AlfredToth_Hungaro-Raetica

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Hungaro-Raetica

BY

PROF.DR.ALFRDTTH

Mikes InternationalThe Hague, Holland

2007


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ALFRDTTH : HUNGARO-RAETIC

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Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfrd Tth 2007 - II -

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ISSN 1570-0070 ISBN-13: 978-90-8501-110-1 NUR 616

Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfrd Tth 2007, All Rights Reserved


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Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfrd Tth 2007 - III -

PUBLISHERS PREFACE

This year we published electronically from Professor Alfrd Tth his great EtymologicalDictionary of Hungarian (EDH), which was complemented by three addenda. With this

volume we present a different type of work entitled Hungaro-Raetica.

The Hague (Holland), July 2, 2007

MIKES INTERNATIONAL


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Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfrd Tth 2007 - IV -

CONTENTS

Publishers preface...........................................................................................................IIIThe Riddle of Riddle: Hung. rejteni and the common origin of Sumerians and

Raetians. .............................................................................................................................11. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 22. Word history in the different language families..................................................................... 3

2.1 Sumerian ............................ ................................. ............................. ................................... .................................. .......32.2 Semitic languages........................................................................................................................................................42.3 Hamitic languages.......................................................................................................................................................6

2.4 Indo-European languages .......................... ................................ .................................. .............................. ...............72.5 Uralic languages ........................... ................................ ................................... ............................. ...............................82.6 Altaic languages................. ................................. .............................. .................................. .................................. .... 172.7 Sino-Tibetic languages .......................... ................................. .................................. ............................. .................. 172.8 North American Indian languages.... ............................... ............................. .................................. ...................... 182.9 Polynesian languages................................ .............................. .................................. ............................. .................. 19

3. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 204. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 22

Another Hungarian-Raetic isogloss: Hung. gede, gida, gdlye kid, little goat........251. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 262. Word history in the different language families................................................................... 273. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 324. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 33

About the author ..............................................................................................................35


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Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfrd Tth 2007 - 1 -

The Riddle of Riddle:Hung. rejteni and the common origin of

Sumerians and Raetians.

Professzor dr. BADINY Js Ferenc, rendkvli nyelvsz s bartom des emlknek.


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1. Introduction

For comparative linguistics, the year 1969 brought a sensation: Professor LinusBrunners book The common roots of the Semitic and Indo-European Vocabulary, in

which the author presents 1030 common Proto-Semitic and Proto-Indo-European rootsand thus proves that both Proto-Semitic and Proto-Indo-European have a commonancestor language and are genetically related (Brunner 1969). In 1982, Brunner showedthat Proto-Semitic and Proto-Indo-European share no less than 958 common roots withProto-Malayo-Polynesian (Brunner 1982) as reconstructed by Dempwolff (1934-38).

And in 1987, Brunner proved that Raetic the ancestor language of Retoromanche was a Semitic language, most closely related to Akkadian (Brunner and Tth 1987). TheRaetians the only autochthonous Semitic people in Central Europe thus came from

the Euphrates-Tigris area as the Sumerians the ancestors of the Hungarians did.

Although it is known since many years that Hungarian and Raetic have several words incommon that cannot be attributed to borrowing (cf. Zimmern 1917, Lieberman 1977)nor change (cf. Beregszszi 1796, Kiss 1839) for example Hung. gede, gide, Gd-ll-goat ~ Raetic gadu, kathu (Brunner and Tth 1987, pp. 58, 98; Tth 2007b, no. 55),Latin haedus, English goat, German Geiss, Swiss German Gitzi, etc., words like thiscould be Wanderwrter (migrating words) that do not prove much about the commonorigin of the Hungarians and the Raetians in Mesopotamia. Since it was proved in EDH,

part 4 (Tth 2007) that Sumerian-Hungarian shares 607 roots with Indo-European (aswell as Semitic, qua Brunner 1969) and Finno-Ugric, the little study about Hungarianrjteni to hide, rjleni to be hidden and their derivations, that I will present here,may show in an exemplary way how it is possible to reconstruct truly Hungarian words,i.e. words that go back to the Sumerian ancestor language of Hungarian, underconsideration that Sumerian survived also in many other languages between NorthernEurope and the South Seas (cf. EDH-1-4, Tth 2007).


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2. Word history in the different language families

Since EDH (Tth 2007) shows that Sumerian roots did non only survive in Hungarianand the Finno-Ugric, but also in the Altaic, Australian, Austronesian, Bantu, Caucasian,Dravidian, Hamitic, Indo-European, Mayan, Mon-Khmer, Munda, Penutian, Semitic,Sino-Tibetan, Tasmanian language families and in Etruscan, we start with the Sumerianroot or better possible roots (due to huge homophony in Sumerian, cf. Thureau-Dangin 1929) and accompany the spreading out of this root into the languages of thefore-mentioned language families considering sound-laws.

2.1 Sumerian

According to Gostony (1975, no. 294), Hungarian rejteni belongs to Sum. ri, re (Deimel,L, p. 86; Tth, EDH-1, ch. 5, no. 746).

Delitzsch (1914, pp. 175s.) differentiates the following meanings of this roots: Sum. ri(related r?) 1. to go, 2. to guide, to bringe, 3. to be talented, 4. to take away, 5. tousurpate , 6. to turn into.

According to the newest Sumerian lexicon, we have to attribute Delitzschs 6 meaningsto at least 11 Sumerian roots (Oberhuber 1990, p. 395ss., cf. also Thureau-Dangin 1929,p. 27):

1) Sum. re7, ri = Akk. alku to go

2) Sum. ri = Akk. hassu to plan

3) Sum. ri = Akk. mahsu to hit

4) Sum. ri = Akk. nes to be far, to disappear

5) Sum. ri = Akk. paru to start

6) Sum. ri = Akk. ram to put on

7) Sum. ri = Akk. red to direct

8) Sum. ri = Akk. reh to procreate

9) Sum. ri = Akk. rqu far

10) Sum. ri = Akk. sarhu to send

11) Sum. ri = Akk. allu to sweep away


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Since all of these roots are homophonous and therefore formally possible as roots ofHung. rejteni, the meaning has to decide. In accordance with Chong (2003, R, 2), thepossible roots of Hung. rejteni must be the numbers 4) and 11) that may even havemerged like in the many other cases collected in Gostony (1975).

2.2 Semitic languages

In Akkadian, we find r'tu shepherdess, which is a derivation from Akk. r, reshepherd, that belongs to akk. re to graze and is common-Semitic (cf. Gesenius1962, p. 765):

In Raetic we have the name of the female main-goddess (the Raetians werematriarchically organized) Reitu, Ritu, Reitiam (accusative) in several Raetic inscriptions(cf. Brunner and Tth 1987, pp. 54ss.). Moreover, the name of the goddess Ritusurvived in the following place names (cf. Tth and Brunner 2008, p. 119):

Madreda (Poschiavo, Switzerland) mother Ritu < Latin-Raet. *mater Rita

Madris, Val (Surselva, Switzerland) mother Ritu < Latin-Raet. *mater Ritia (Ritia >*Ridja > Risa)

Madrisa (mountain at the border of Prttigau, Switzerland and Vorarlberg, Austria)mother Ritu < Latin-Raet. *mater Ritia (Ritia > *Ridja > Risa)

Madrisch (Avers, Switzerland) mother Ritu < Latin-Raet. *mater Ritia (Ritia >*Ridja > Risa)

Madrisella (Montafon, Austria) mother Ritu < Latin-Raet. *mater Ritia (Ritia >*Ridja > Risa)

Madrisio (Alpine hut at Grosio, Switzerland; in Friuli at Udine, Italy) mother Ritu< Latin-Raet. *mater Ritia (Ritia > *Ridja > Risa)

Hebrew r(h) shepherd (Gesenius 1962, p. 765)

Aramaic re id. (Gesenius 1962, p. 765)

In Arabic, we have ra(y): ray, riya, maran to graze; to let graze, to care for, to takecare of, to observe, to control, htirhu to show consideration for; araituh sam I

was listening to him, ray observation, observance (of contracts), raya, pl. ragen,raya herd, raawya nationality, maran pasture, riya care, consideration,

responsability, murt consideration, observance (of contracts), rin, pl. rut,ruyn, ru, ri shepherd, mary observed, considered (Wehr 1968, pp. 312s.)


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In placenames: Ra (pasture, Sudan), Ri, Mir (pasture, herbage), Mar, Mar, Marh,Marah (pasture, grazing land) (Groom 1983, pp. 233, 243).

Ethiopian reeya (Gesenius 1962, p. 765)

Samaritan mrit (Klein 1987, p. 622)

Ugaritic ry Hirt (Aistleitner 1967, p. 294)

But let us now have a look at the Basic Word Lists of Ancient Languages of the NearEast, that Professor Vclav Blaek published in 1997. He worked with the so-calledSwadesh-list of the 100 basic words that are supposed to be common in most of thelanguages of the world. Blaek compared Sumerian (including Emesal), Akkadian,Elamite, Kassite, Hurrian, Urartian, and Hattic. No. 100 of the list is the word for

woman:

Sumerian: nunus (is continued in Hungarian n woman)

Akkadian: sinnistu

Elamite: rutu, ritu, irtu (with ablaut/apophony and metathesis)

Kassite:

Hurrian: aste, asti

Urartian: lutu (with lambdazism)

We see immediately, that the common word for woman was in Elamite and inUrartian the same word Ritu, whose name doesnt show up in the Akkadian entry onlybecause there it had already undergone the semantic change woman > shepherdess.Since Raetic was very close to Akkadian and the root of the word Ritu is common-Semitic, it follows, that Elamite and Urartian (which are genetically not related toSemitic) must have adopted the word for woman from Akkadian.

