradiation and contribute to air pollution. UVB causes non-melanomaskin cancer and plays a major role in malignant melanoma development.

• Negatively impacting the protective ozone layer and by decreasingsunlight/opacity which would cause Vitamin D deficiencies, which arelinked to rickets, asthma, allergies, increased cancer,hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, depression, diabetes, and other healthproblems, according to Mayo Clinic.

• Nano sized aluminum causes neurodegenerative & development diseaseincluding Alzheimer's, dementia, ALS (Lou Gehrig’s), Parkinson's,causes birth or developmental effects, brain and nervous system effects,and reproduction, and fertility problems

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Published studies• Link between Aluminum and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease:

The Integration of the Aluminum and Amyloid Cascade Hypotheses by: Masahiro Kawahara and Midori Kato-Negishi. 1/5/11, International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. “Aluminum is a widely recognizedneurotoxin that inhibits more than 200 biologically important functions and causes various adverse effects in plants, animals and humans. The relationship between aluminum exposure and neurodegenerative diseases, including dialysis encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism dementia in the Kii Peninsula and Guam, and Alzheimer’s disease.”

• Aluminum Induced Immunoexcitotoxicity in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegernative Disorders by Dr. Russell L. Blaylock, 2012, Current Inorganic Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers. “Aluminum can both trigger and promote neuronal injury…aluminum L glutamate and nano-scaled aluminum, both of which have high absorption from the gut and passage into the brain, as well as higher toxicity profiles than aluminum alone.”

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More published studies

• Krewski D. et al. Human health rRevell PA. The biological effects of nanoparticles. Risk assessment for aluminum, aluminum oxide, and aluminum hydroxide. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2007; 10 (suppl1): 1-269

• Tomljenovic L. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s disease: after a century, is their a plausible link. J Alzheimer’s Disease 2011; 23:567-598

• Perl DP, Good PF. Aluminum, Alzheimer’s Disease, and the olfactory system. Ann, NY Academy Science 1991; 640:8-13

• Walton JR. Aluminum in hippocampal neurons from human with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2006; 27:385-394

• Exley C. A molecular mechanism for aluminum-induced Alzheimer’s disease. J Inorg Biochem 1999;76:133-140

• Verones B, Oortgiesen, M. Neurogenic inflammation and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants. Neurotoxicology 2001 Dec;22(6):795-810. Neurotoxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency

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The Environment

Eco-system Impacts

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Environmental Issues

• Air quality impact/ph of soil changes• Brighter clouds that are less efficient at releasing precipitation.

Aerosol effects can lead to a weaker hydrological cycle, suppression of rainfall, droughts, reductions in regional rainfall, decreased precipitation and evaporation, altered monsoon rains and winds, less efficient removal of pollutants

• Impact to all plant growth inclusive of forests, changes in stand density, decreased growth, increased tree mortality & susceptibility to disease caused by abiotic stress. Loss of forests will further prevent overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, because trees and plants absorb CO2 & aluminum is a known fire accelerant, thus more forest fires.

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Geoengineering, weather modification & forest fires

• Hotter burning fires because of the flammable metals, e.g; aluminum, unusual illnesses or ailments from smoke emitting noxious smoke and fumes

• Can cause unprecedented fire behavior

• Winds can be produced at selected locations and altitudes, which can then be used in establishing weather patterns. Moreover, large regions of the atmosphere can be lifted to an unexpectedly high altitude to create cross-winds. Weather modification is then possible by altering upper atmosphere wind patterns by constructing one or more moving plumes

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Aluminum Toxicity & Bees

• Bees rely heavily on cognitive function and aluminum is a known neurotoxin with links, for example, to Alzheimer's disease in humans.

• The significant contamination of bumblebee pupae by aluminum raises the intriguing specter of cognitive dysfunction playing a role in their population decline

• Pupae were heavily contaminated with aluminum Exley C, Rotheray E, Goulson D (2015) Bumblebee Pupae Contain High Levels of Aluminium. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0127665.doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0127665

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Economic Impacts

• Economic impact to agriculture & farming, trees, water supplies, property, life, direct sunlight, fish populations, wild life, game, all natural resources, tourism & recreation, electric supplies

• Illnesses could overburden the health care system through decreased worker productivity, increased sick days & pharmaceutical costs

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Atmospheric Climate Scientist & Particle Physicist

• Dr. Jasper Kirkby, of CERN in Geneva, Suisse during his June 4, 2009 presentation at CERN, titled: “Cosmic Rays & Climate”.

• Dr. Kirkby is on the record that geoengineering is in full force & effect, “these are clouds which are seeded by jets dumping aerosols into the upper atmosphere”

• Rainfall is inhibited to produce drought when jet aircraft dump aerosols into the atmosphere

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Conclusion• The general public is unaware of the risks associated with

Geoengineering. Geoengineering violates existing state statues and national laws and international treaties. Air quality must be monitored to ensure such programs are not implemented without public consent due to the secrecy surrounding this issue to date. The public should be included in all proposed decisions to implement, restrict, or prevent SRM, Geoengineering, weather modification, and other schemes. We, the people, due to the risks involved, require participation, review, and oversight over these rules and regulations along with Environmental Impact Statements for each proposed scheme, along with their cumulative and synergistic impacts.

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Unmarked Jet-Rear Horizontal Stabilizer of tail specially retrofitted with aerosol spray nozzles

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