Alexis de TocquevilleAlexis de Tocqueville (1805-59) (1805-59)

► LifeLife►Democracy in Democracy in

AmericaAmerica► EvaluationEvaluation

Age of RevolutionsAge of Revolutions

► 1794 great-grandfather Malesherbes guillotined1794 great-grandfather Malesherbes guillotined► 1804 Napoleon emperor1804 Napoleon emperor► 1815 end of Napoleon and restoration of 1815 end of Napoleon and restoration of

monarchy (Louis XVIII, 1824 Charles X)monarchy (Louis XVIII, 1824 Charles X)► 1830 censorship / suffrage restrictions lead to 1830 censorship / suffrage restrictions lead to

revolution (Louis-Philippe citizen king)revolution (Louis-Philippe citizen king)► 1848 monarchy overthrown by reformist 1848 monarchy overthrown by reformist

demands (Louis Napoleon)demands (Louis Napoleon)► 1851 end of 21851 end of 2ndnd Republic and return to monarchy Republic and return to monarchy

(Louis Napoleon crowns himself Napoleon III)(Louis Napoleon crowns himself Napoleon III)

LifeLife

1823-27 studies law1823-27 studies law1830 1830 revolutionrevolution1830-31 travel to America1830-31 travel to America1835 Democracy in 1835 Democracy in

America part IAmerica part I1839 elected deputy 1839 elected deputy

((monarchymonarchy))1840 Democracy in 1840 Democracy in

America part IIAmerica part II1848 elected deputy 1848 elected deputy

again / foreign minister again / foreign minister ((republicrepublic))

1851 arrested and 1851 arrested and imprisonedimprisoned

End of a CareerEnd of a Career

LifeLife

1805 born in Normandy1805 born in Normandy1823-27 studies law1823-27 studies law1830 revolution1830 revolution1830-31 travel to America1830-31 travel to America1835 Democracy in America 1835 Democracy in America

part Ipart I1839 elected deputy1839 elected deputy1840 Democracy in America 1840 Democracy in America

part IIpart II1848 elected deputy again / 1848 elected deputy again /

foreign ministerforeign minister1851 arrested and imprisoned1851 arrested and imprisoned1856 Ancien Regime and the 1856 Ancien Regime and the

RevolutionRevolution1857 last visit to London1857 last visit to London1859 dies of tuberculosis1859 dies of tuberculosis

Democracy in AmericaDemocracy in America

► Sovereignty of the Sovereignty of the people v1/p1/ch4people v1/p1/ch4

► Federalism v1/p1/ch8Federalism v1/p1/ch8► Government v1/p2/ch1Government v1/p2/ch1► Mediocrity v1/p2/ch5Mediocrity v1/p2/ch5► Moral majority Moral majority

v1/p2/ch7v1/p2/ch7► Tyranny of the majority Tyranny of the majority

v1/p2/ch7v1/p2/ch7► Federalism as remedy Federalism as remedy

v1/p2/ch8v1/p2/ch8

American SocietyAmerican Society

► ““one must go to one must go to America to understand America to understand the power of material the power of material prosperity over political prosperity over political actions.” v1/p2/ch9actions.” v1/p2/ch9

► ““do not invite an do not invite an American to speak American to speak about Europe; he will about Europe; he will usually display great usually display great presumption and a presumption and a rather ridiculous rather ridiculous arrogance.” v1/p2/ch9arrogance.” v1/p2/ch9

American SocietyAmerican Society

► ““I would be astonished I would be astonished if mysticism did not if mysticism did not soon make progress in soon make progress in a nation solely a nation solely preoccupied with preoccupied with prosperity.” v2/p2/ch12prosperity.” v2/p2/ch12

► ““Between the worker Between the worker and the employer, and the employer, there are many points there are many points of contact but no real of contact but no real relationship.” relationship.” v2/p2/ch20v2/p2/ch20

American SocietyAmerican Society

► ““In their relation with In their relation with foreigners, Americans foreigners, Americans seem irritated by the seem irritated by the slightest criticism and slightest criticism and appear greedy for appear greedy for praise.” v2/p3/ch16praise.” v2/p3/ch16

► ““The sight of this The sight of this universal uniformity universal uniformity saddens and chills saddens and chills me.” v2/p4/ch8me.” v2/p4/ch8

EvaluationEvaluation

►Democracy or mass Democracy or mass society?society?

► Inequality and Inequality and conformityconformity

► Individualism and Individualism and federalismfederalism