But if we have now a look to Hurrian (or Hurritic), we find aste, asti, which correspondsto the second important Raetic goddess Estu (cf. Brunner and Tth 1987, pp. 57ss.). Forher name, we dont find an Akk., but an Ugaritic root: t mistress, ruler (Brunner and

Toth, p. 57). If this name is related to the name of the Akk. goddess Itar, the equivalentof the Sum. Inanna, is not clear, but her description as strong and violent seems tocorrespond with what we know from the Raet. goddess Estu. Thus, we have probably

Akk. It-ar ~ Raet. Estu ~ Ugar. t. One should not forget either that in the highlyfragmentary Kassite word list there is a word iti, which Jaritz (1957, p. 874) commented

as follows: meaning and character unknown. Remember also the fact that the city Estein Italy lies in the area, where formerly the Venetians settled, who have taken over the


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name of their goddess Reitia from the Raeti! As the names of this and other cities prove(e.g. Trieste < Terg-este), the Venetians must have taken over the worship not only ofRitu, but of Estu from the Raeti, too.

From Lieberman (1977, no. *560), we learn that the Sumerian roots r, re6, re7, ri6, ri7,, e7, i6, i7) have been borrowed into Old-Babylonian.

2.3 Hamitic languages

From Orel and Stolbova (1995, p. 442) we get the following data:

Hamito-Semitic: *ra-, *raw-, *ray- be, become, make

Egyptian iry be, do, make

Old Coptic *iri

Fayumian ili

Akhmimian eire

Bohairian iri

Sahidic eireWestern Cushitic *ra-, *raw- become, work

Gwandara ra

Bokkos ro

Central Cushitic *ray- become, build

Lame re, rey

Eastern Cushitic *riy- become, work, make

Dangla orriye, riyoBidiya riy

South Cushitic *ra- stay, remain

Asa ra-

Dahalo raw- stay, remain

The following word from the extinct Nubian is borrowed from Arabic:

Nubian r Hirt (< Arabic, Rheinisch 1879, p. 137)


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From the general meanings in the Hamito-Semitic words, we see that neither theAkkadian word for woman nor the Raetic word for shepherd(ess) could go directlyto Northern Africa, but the Sumerian root itself, since languages normally do notgeneralize, but specify meanings. Sumerian roots are testified for African languages, too(cf. EDH-1, ch. 8).

2.4 Indo-European languages

IE *are- to joint (Pokorny 1973, vol. I, p. 318):

Latin arare to plow

Greek aron to plow, rotron plow, arotr farmerGothic arjan, Old High German erran, Middle High German ern to plow,

German Art, Ge-rt, raten, Rtsel, Old Islandic arr plowing

Lituanian ari, rti to plow, rklas plow, artjis farmer, arkls horse

Old Prussian artoys farmer

Lettic aru I plow, ara, are farmland

Old Bulgarian orj, orati to plow, ralo plow, rataj farmer

Middle Iranian airim I plow, arathar plowCymric arddu to plow, arddwr plow

Cornic aradar plow

Middle Bretonic arazr, Bretonic arar plow

Armenian araur plow

Besides, there is another root IE *rdh- to prepare, to advise, Old Irish rd speaking,

telling, Old Bulgarian (ne)raditi, roditi to take care of, Sanskrit rdhnti gets ready,flourishes, is capable of, which is probably an extension of the root IE *are- to joint,(Kluge 2002, pp. 62, 745) and from which English to read, riddle and German reden,Rtsel originate. Because of the specialized meanings of the above words, we must againstrongly assume that in the Indo-European languages the Sumerian root surviveddirectly and not via the Semitic root.


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2.5 Uralic languages

As usual, we do not only consider the Finno-Ugric, but the Samoyed languages, too.

Budenz (1873-81, pp. 661s.):

rlni, rvlni, rivlni, rteni, rteni, rjteni, rjteni, rejteni, rejtzni, rejtzni, rjtk:mind ezen szk az ug[or] re-g- (= Vog[ul] rj-, rig) calere (calor, calidus) szrmazkai.

Brczi (1941, p. 254s.):

rejlik: ksei analogikus kpszs a fejt fejlik mintjra a rejt ighez, ez bizonyt[alan]er[edet], legvalsznbb, hogy a rvligvel s gy a vog[ul] regh, rihsg, ? f[inn] rkkiua. szavakkal fgg ssze, s er[edet] jel[entss]e lzba, rvletbe ejt.

Benk et al. (1976, pp. 367s.):

A szcsald alapja, a rejt ige szrmazksz: -t mveltet kpzvel alakult, alapszava

pedig valsznleg sszefgg a rekesz, rekken, esetleg a rvlcsaldjval.

Lak et al. (1978, pp. 527ss.) finally lists all the following words:

rejteni bergen, verbergen, verstecken, verheimlichen; hexen, zaubern

rejtek Versteck, Schlupfwinkel; drckend heisses Wetter

rejtezkedik erstaunt erschrecken

rejtztt scheintot

? rekedni stecken bleiben

? rekesz, rekeszt aus Ruten geflochtener Zaun, Hecke

? rekeszteni sperren, hemmen, stauen; einen Heckenzaun flechten; mit Rutenzuflechten

? rekken schwl, drckend, heiss

? rszeg betrunken, berauscht

rvlet Verzckung, Trance


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rteni, rteni, rjeteni, rtni, ritni, ritni entzcken, rtejni verbergen, rtetEntzckung, rvik sich begatten, sich paaren, befruchtet werden

elrejteni verbergen; verdecken; aufzehren, verwsten

elrejtezik in Ohnmacht fallen, sich tot stellen

elrejtzik sich verstecken; in Verzckung od. Trance geraten

? elrekkenteni verstecken, verbergen

elrvlni in Verzckung geraten

? elrkkeszteni verbergen

Rdei (1987, p. 423):

Uralic *ree (reke) warm; Wrme, Hitze:

Ostyak rew Windhauch

Vogul rj warm, heiss; Hitze

Hungarian rejteni verstecken; zaubern, reg Morgen, regs nekWeihnachtszauberlied, rejtek Versteck, rekken id drckendheisses Wetter, rg lange, ? rege Mrchen, Sage, ? rgtn,

rgvest sofort, sogleich, rszeg betrunken, berauscht, rvletVerzckung, Trance

?? Yurak lej Flamme, rejlu- hrbar brennen

Yennissean loilebo, loreo brennen

Yurak leajo, leju Flamme

Ostyak-Samoyed porua, pormba, porrua brennen

Kamassian nenilm brennen (Castrn 1974, pp. 209, 221)

But when Benk et al. (1992, vol. 5, p. 1245) separate the stems of rejteni et al. from thestems rv-, reg-, rg- et al., the destroy the assumed semantical relationship heat >trance, which means that the stem of rejteni et al. is now unknown: Der Stamm istunbek[annten] Urspr[ungs] und mit dem der W[ort-]Familien rekesz, rknyl identisch[...]. Zusammenhang mit der W[ort-]Familie rvlist kaum wahrsch[einlich].

Considering the above example, one can see very well how contradictory the FUdictionaries are. An alternative etymology was therefore proposed by Gostony (1975, no.294) and Sra (1994, p. 141): Turkish rtmek befedni, elfedni, letakarni, which goes

very well together both with the formal as well as the semantical devlopment of Hung.


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rejteni: Sum. ri to remove, to sweep away > Turk. rtmek to cover, Hung. rejtenito hide, because something has first to be removed and then covered, before it will behidden.

According to the experience of everyone who does not work with Hungarian on thebasis of the stipulated Finno-Ugric language family, still today the best Hungariandictionary is Czuczor-Fogarasi (1862). Here we find the following entries concerning ouretymologies. It should be remembered that all the words in Czuczor-Fogarasi areordered synchronically according to word bushes and not diachronically according tosterms and leaves (1862-74, pp. 2619ss.):

REJ, elvont trzse rejlik, rejt igknek, s szrmazkaiknak. Elemzst illetleg l. REJT.

RJ, a rgieknl pl. a Bcsi codexben am. r, rivalkodik, a ksbbi bibliai forditsokban:ordt. Rj (riv = ordit) monnal orozln (Ozes. X. A vulgatban XI.).

REJLS, (re-j-l-s) fn. tt. rejls-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Lappangs, titokban ltezs.

REJLIK, (re-j-l-ik re--l-ik) k. Titokban, elburkolva, elbujva ltezik, lappang. E lepel alattvalami rejlik. V. . REJT.

REJT, (1), (re-t re-j-t) th. m. rejt-tt, par. ~s, htn. ~ni v. ~eni. ltaln, valamit gyeltesz, eldug, hogy msok szre ne vegyk, meg ne lssk, meg ne talljk, mi bizonyostakar, lepel, burok ltal szokott trtnni. Bokorba, szalma kz, fggny mg, vka

al, pinczbe rejteni valamit. A pnzt, drgasgokat a kzeled ellensg ell fld alrejteni. Magt elrejteni. Ki a tolvajt magnl elrejti, azt orgazdnak tartjk. Rejtett kincs.tv. bizonyos eszmt, ismretet gy eltitkol, hogy azt az sz csak nehezen vagy pen netallhassa vagy foghassa fel. Valamely dolgot talls mesbe rejteni. Az Isten vajmi sokatelrejtett az emberi sz ell. A Bcsi codexben (Baruch) olvassuk: Hol magokat azokkalszv (egytt) elrehk (azaz elrejtsk, t. i. a rgi iratokban a kapcsol md kpzje igengyakran h bet, amidn a trzs kzvetlen t betje kiesik, st a fntebbi pldban azegsz t sztag kimaradott).

Ez igvel kpeztetsi rokonsgban llanak: lejt, fejt, sejt, ejt, hajt, alajt, fjt, bjt, gyjt,

sjt, ht, ft, st, melyek mind that cselekvsre vonatkoznak, s ezt a tevst jelent tfejezi ki. Ezek kzl nmelyek, midn t helyett l kpzt vesznek fel, majd ik-es igkklesznek, s belszenved llapotot jelentenek, mint: fej-lik, haj-lik, majd ik nlklnhatkk vlnak, mint: fl, gyl, hl, sl, fl, vagy tjdivatosan hlik, slik, flik. Ily

viszony ltezik ltaln az t kpzj that, s l l kpzj nhat igk kztt, pl. tanttanl, szort szorl, vegyt vegyl, tert terl, stb. Ezen hasonlatnl fogva ha a rejt igtelemezzk, annak gyke re, melybl lett thatlag re--t, re--t, re-j-t, nhatlag: re--l, v.re--l; mely egyszeren szokatlan, hanem ,ik raggal szenved alakot vevn fl: re--l-ik,re--l-ik, re-j-l-ik, s csak gy jtt hasznlatba. Egybirnt lsd bvebben az ~t, s ~l,~l igekpzk eredett s mdosulatait Elbeszd 138. s kk. lapjain. Ha figyelembe

veszszk a rokon szanszkrit rah gykt (= rejt, rgiesen: rekkent, honnan rahitana am.


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rejtekben, titkon, Mtys Fl.), s a h-t j-vel flcserljk: akkor csak a rej-t egyszer t-, srej-l(ik), egyszer l kpzvel szrmaztathatk.

Mi az alapfogalmat illeti, mely ezen ige gykben ltezik, azt magbl a magyarbl ismthasonlat ltal vljk nmileg meghatrozhatni. Ugyanis azon alaprtelemnl fogva, mely

szerint valamit rejteni, elrejteni annyit tesz, mint fdt, takart, leplet tenni r, vagybeburkolni, hogy szrevtlenn legyen, valszinnek tartjuk, hogy gyke azon re, melyvastag hangon ra, t. i. a felhat nvrag, mi szerint re-teni valamit eredeti els rtelembenannyit jelentene, mint re-tenni valamit, hogy lthatlan, szrevtlen legyen. Ily

viszonyban vannak a le fe v. fel, s al helyhatrozkkal a lejt (le-t), fejt (fe-t), s alajt (al-t) szrmazkok, t. i. lejt am. lefel mozdt, v. mozdl, fejt am. feltakar, felszakaszt,felbont, alajt am. supponit, suspicatur aliquid. Ezek kzl a ,fejt sznak prhuzamostrsa is megvan a ,fejlik szban. Egybirnt idegen nyelvek kztt mr fntebbmegrintettk a rokon szanszkrit rah gykt. A Tatrosi codexben a ,rejtek sz egyszere-vel fordul el, teht annak irsmdja szernt zrt -vel olvasand, melyhez az llkzelebb, a tjdivatosan ma is hasznltatik, ,rjtk.REJT, (2), (re-j-t) fn. tt. rejt-t, harm. szr. ~je. Rejtekhely. Klnsen a vadszoknl erd,kert, ndas, kukoriczs, s ltaln minden helyisg, melyrl fltehet, hogy benne vadtartzkodik. Rejtet tkerestetni, kopfalkt rejtbe ereszteni, (hogy onnt a szarvast, rkt,nylat kihajtsa). Rejtbl kitr a kopk hajtottk vad, ha a rejtet elhagyja. (Brczy Kroly.)

REJTA, udvarhelyszki tjsz, e helyett: rajta.

REJTGET, (re-j-t-g-et) gyak. th. m. rejteget-tem, ~tl, ~tt, par. rejtgess. Valamitgyakran, ismtelve, vagy tbb holmit ide-oda rejt, dugdos, bujtat, takargat, hogy szre ne

vegyk. V. . REJT, (1).REJTGETS, (re j-t-g-et-s) fn. tt. rejtgets-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Cselekvs, melyltal valamit a kztudoms, szrevevs ell eltakargatunk, eldugdosunk, stb.

REJTK, (re-j-t-k) fn. tt. rejtk-t, harm. szr. ~e. Olyan hely, hov valamit v. valakiteldugni, eltakarni lehet, hogy titokban maradjon, hogy r ne akadhassanak. Rejteketkeresni, rejtekbe bjni; rejtekbe zrni valamit.

Keskeny vlgye rejtekben

l s andalg a remete.

Kisfaludy Kroly.

tv. sziv rejteke, mely titkos rzelmeket, vgyakat stb. takar el. A Tatrosi codexben am.titok: Mert nem rejtek neki (quia non latuit. Lukcs VIII. Trknyinl: hogy nemmaradt titokban.)

REJTK, l. REJTK.

REJTKES, (re-j-t-k-es) mn. tt. rejtkes-t v. ~et, tb. ~ek. Olyan, hov elrejtezni vagyvalamit elrejteni lehet.

REJTKZS, (re-j-t-k-z-s) fn. tt. rejtkzs-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Rejtekbentartzkods.


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REJTKZIK, (re j-t-k-z-ik) k. m. rejtkz-tem, ~tl, ~tt, par. rejtkzzl. Magtrejtegeti, rejtekben tartzkodik; titkoldzva lappang; bujskt jtszik. A szkevnykatonk erdkben a vadak barlangjaikban rejtekeznek. A bujskt jtszk ide-odarejtekeznek.

REJTKFIK, (rejtk-fik) sz. fn. Valamely szekrnynek, asztalnak s ms ilyentarthelyeknek titkos fikja.

REJTKHELY, (rejtk-hely) sz. fn. Hely, mely klnsen alkalmas r, hogy ott elbujni,s lappangani lehessen. Az erdei zsivnyok, s vadak rejtekhelyeit kikutatni.

REJTKKAMARA, (rejtk-kamara) sz. fn. Titkos hely valamely hzban.

REJTELM, (re-j-t-el-m) fn. tt. rejtelm-et. l. REJTEMNY.

REJTELMES, (re-j-t-el-m-es) l. REJTEMNYES.

REJTELMESSG, (re-j-t-el-m-es-sg) fn. tt. rejtelmessg-t, harm. szr. ~e. Rejtelmes v.

rejtemnyes llapot, vagy minsg.REJTLY, (re-j-t-ly) fn. tt. rejtly-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. ltaln, valamely homlyosdolog, melyet az sz vilgosan, rtelmesen felfogni nem kpes, midn annak msdolgokkal szvefggst t nem ltja. Klnsen, megfejteni, kitallni val feladat, pl.sz, vagy eszme, kpes kifejezsekbe burkolva, milyenek az gynevezett rejtettszk, vagytalls mesk.

REJTLYS, (re-j-t-ly-s) mn. tt. rejtlys-t v. ~et, tb. ~ek. Minek rtelme, jelentse a mifelfogsunkhoz kpest homlyos, el van takarva, mit nem rtnk; igen elvont pldzatu.

Rejtlyes beszd, czlzsok, krdsek, feladatok.REJTLYSSG, (re-j-t-ly-s-sg) fn. tt. rejtlyssg-t, harm. szr. ~e. Tulajdonsg vagyllapot, midn valami rejtlyes. Rejtlyessge miatt nehz feloldatu krds. V. .REJTLYS.

REJTEMNY, (re-j-t-e-mny) fn. tt. rejtemny-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. ltalnvalamely titkolt, elrejtett dolog, eszme, vagy ismret. Hasznltatik klnsen a grg-latin mysterium rtelmben, s jelent az Istenre, s eglyre vonatkoz olyfle tanokat,melyeket vagy csak nmely vlasztottak ismernek, milyenek voltak a rgi grgszertartsok mysteriumai; vagy oly termszetfltti, s egyenesen az Isten ltal

kinyilatkoztatott hitvallsi tanokat, hitgazatokat, melyeket az emberi sz eredetikorltoltsga miatt felfogni nem kpes, p. a Szenthromsg, az isteni megtesteslsrejtemnye.

REJTEMNYS, (re-j-t-e-mny-s) mn. tt. rejtemnys-t v. ~et, tb. ~ek. Az emberi sztudomsa ell elrejtett, eltitkolt; klnsen, ami valamely termszet fltti, s a hitvallsra

vonatkoz igazsgot, tant foglal magban. Rejtemnyes jelents, rtelem.

REJTNY, (re-j-t-ny) fn. tt. rejtny-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Pillk neme, melyeksttsgben, homlyos szugokban szeretnek lappangni. (Tenebrio).

REJTS, (re-j-t-s) fn. tt. rejts-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Cselekvs, mely ltal rejtnk,eltakarunk, eltitkolunk valamit. V. . REJT, (1).


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REJTTT, (re-j-t-tt) mn. tt. rejttt-et. Ami el van dugva, elbujva, titkolva, hogytudomsra ne jhessen. Fld al rejtett kincsek. V. . REJT.

REJTTTEN, (re-j-t-tt-en) ih. Rejtett llapotban. A gonosztett rejtetten ritkn marad.

REJTTTFEJ, (rejttt-fej) sz. fn. Fregfaj, melynek feje gy be van hzva, hogy ltni

nem lehet.REJTTTSZ, (rejttt-sz) sz. fn. Talls feladat, midn valamely sznak tulajdonsgaikpekben, krlrva adatnak el, hogy a krdezett kitallja bellk a megfelel szt, pl. azels gy j ha tz van benne, a msodik is gy j ha tz van benne, a harmadik is, ha tz

van benne, vgre az egsz is, ha tz van benne; felelet: kandall (kan-dal-l).

REJTEVNY, l. REJTVNY.

REJTZS, (re-j-t-z-s) fn. tt. rejtzs-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. llapot, midn valaki v.valami rejtezik. V. . REJTZIK. A szkelyeknl am. szn- v. ltszhall, pl. midn

valakirl azt akarjk mondani, hogy nem halt meg, hanem csak szn- v. ltszhalott, gyszlnak: elrejtezett. V. . REJTZIK.

REJTZIK, (re-j-t-z-ik) k. m. rejtz-tem, ~tl, ~tt, par. rejtzzl. Valamely titkos, elzrt,szrevtlen helyen lappang, el van bjva. A szkevnyek erdkben, a vadakbarlangokban rejteznek. Felsge eltt n ha akarnm is, el nem rejtezhetem. (Levl1559-bl. Szalay g. 400. m. 1.).

Az egsz termszet mly gyszban rejtezik.

Szemere Pl.

tv. titok gyannt, ki nem jelentve ltezik. Nem tudni, mi rejtezik szivben. Aszkelyeknl ,rejtezs, ,elrejtezs alatt sznhallt is rtenek, innen mondjk: nem holtmeg, csak elrejtezett. (Incze Jzsef).

REJTHELY, (rejt-hely) l. REJTKHELY.

REJTDZIK, (re j-t--d-z-ik) l. REJTZIK, 1).

REJTKE, (re-j-t--ke) fn. tt. rejtkt. A szkelyeknl am. rejtett v. rejtkfik.

REJTZS, (re j-t--z-s) fn. tt. rejtzs-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. 1) Maga elrejtse,elbuvs. 2) Elragadtats. V. . REJTZIK.

REJTZIK, (re-j-t--z-ik) belsz. m. rejtz-tem, ~tl, ~tt, par. rejtzzl. 1) Rejtegetimagt, elbuvik valahov, hogy meg ne tallhassk. Megfelel e krdsre: hov? pl.pinczbe, padlsra, bokrok kz rejtzni. Klnbzik tle: rejtezik, t. i. valahol. 2) Aszkelyeknl ,rejtzik a Tjsztr szernt azt is jelenti: elmjben elragadtatik, amidn,rittetik vagy ,rttetik szval egy eredet, teht sajtlag am. ritezik v. rtzik.

REJTZKDS, (re-j-t--z-kd-s) fn. tt. rejtzkds-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. l.REJTZS, 1).

REJTZKDIK, (re-j-t--z-kd-ik) k. m. rejtzkdtem, ~tl, ~tt. L. REJTZIK,

1).


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REJTVNY, (re-j-t-vny) fn. trgyesete: ~t, tbb. ~k. ltaln, talls feladat, rejtly,klnsen: rejtettsz.

REJTVNYS, (re-j-t-vny-s) mn. tt. rejtvnys-t v. ~et, tb. ~ek. l. REJTLYES.

REJTVNYSSG, (re-j-t-vny-s-sg) fn. tt. rejtvnyssg-t, harm. szr. ~e. l.

REJTLYSSG.REK, elvont gyk, 1) Hangsz, melybl rekeg, rekcsel hangutnzk szrmaznak. 2)Elzrst, elkertst, illetleg elklnzst jelent a rekesz, rekeszt, reked, rekkentszrmazkokban. Ez utbbi rtelemnl fogva rokona a zrt jelent retesz nvnek retgyke, s a rejt ignek re gyke, vagy rej trzse.

RKA, (az tilla neje Kreka nevrl?) falu Abaj m.; helyr. Rk-ra, ~n, ~rl.

RKAS, (1), fn. tt. rkas-t, tb. ~ok, harm. sz. ~a. Tjsz, klnsen Csalkzben, sjelent mosatlan, mocskos konyhai, s asztali ednyeket, p. fazekakat, tlakat, tnyrokat,

mskp: rkmny. Gyke: rk (rk-as, rk-mny) gy ltszik azonos rk gykkel (rkny,rknydik) szkban; s a fntebbiek rk-s, rk-mny helyett llanak.

RKAS, (2), falu Pest m.; helyr. Rkas-ra, ~on, ~rl.

RKS, mvros Temes m.; helyr. Rks-ra, ~on, ~rl.

REKCSL; REKCSELS, l. RIKCSOL; RIKCSOLS.

REKED, (1), (rek-ed) nh. m. reked-tem, ~tl, ~tt v. ~t. Valamely cs, vagycsatornafle nyils, lik bedugl, bezrdik. Iszaptl bereked a csatorna szja. Mocsoktlbereked a pipa, pipaszr. l lnyre vonatkozva: bedugs, elzrs kvetkeztben valahol

ben szorl, vagy valamely helyrl kiszorl. Az egr a csaptatba reked. A halak avejszben, varsban rekednek. A kaput bezrtk, s mi kirekedtnk a hzbl. A ,rekesznvvel s ,rekeszt, ,rekken, ,rekkent igkkel ll szrmazsi s rtelmi viszonyban.

REKED, (2), (rek-ed) nh. m. reked-tem, ~tl, ~tt v. ~t. Mondjuk torokrl, midn asr nyl meggyl benne, vagy hls kvetkeztben, vagy ms okbl szveszorl, smintegy bedugl. Sok kiltozsban berekedt a torka. Mennyiben az ily llapotbanszenved embernek hangja rekeg, a rekeg, rekcsel hangutnz igkhez rokonszrmazatu, t. i. a berekedt torku ember rekeg, rekegve beszl. V. . REKEDS.

REKEDS, (rek-ed-s) fn. tt. rekeds-t, tb. ~k, harm, szr. ~e. 1) Valamely csnek,csatornnak, nyilsnak azon llapota, midn bedugl, szveszorl. 2) A toroknak krosllapota, mikor a hang rekegve j ki rajta. E hangot fejezi ki a hasonl rtelm latinraucus, raucedo is.

REKEDZ, (rek-ed-z) gyak. nh. m. rekedz-tem, ~tl, ~tt. Tbbszr elreked.Rekedez hang.

REKEDSG, (rek-ed-sg) fn. tt. rekedsg-t, harm. szr. ~e. A toroknak szenvedllapota, midn beduguls, meghls stb. kvetkeztben rekeg.

REKEDT, (rek-ed-t) mn. tt. rekedt-et. 1) Dugult, bedugult, nem szelel. Rekedt cs,

csatorna, pipaszr, zg, zsilip. 2) Zrdott. Vejszbe, varsba rekedt halak. 3) Torokrlszlva am. duguls, szoruls miatt rekeg. Rekedt torku kntor. V. . REKED.


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REKEDTEN, (rek-ed-t-en) ih. Rekedt llapotban.

REKEDTHAS, (rekedt-has) sz. mn. Hasdugulsban szenved, kinek gynevezettkemny szke szokott lenni.

REKEDTSG, (rek-ed-t-sg) l. REKEDSG.

REKG, (rek-g gyak. nh. m. rekg-tem, ~tl, ~tt. Rek rek hangon szl pl. a rekedt,vagy tiszttalan torku ember. Klnsen mondjuk a bkkrl. Mikor ideje vagyon eznapig is mindazt panaszoljk (a bkk), a vizekbe rekegvn. Pesti Gbor mesi. Gykerek hangutnz; b eltttel brek, honnan: brekeg, brekeke.

REKGS, (rek-g-s) fn. tt. rekgs-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Tiszttalan, flsrt rekrek hangon szls, kiltozs. Bkk rekegse.

REKEGTET, (rek-g-tet) miv. m. rekgtet-tem, ~tl, ~tt, par. rekegtess. Eszkzli hogyrekegjen. Ne rekegtesd azt a gyereket.

REKESZ, (rek-esz) fn. tt. rekesz-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. ltaln, bizonyos korlt,kerts, gt ltal kpezett zrhely, pl. az llatok ketrecze, esztrengja, sellencze, kalitkja,la, stb. Rekeszbe zrni a ludakat, rczket. A vadmadr is megszokja a kalitkarekeszt.(Km.). Pzmnnl am. a latin clausura. Szerzetes szent rekesz. A llek rekesze = test.

A szilaj llek rekeszt kitrvn

A nap tjn tl magasan csapongott.

Berzsenyi.

Rekesznek nevezik a vizek kifolyst akadlyoz, vagyis azokat elzrva tart gtat, tltst,zgt. Tovbb am. fikfle osztlyozat. Rekeszekbe helyezni a knyveket.Nvnytanilag az reges szervben, maghonban, vagy magrejtben kpzdtt vlaszfalakltal tmad fik vagy fikok; pl. hrom rekesz tokja van a hvirgnak, tulipnnak.(Loculamentum. Gnczy P.). A hajsoknl mindennem elklntett hely a fahajkon,pl. zabtart, szentes, pincze stb. Az irsban am. zrjel. Rekeszbe szortott mondat.Minthogy a rekesz alapfogalmnl fogva zrt jelent, legkzelebb rokonsgban ll hozz aretesz, mint zrl eszkz.

REKESZL, (rek-esz-l) th. m. rekeszl-t. 1) Rekeszszel kert, elzr. A kazalt a krtevbarmok ellen elrekeszelni. 2) Korltokat, gtokat hz. 3) Fikokra oszt. Aknyvszekrnyeket rekeszelni.REKESZS, (rek-esz-s) mn. tt. rekeszs-t v. ~et, tb. ~ek. Rekeszszel v. rekeszekkelelltott; fikos. Rekeszes istll, melyben a lovak kztt elvlaszt korltokat hznak;rekeszes szekrny.

REKESZGT, (rekesz-gt) sz. fn. Gt, mely a vznek sztfolyst akadlyozza, hogysszbb s egy mederbe szortva, vagy ideiglen feltartztatva czlszerbbenhasznltathassk. Rekeszgt a patakmalom fltt.

REKESZGET, (rek-esz-[t-]-get) th. m. rekeszget-tem, ~tl, ~tt. Tbbszr vagy

folyvst rekeszt. V. . RET.


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REKESZGETS, (rek-esz-[t-]-get-s) fn. tt. rekeszgets-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e.Cselekvs midn valaki rekeszget.

REKESZIZOM, (rekesz-izom) sz. fn. Izom, mely a mellreget a hasregtl keresztbenelvlasztja. (Diaphragma).

REKESZKDS, (rek-esz-kd-s) fn. tt. rekeszkds-t, tb. ~k, harm. szr. ~e. Bizonyosrekesz, illetleg korltok kz zrkozs.

REKESZKDIK, (rek-esz-kd-ik) k. m. rekeszkd-tem, ~tl, ~tt. Korltok kzzrkozik, magt msoktl bizonyos kzbevetett gt ltal elvlasztja; klnsen,lakhelybe, rejtekbe, szobba zrkozik. Csinla magnak titkos kamart, melyben az szolglival berekeszkedvn lakik vala. (Judit, 8, 5, Kldi).

REKESZRD, (rekesz-rd) sz. fn. Rd az istllban, melyet a bekttt barmok,klnsen a lovak kz korltul szoks tenni.

REKESZT, (rek-esz-t) th. m. rekeszt-tt, par. rekeszsz, htn. ~ni v. ~eni. Bizonyoskorlt, vagy gt ltal elzrol, elklnt, hatrozott trbe szort. Berekeszteni a barmokataz lba. Korltokkal elrekeszteni a szrt. Kirekeszteni valakit a hzbl, am. a kaput,ajtt bezrni elle. Oly sokan vannak, hogy Dunt lehet velk rekeszteni. (Km.).Csatornt, zsilipet, zgt rekeszteni. Kinek sokassga megrekeszt az rradatokat.(Bcsi cod. Judith XVI.). Rgebben ,zrni, ,bezrni helyett is hasznltatott. Mikormenny berekesztetett (quando clausum est coelum. Tatr. cod. Luk. IV.). Minthogy

Tokaj vrban benne az ellensgh, vgezte azt az orszgh, hogy azokat Zemplin, Zabolcss Ungh vrmegyk azon vrmegykben lakoz urak segtsgvel rekeszszk megh. (Az1605-ben Bocskay-fle szerencsi orszggyls hatrozata). tv. rt. a beszdetberekeszteni, am. befejezni, elvgezni. V. . REKESZ.

REKESZTS, (rek-esz-t-s) fn. tt. rekesztst-t, tb. ~k. Elzrols, elklnts, hatrokkz szorts, zrs. Kirekeszts a Bcsi codexben am. anathema: Ad elfeledetnekkirekesztsre (obtulit in anathema oblivionis. Judith. XVI. Trknyinl: Ajndkul adaz elfeleds ellen).

REKESZTK, (rek-esz-t-k) fn. tt. rekesztk-t, harm. szr. ~e. Korltozat, gtm, melyltal valamit elzrnak. A rekesztken ttrni, kiugrani.

REKESZTKS, (rek-esz-t-k-s) mn. tt. rekesztkes-t v. ~et, tb. ~ek. Rekesztkkel

elltott.REKETS, (rek-et-s), v. REKETTS, (rek-ed-t-s) mn. tt. rekets-t v. reketts-t, v. ~et,tb. ~ek. Rekedt hangu, vagy torku.

From these data, we see that besides Hung. *re- in rej-t-eni, re-j-lik and derivations, thestem *rek- also belongs to this word-bush. And the meaning of Hung. rekedni goestogether with the meanings of Hamito-Semitic *ra-, *raw-, *ray- to be, to become, tomake.


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2.6 Altaic languages

Since we already know the Turkish word for to hide, let us look now generally at theAltaic languages, including Korean and Japanese. From Starostin, Dybo and Mudrak

(2003, vol. 2, pp. 1060s.) we take the following forms:

Altaic *ri, re to cover, Tungusic *ura-, *ur-ke, Mongolian *r-, Turkish *rt-,Korean *ri:

Manchu Evenki urke, Even urk, Negidal ujke, Manchu oro-, u, Ulcha ue,Orok ute, Nanai ujke, Oroch ukke, Udehe uke, Solon ukke, urke

Mongolian Middle Mongolian eruge, oruge, Written Mongolian rme, Khalkarm, Buryat rme(n), Kalmuck rm, Ordos rm, Dagur urum,Sary-Yughur rm, Monguor jermen

Turkish Old Turkish rt-, Karakhanide Turkish rt-, Turkish (Osmanli) rt-,Gagauz jrt-, Azerbaidzhan rt-, Turkmenian rt-, Salar xt-, Middle

Turk. rt-, Uzbek rt-, Karaim rt-, Chuvash vit-

Korean Middle Korean ri, Mod. Korean or (arch.)

Japanese oou to cover

Since Finno-Ugrists assume that all Turkish words in Hungarian are borrowings, theyshould come from the geographically closest Turkish language, i.e. Chuvash, but as theform vit- shows, this cannot be the form from which Hung. rejteni was taken, becauseof the initial sound v- and because it doesnt explain Hung. rejlik (that was hardly builtaccording to fejteni : fejlik a.o.).

2.7 Sino-Tibetic languages

We restrict ourselves here to Chinese and Tibetan, because the other languages still lackthourough etymological dictionaries:

Chin. le, re wrinkle (Podhorszky 1877, pp. 270, 269)

Tibetan bra, -bra night-quarters, halting place, whether under a roof or inthe open air; dwelling, particulary a temporary one, lodgings (Braun2001, nos. 160, 170)


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The corresponding root with initial *l- may also belong to here: la-dwgs Ladg, Ladk,province in the valley of the Indus, inhabited by Tibetans and formerly belonging to

Tibet, forbidden for Non-Tibetans (cf. Jschke 1987, p. 540) with the meaningforbidden strongly associated with to cover and to hide. That Ladg and itscapital were both hidden and forbidden, Krsi Csoma Sndor had to experiencehimself: he died on the way after having gotten the allowance to enter the hidden andforbidden city.

To the genetical relationship between the Uralic, Altaic and Sino-Tibetan languages,Trubetzkoy remarked in his last, posthumous publication: Die finnischugrischen undsamojedischen Sprachen stimmen in gewissen Punkten mit den altaischen berein, dieseeinerseits mit dem Koreanischen und durch dessen Vermittlung mit dem Japanischen,das wiederum eine Brcke zu den ozeanischen Sprachen bildet, andererseits aber

stimmen die altaischen Sprachen in wesentlichen Punkten zu den tibetobirmanischenSprachen usw. (Trubetzkoy 1939, p. 86). Already Hyde Clarke had stated in 1877: Inthis day we find three masses of the Ugrian class: - The Nepaul [Nepal] or Himalyan, themain Ugrian, reaching from Siberia to the Black Sea, and thence to Lapland and the IcyOcean, the Magyar in Hungary (Clarke 1877, p. 6).

2.8 North American Indian languages

When Wadler reported legends of the North American Indians that there ancestors werenot autochthonous but immigrants from Asia: bereinstimmend erzhlen die Sagender erwhnten Indianerstmme [Azteken, Tolteken, Kitsche Guatemalas], ihre Ahnen

wren in Urzeiten vom Osten her gekommen, htten ein Meer durchquert, seien an derNordkste der neuen Heimat gelandet (Wadler1997, p. 14), Swadesh (1962) andfollowing him an enormous literature proved these Sagen. The memory oftransatlantic migrations of the ancestors of the Hungarians may also survive in theHungarian saying: hetedht orszgon tl, az perencis-tengeren tl, which does goeshardly back with Ritter (2004, p. 476) to Obersterreich (Upper Austria)!

Von Sadovszky (1996, pp. 147, 233, 234, 235) presented the following words fromPenutian Maidu and Konkow:

Maidu lj warm

Konkow laji warm, hot, laj-da morning

Other American Indian languages may be genetically related to Sumerian and especiallyto the Hamito-Semitic languages, too, cf. Fuhler (2007).


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2.9 Polynesian languages

Maori are, parara, puare open

areare open, clear of obstructionHawaiian poale open

These words, to which Brunner (1982, no. 32) adds Latin area open place, Hittitearawa free and Lettic rs the open space, mean either the common semanticalprocess of the oppositive meaning (hidden vs. open) or denominate the now open placefrom which something has been removed.


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3. Conclusions

German Rtsel = English riddle must have been borrowed directly from Hung. re-j-t-enito hide, because both words conserve the factitive suffix t-. Hung. re-j-lik to behidden does not seem to survive in other languages. The Hungarian word goes backdirectly to Sum. ri to remove, to sweep away, which went to Akkadian in the formsre to graze; shepherd and r'tu shepherdess. Since we dont have any otherSemitic data which show the alleged feminine suffix t- like it appears in Rei-t-uoutside of Akkadian, we must assume that the Akkadians took over the word with t-already from the Sumerians. The semantical development is to remove > to cover >to hide which shows best in the Altaic languages on the one side and in the Finno-Ugric languages on the other side.

I would like to mention here specially that the word family of Hung. rejteni is notnostratic, i.e. obviously no one of the leading nostratic schools ever reconstructed acommon ancestor word for Hung. rejteni, rejlik. This is therefore accessible only withthe method elaborated and used in EDH (Tth 2007). Since this word is not nostratic, itcannot be 12000 or 20000 years old, as assumed by nostraticists. Since Sumerian istestified roughly since the 6th millennium B.C., this word like all the other Sumerian

words that survived in extinct and modern languages, will not be much older and thusavoids the many problems known as glottogony.

When Rmer writes in the newest introduction into sumerology: The land of origin ofthe Sumerians is still unknown (Rmer 1999, p. 12), he does obviously not know thatalready in 1876, the Hungarian archeologist Zsfia von Torma made excavations in theMaros-area and that in 1961, the Rumanian archeologist Nicolae Vlassa found in

Tatrlka (until 1920 Hungary) the so-called Tatrlaka medaillons (Tartaria Tablets), onwhich there can be recognized a writing that partly corresponds to the Szkelyi rovsras(Szkely notch writing) and partly is pictographic. By aid of C14-method, the Tartaria

Tablets have been dated to 5000-5500 B.C. (Badiny 2001, p. 186) and are thereforearound 2000 years older than the oldest Sumerian cuneiform samples (Glassner 2003, p.49). Since also the Sumerian cuneiform writing originated from a pictural writing(Meissner and Oberhuber 1967, p. 18; Glassner 2003, p. 49), many researchers assumenowadays that this pictural was brought by the carriers of Jemdet-Nasr-culture (around3100-2900 B.C.) from Transylvania to Mesopotamia (Vlassa 1963, p. 494). It was Vlassa,too, referring to the results in von Torma (1876) who showed the astonishing parallelsbetween the carriers of the Transylvanian Tordos/Turda-culture und the carriers of theMesopotamian Uruk-Warka IV- (about 3500-3200 B.C.) as well as Jemdet-Nasr-cultures(Vlassa 1963, pp. 491 and 493). Finally, Labat and Zakar (1976) proved the

correspondences of the pre-Mesopotamian Tatrlaka-writing and the Szkely runes.


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This means that around 5000-5500 B.C., there was already a highly developed writingwith the Transylvanian ancestors of the Mesopotamian Sumerians that brought boththeir writing and language in the Euphrates-Tigris area, where from the 17th centuryB.C. the Semitic Akkadians, probably coming from Egypt and/or Arabia, invaded andadopted the Sumerian writing that became also the writing of the Semitic Raetians whoshould build later the only autochthonous Central European Semitic people. Since weknow that the Raetians left Mesopotamia at the time of the Sea-people-Storm (from the13./12. centuries B.C., cf. Tth 2007a), the Raetians not only brought their writing thatthey adopted from the Sumerian-Hungarians to Europe where it developed into theNorthern Etruscan Alphabets, but also several common Sumerian-Rhaetic words likeGerman Rtsel, English riddle, the Raetic main goddess Reitu/Ritu, German reden,English to read and many others that testify the extensive contacts between Hungariansand Raetians already in their common homeland Mesopotamia. This underlines, ofcourse, the extraordinary status of these two people in the history of whole Europe,

Asia, Africa and Australia which should be investigated according to the results shown inEDH-1-4. How far the Sumerians came, is shown best with the Sumerian inscription ofLa Fuente Magna, La Paz, Bolivia (Marini 1985, 1986, 1989). That the purely linguisticpredictions of EDH are solid was shown these days by a genetical publication of theuniversities of Pavia, Torino, Firenze (Italy), Tartu (Finnland), Ufa (Russia), Hamburg(Germany) and Stanford (USA): This publication (Achilli 2007) proves that theEtruscans are closestly related to the Turks. But given the many common words inEtruscan and Hungarian (Alinei 2003, Tth 2007a, 2007b), the genetical relationship ofEtruscan to both languages is only valid when these languages have as common basis

Sumerian.


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4. Bibliography

Achilli, Alessandro et al., Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscan supports theNear Eastern origin of Etruscans. In: The American Journal of Human Genetics 80,

April 2007, pp. 759-768

Aistleitner, Joseph, Wrterbuch der ugaritischen Sprache. Berlin 1967

Alinei, Mario, si kapocs. A magyar-etruszk nyelvrokonsg. Budapest 2004

Badiny, Js Ferenc, Igaz trtnelmk vezrfonala rpdig. Budapest 2001

Brczi, Gza, Magyar szfejt sztr. Budapest 1941

Benk, Lornd (et al.), A magyar nyelv trtneti-etimolgia sztra. 3rd vol. Budapest

1976Benk, Lornd (et al.), Etymologisches Wrterbuch des Ungarischen. Budapest 1992ss.

Beregszszi, Paulus, Ueber die Aehnlichkeit der hungarischen Sprache mit den morgen-laendischen. Leipzig 1796

Blaek, Vclav, Basic Word Lists of Ancient Languages of the Near East. In: History ofLanguage 3/1, 1977

Braun, Jan, Sumerian and Tibeto-Burman. Warszawa 2001

Brunner, Linus, Die gemeinsamen Wurzeln des semitischen und indogermanischen

Wortschatzes. Bern and Munich 1969Brunner, Linus, Malayo-Polynesian Vocabulary with Semitic and Indo-European Roots.

San Diego 1982

Brunner, Linus and Tth, Alfrd, Die rtische Sprache entrtselt. St. Gallen 1987

Budenz, Jzsef, Magyar-ugor sszehasonlt sztr. Budapest 1873-81. Reprint underthe title A Comparative Dictionary of the Finno-Ugric Elements in the Hungarian

Vocabulary, ed. by Gyula Dcsy, Bloomington 1966

Castrn, M. Alexander, Wrterverzeichnisse aus den samojedischen Sprachen.Kopenhagen 1974

Chong, Peter D., Uralic and Altaic Etymological Lexikon. Ms. 2003 (formerly publishedas e-book: www2.4dcomm.com/millenia/uaetym0x.html)

Clarke, Hyde, Himalayan origin and connection of the Magyar and Ugrian. Reprintedfrom the Journal of the Anthropolological Institute, August 1877, 21pp.

Czuczor, Gergly and Fogarasi, Jnos, A Magyar nyelv sztra. Pest 1862-74. CD-ROMBudapest 2003

Deimel, P. Anton, umerisches Lexikon. Paris 1928ss.

Delitzsch, Friedrich, Sumerisches Glossar. Leipzig 1914


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Dempwolff, Otto, Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes. Hamburg1934-38, Reprint Nendeln 1969

Fuhler, John Thomas, Linguistic evidence linking the Algonquian language family to theAfroasiatic language family. in: Epigraphic Society of American Occasional

Publications (ESOP) 25, 2007 (in print)Gesenius, Wilhelm, Hebrisches und aramisches Handwrterbuch ber das Alte

Testament. 17th ed, Berlin 1962

Glassner, Jean-Jacques, The invention of Cuneiform Writing in Sumer. The JohnsHopkins U.P. 2003

Gostony, Colman-Gabriel, Dictionnaire dtymologie sumrienne. Paris 1975

Groom, Nigel, A Dictionary of Arabic Topography and Placenames. Beirut 1983

Jaritz, Kurt, Die kassitischen Sprachreste. In: Anthropos 52/5-6, 1957

Jschke, H.A., A Tibetan-English Dictionary. London 1881, Reprint Delhi 1987

Kiss, Blint, Magyar rgisgek. Pest 1839

Klein, Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language.New York 1987

Kluge, Friedrich, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Bearb. von ElmarSeebold. 24th ed. Berlin, New York 2002

Labat, Ren and Zakar, Andrs, A sumr s akkd kjelekrl. Garfield, N.J. 1976

Lak, Gyrgy (et al.), A magyar szkszlet finnugor elemei etimolgiai sztra. 3rd vol.Budapest 1978

Lejeune, Michel, Manuel de la langue vnte. Heidelberg 1974

Lieberman, Stephen, The Sumerian Loanwords in Old-Babylonian Akkadian. HavardU.P. 1977

Marini, Alberto, A Sumerian inscription of the Fuente Magna, La Paz, Bolivia. In: Epi-graphic Society of America Occasional Publications (ESOP) 13, 1985, pp. 9-13; 15,1986, pp. 117-118 and 18, 1989, pp. 180-183

Meissner, Bruno and Oberhuber, Karl, Die Keilschrift. Berlin 1967Oberhuber, Karl, Sumerisches Lexikon. Innsbruck 1990

Orel, Vladimir E. and Olga V. Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary.Leiden, New York, Kln 1995

Podhorszky, Ludwig, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der magyarischen Sprache genetischaus chinesischen Wurzeln und Stmmen erklrt. Paris 1877

Rdei, Kroly, Uralisches etymologisches Wrterbuch. Budapest 1986ss.

Rheinisch, Leo, Die Nuba-Sprache. II: Nubisch-deutsches und deutsch-nubischesWrterbuch. Wien 1879


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Ritter, Ralf-Peter, Ungar. perencia sagenhaftes Meer. In: Krisch, Thomas el al.(edd.), Analecta homini universali dicata. Fest. Oswald Panagl. Stuttgart 2004, pp. 472-477

Rmer, W.H.Ph., Die Sumerologie. Einfhrung in die Forschung und Bibliographie in

Auswahl. 2. Aufl. Mnster 1999Sra, Pter, A magyar nyelv eredetrl mskppen. Budapest 1994

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg, Etymological Dictionary of the AltaicLanguages. Leiden, Boston 2003

Swadesh, Morris, Linguistic relations across Bering Strait. In: American Anthropologist64, 1962, pp. 1262-1291

Thureau-Dangin, F., Les homophones Sumriens. Paris 1929

Torma, Zsfia, Ethnographische Analogieen. Jena 1894

Tth, Alfrd, Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian (EDH). 4 parts. The Hague 2007

Tth, Alfrd, Rtisch und Etruskisch: zu einer Neubestimmung ihres Verhltnisses. In:Anthropos 102, 2007, pp. 224-230

Tth, Alfrd, The Raetic inscriptions: First edition with translation and bibliography. In:Epigraphic Society of America Occasional Publications (ESOP) 25, 2007

Tth, Alfrd, berlegungen zu einer relativen Chronologie der rtischen Sprache. In:Zeitschrift fr Sprache und Sprachen 35, 2007

Tth, Alfrd and Brunner, Linus , Raetic: A Semitic Language in Central Europe.Danvers (Mass.) 2008 (in print)

Trubetzkoy, N.S., Gedanken ber das Indogermanenproblem. In: Acta Linguistica 1,1939, pp. 81-89

Vlassa, Nicolae, Chronology of the neolithic in Transylvania, in the light of the Trtriasettlements stratigraphy. In: Dacia 7, 1963, pp. 485-495

Von Sadovszky, Otto, The Discovery of California: A Cal-Ugrian Study. Los Angelesand Budapest 1996

Wadler, Arnold, Der Turm von Babel. Basel 1935, Reprint Wiesbaden 1997Walde, Alois, Lateinisches etymologisches Wrterbuch. 2. Aufl. Heidelberg 1910

Wehr, Hans, Arabisches Wrterbuch. 4. Aufl. Wiesbaden 1968

Zimmern, Heinrich, Akkadische Fremdwrter als Beweis fr babylonischenKultureinfluss. Leipzig 1917


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Another Hungarian-Raetic isogloss:Hung. gede, gida, gdlye kid, little

goat.

Az egyetlen HASZOS-omnak.


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1. Introduction

After our earlier study about the common Sumerian origin of Hungarian rejteni/rejlikand Raetic Ritu as well as many related words in several languages and dozens oflanguage families that showed that both the Hungarian and the Raetic word, from whichall other words spread out, go back to one and the same Sumerian root-word (Toth2007a), I would like to show in the present study the common origin of Hungarians andRaetians in tracing back Hung. gede, gida, gdlye to Raet. khat-, gad- little goat -obviously without having a common Sum. basis.


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2. Word history in the different language families

In the Etymologisches Wrterbuch des Ungarischen (Benk et al. 1992ss.), we findthe following etymologies for Hung. gede, gida, gdlye:

Zum Grundwort vgl. mundartlich gid (Lockruf fr Schweine). hnliche Benennungen, die auf einenLockruf zurckgehen: dt. Kitz Junges von kleinen Wiederkuern, alb. kith junger Bock, usw. Ausdemselben Grundwort mit einem anderen diminutiven Bildungssuffix:gedi~gidiZicke, Kitzlein, Kitz.

Von ungeklrter Zugehrigkeit (1992, pp. 460s.).

Aus demselben Grundwort wiegidamit diminutivem Bildungssuffix l > -ly. Herleitung aus dem Dt.

ist kaum wahrscheinlich (1992, p. 472).

Aside from the fact that the name of the goat has hardly been derived from a mating callfor pigs, the Albanian form indicates clearly that the Hung. words cannot be derivedfrom German as insinuated in the second entry. So, all that stays from EWUsinformation is von ungeklrter Zugehrigkeit = of unknown origin = ismeretleneredet.

According to Brczi (1941, p. 97), Hung. gdlye is valsznleg a nmet nyvj.gittelenstny kecskegida tvtele.

As already stated, the Alb., and as we will see other forms in different languagesexclude a German origin. Furthermore, Germ.gittelecannot explain Hung. gede and gida.

The assumed German respectively unknown origin of these words is also due to itstotal lacking in the other Finno-Ugric or Uralic languages, and therefore, the other

Hungarian and Uralic etymological dictionaries do not even mention it. The bestinformation, however, we find as usual in Czuczor-Fogarasis (1862) A magyar nyelvsztra:

GED, elvont gyk. Ha figyelemre mltatjuk a kvetkez rokonhang hber szkat: (ki-, le-, elvg), ,(levg, kivg, tr), (ged, gida, melyet a nyelvbuvrok a hasonl hangu arab gyktl szrmaztatnak, ezpedig el-, leszakasztst jelent), akkor knnyen feltalljuk a ged sz kzelebbi rtelmt, mind a szkelyesgedeleg, gedelget szkban, melyek szk, szigoru tpllkot jelentenek (mint a levgott v. letrtt g),mind a gedl szt, melynek rtelme: csalogats, desgets, hzelgs, mintegy a tbbiek kzlkiszakaszts, kivlaszts. Ez utbbi rtelemben rokonok vele ked, kegy gykk is.

GEDA, l. GED.


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GEDE, (1), (ged-e) elvont trzsk, melybl gedl, gedls, gedlet erednek. Jelent csalogatst,desgetst, hizelgst.

GEDE, (2), l. GED.

GEDE, (3), SZARVAS~, falu Ngrd megyben; helyr. Ged-n, ~re, ~rl.

GEDL, (ged-e-el) th. m. gedl-t. Valakit hizelegve, nyjasan, szerelmesen czirgat, csbitgat; tlsgoskedvezssel elront, megveszteget. Oktalan anya, ki gyermekt gedli. Mskp: gegyel.

GEDELG, (ged-el-g) nh. s gyakor. m. gedelgtem v. gedelgttem, gedelgtl v. gedelgttl, gedelgtt,htn. ~ni v. gedelgeni, v. gedelgni. Szkelyesen am. szken, szigoran ldegel, tengdik.

GEDLS, (ged-e-el-s) fn. tt. gedls-t, tb. ~k. Cselekvs, melynl fogva valakit gedlnk. V. .GEDL.

GEDLET, (ged-e-el-et) fn. tt. gedlel-t. Gedls elvont rtelemben vve.

GEDELGET, (ged-el-g-et) th. s gyak. m. gedelget-tem, ~tl, ~tt. Szkelyesen am. szken, vkonyan,szigoran tpllgat, tengdtet. Szathmr vidkn: gdelget.

GDELGET, l. GEDELGET.GEDLTET, (ged-l-tet) mivelt. m. gedltet-tem, ~tl, ~tt. Eszkzli, hogy valakit gedlnek.

GEDELYE, l. GDLYE.

GED, (ged-, rokonok vele a hber , latin haedus); fn. tt. ged-t. Kecskefi, kecskeoll, kis kecske.Kutynak kuty a fia, kecsknek ged. (Km.). Mskp a klnbz tjejtsek szernt: geda, gedu, gida,gid, s gde, gdlye.

GEDU, l. GED.

GIDA, (1), frfi kn. tt. Gidt. Gedeon helyett lnk vele bizalmasabb trsalgsban. Mskp: Gedus. l.GEDEON.

GIDA, (2), l. GDLYE.

GIDE, puszta Szathmr megyben; helyr. Gid-n, ~re, ~rl.

GID, l. GDLYE.

GIDOFALVA, erdlyi falu Hromszkben; helyr. Gidofalv-n, ~ra, ~rl.

GDE, (gd-e) l. GDLYE, GIDA.

GDNY, (gd-ny) fn. tt. gdny-t, tb. ~k. A legnagyobb vizi madarak egyike, melynek kanalasnyaka alatt ersznyforma nagy bgye (ggje) van, fiai szmra eledellel s itallal megtltve. Innen atelhetetlensg s torkossg kpjele. Iszik, mint a gdny. (Km.). Nagytorku gdny. (Pelicanusonocrotalus).

GDL, GDLL, mv. Pest megyben; helyr. Gdl-n, ~re, ~rl.

GDLYE, (gd-ly-e) fn. tt. gdlyt. Kecskefi, kis kecske, melyet a magyar gid, ged, gida szkkalhivogat, szlongat; gyke rokon a hber , (gedi v. gdi), angol kid, svd kidd, nmet Kitze szkkal, smegvan a latin hoed-(us) nvben is. V. . GED, GID.

GDLYEAKOL, (gdlye-akol) sz. fn. Akol, melyben gdlyket tartanak, nevelnek.

GDLYEBR, (gdlye-br) sz. fn. Gdlye-, vagyis fiatal kecskebr, nyers vagy kiksztettllapotban.

GDNY, puszta Zempln megyben; helyr. Gdny-be, ~ben, ~bl.


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From Czuczor-Fogarasi we learn that gede, gida, gdlye and their phonetical variationsand morphological derivations belong together to Hung. gdelni that does not evenappear in the newest and biggest Hungarian dictionary, the Magyar Nmet Nagysztr(2001), edited by the Hungarian Academy of Science, but for example shows up inSzinnyeis Magyar Tjsztr (1893, p. 684), which informs us, that a side form ofgdelni is ddelni with its derivation ddelgetni in the same meaning of csalogatni,desgetni, hzelegni given by Czuczor and Fogarasi. Furthermore, most interestingly,Czuczor and Fogarasi propose a Semitic etymology for our words.

Since Semitic etymologies are generally not accepted anymore by true Finno-Ugrists despite such great works like Beregszszi (1796), Kiss (1839), Giesswein (1887, 1888),Zakar (1975) and the many Akkadian etymologies in the various works of Ida Bobula (f.ex. Bobula 1951, 1967) -, this leads us back to the etymology proposed for ddelgetni by

EWU:Der Stamm knnte mit dem von gida, gdlye zusammenhngen; das Wort wurdeursprnglich wahrscheinlich im Zusammenhang mit Tieren gebraucht. (1992, p. 247).

But vice versa, under gida and gdlye, EWU doesnt refer to ddelgetni. Mostremarkable is the assumption by EWU that the meaning of to caress should bederived from the name of the goat (1992, p. 247) which was itself derived from that ofthe pig (1992, pp. 460s.). This idea goes probably back to an expired false etymologicalconnection of German kitzeln to tickele and Kitz kid (Kluge 2002, p. 491). Since theGerman etymology has been proven false decades ago, the Hungarian etymologyproposed by EWU is false, too.

Since all existing etymological dictionaries of Hungarian and Uralic agree that gede, gida,gdlye dont have a FU/Uralic etymology, since etymological connections withGerman have been proven mistaken (and no other borrowings have been proposed), wemay return to Czuczor-Fogarasis proposal of a Semitic etymology. But we dont start

with Hebrew and Aramaic like our ancestors did following the languages of the bible,

because after these first attempts to trace back Hungarian etymologies to Semitic roots,Akkadian was deciphered already in the 19th century, and since the early 80ies of the20th century, Raetic was proven to be a Semitic language, most closely related to

Akkadian and the only ancient Semitic language spoken in Central Europe between ca.1200 B.C. to the 8th century A.D. (Brunner and Tth 1987, Tth 2007b).

The Raetic inscriptions in which the word for goat one time in the singular and onetime in the plural appear, are the following:

USIPE KHATIV MIAPE


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Multiply the kids (goats)! (Here is) sacrificial food.

(Brunner and Tth 1987, p. 60; Tth and Brunner 2008, p. 85)

ETU KHATI give a kid (goat).

(Brunner and Tth 1987, p. 58; Tth and Brunner 2008, p. 87)

In Tth and Brunner (2008, p. 115), we find the following information:

KHAT for *GADA kid (little goat) (Acc. Sing.), KHATIV for *GADIU id. (Acc.Pl.) = Akkadian gad, Arabic ady, Hebrew, Aramaic ged id. (Raet. Acc. Pl. iu =

Akk. )

Von Sodens assumption (1965, vol. I., p. 273) that the Akkadian word is a borrowingfrom Aramaic is impossible because of the age of the Akkadian word, because of itspresence in Raetic and because the word is common-Semitic.

Since both Sumerian and Raetic were spoken in Mesopotamia and since mutualborrowings are galore (cf. Zimmern 1917, Lieberman 1977), we have to check if thecommon-Semitic stem *ged-, gad- kid, goat could be borrowed from Sumerian, theoldest testified language in the Euphrates-Tigris area. In the best and most updatedreference work, the Sumerian Dictionary of the University of Pennsylvania, we findthe following Sumerian words for goat, their Akkadian equivalents and the contexts in

which they appear:

durah [GOAT] (499x: Ur III) wr. durahx(DARA4); durah "wild goat, mountain goat" Akk. turhu

LAK20 [GOAT] (3x: ED IIIa, 1st millennium) wr. LAK20 "male goat"

ma [GOAT] (10699x: ED IIIa, ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, OldBabylonian, 1st millennium) wr. ma2; ma "goat; extispicy; sacrificial animal for omens" Akk. bru;uru

madara [GOAT] (1x: Old Babylonian) wr. ma2-tarah "young wild goat?"

madarea [PAYMENT] (359x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III) wr. ma-da-re-a; ma2-da-re-a; ma2-da-re6-a; ma-da-re6-a "a type of payment" Akk. irbu

magal [GOAT] (3581x: Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian) wr.ma2-gal "billy goat" Akk. magallu

manita [GOAT] (1x: Old Babylonian) wr. ma2-nita "male goat" Akk. dau

mauzudak [GOAT] (13x: Old Babylonian) wr. ma2-uzud-da; ma2-uzud "breed-goat"

sala [GOAT] (2x: Old Babylonian) wr. sa-la2; za-la2 "bug-ridden, lousy"


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suhurma [FISH] (7x: Old Babylonian) wr. suhur-ma2ku6; suhur-maku6 "a mythical fish" Akk. bitr;suhurmu

adug [~GOAT] (800x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III) wr. a3-dug3 "a designation of goats"

eg [ANIMAL] (15x: Old Babylonian) wr. eg9 "a deer or mountain goat" Akk. atdu

egbar [ANIMAL] (346x: Old Akkadian, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian) wr. eg9-bar "adeer or mountain goat" Akk. apparu

uzud [GOAT] (3299x: ED IIIa, ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, OldBabylonian, 1st millennium, unknown) wr. uzud "(female) goat" Akk. enzu

uzudga [GOAT] (1x: Old Babylonian) wr. uzud-ga "milk goat"

Obviously, none of these words can be related phonetically to Hungarian gede, gida,gdlye. Therefore, having used the stratigraphic method of traditional etymologists,the oldest possible root for our Hungarian words is in accordance with Czuczor and

Fogarasi Semitic.

Having found the only possible etymology instead of being satisfied with the unknownetymology proposed by the Finno-Ugric Hungarian dictionaries or the mistakes offeredby them, we may in a next step try to connect the Semitic root *gad-, ged > Raet. khat-/gad-, Akk. gad, Arab. ady, Hebr., Aram. ged kid, goat with phonetically andsemantically similar words in other languages.

In the Indo-European languages, we find Latin haedus young he-goat (Walde 1910, p.359), Old High German geiz, Gothic gaits kid, (Swiss) German Geiss, Gitz, Gitzi,English goat, kid. A hypothetical root PIE *ghaidos, assumed by most Indo-Europeanists, is senseless, because we have only one Italic and one old Germanic record.Moreover, the PIE form doesnt explain the Semitic cognates that have always initial g-and not, as one would assume (cf. Brunner 1969, p. 46) h-. Wadlers proposal to relateSum. udu sheep, lamb, Latin haedus and Hebrew ged (1997, p. 162) presupposes aphonetic development - > h- > g-, which is impossible, while the reverse developmentis possible.


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3. Conclusions

Like in my earlier study (Tth 2007a), I have shown here the common Hungarian andRaetic origin by using only one isogloss. Unlike Hung. rejteni/rejlik, whose stem ispresent in several languages around the world, the word for little goat seems to beonly present in the Semitic languages, in Hungarian, in Latin and in very few Germanlanguages. Thus, the Latin word could be a borrowing from a Semitic language, and theGerman reflexes borrowings from Latin.

The present study is indeed an even stronger proof of the common Hungarian andRaetic origin, since it shows that the Hungarians must have taken their word for little

goat directly from the Raetians still in Mesopotamia, i.e. before Sumerians andAkkadians split, and this means between the 26th and the 13/12th centuries B.C., sincethe first date indicates the oldest Raetic records and the second date the Raetic exodus atthe time of the Sea-People-wars (cf. Tth 2007b). Perhaps the fact that the word forlittle goat is not present in the other language families researched in EWU (Tth 2007)- not even in the other Uralic and Altaic languages proves that the word was takenfrom the Raetians only by these Sumerians who wandered into the Carpathian basin tobecome the Hungarian nation. This, however, must have been very early, sinceaccording to EWU, chapter 5, Hungarian shares from all the languages of the world thehighest percentage with Sumerian. Therefore, we come to the conclusion that theHungarians borrowed the words gede, gida, gdlye from the Raetians still in the 2ndmillennium B.C.

The results of this study were already finished and communicated to many colleagues yet not published, when, on October 17, 2006, the French genetician Pierre Taberletsstudy (Fernndez 2006) appeared, in which a team of 9 scientists proved that the goatoriginates in the Zagros mountains in Mesopotamia. This genetical study, fullyindependent from my results presented here and from linguistics at all, does not only

corroborate the validity of our linguistic reconstruction, but is extremely interestinginsofar as the Zagros mountains and their antique population, the Subaraens (cf. Ungnad1936), are still today considered by many Hungarologists (cf. f. ex. Br 1986a, 1986b)the original homeland of the sabarthoi/ subartoi asphaloi mentioned by KonstantinosPorphyrognetos (Moravcsik 1983, pp. 261ss.). Since the only Zagros language from

which we know at least a few names and words, is the language of the Kassites (cf. Jaritz1957), which adopted very early Akkadian and whose language is thus still unclear as faras its genetical family is concerned, the scrutiny of Jaritzs word list could probablyenlighten not only the origin of Kassite, but also its relation to Sumerian-Hungarian andRaetic.


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4. Bibliography

Brczi, Gza, Magyar szfejt sztr. Budapest 1941

Benk, Lornd (et al.), Etymologisches Wrterbuch des Ungarischen. Budapest 1992ss.Beregszszi, Paulus, Ueber die Aehnlichkeit der hungarischen Sprache mit den morgen-

laendischen. Leipzig 1796

Bir Jzsef, A Szabirok strtnete, Buenos Aires, 1986.

Bir Jzsef, Szabir-Magyar trtnet si gykerei, Buenos Aires, 1986.

Bobula, Ida, Sumerian Affiliations. Washington D.C. 1951

Bobula, Ida, Herencia de Sumeria. Mexico City 1967

Brunner, Linus, Die gemeinsamen Wurzeln des semitischen und indogermanischenWortschatzes. Bern and Munich 1969

Brunner, Linus and Tth, Alfrd, Die rtische Sprache entrtselt. St. Gallen 1987

Czuczor, Gergly and Fogarasi, Jnos, A magyar nyelv sztra. Pest 1862-74, CD-ROMBudapest 2003

Fernndez, Helena et al., Divergent mtDNA lineages of goats in an early neolithic site,far from the initial domestication areas. In: Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences (PNAS) vol. 103, no. 42, October 17, 2006, pp. 15375-15379

Giesswein, Sndor, Mizraim s Assur Tanusga. 2 vols. Gyr 1887, 1888Halsz, Eld, Fldes, Csaba, Uzonyi, Pl, Magyar nmet nagysztr. Budapest 2001

Jaritz, Kurt, Die kassitischen Sprachreste. In: Anthropos 52/5-6, 1957

Kiss, Blint, Magyar rgisgek. Pest 1839

Kluge, Friedrich, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Bearb. von ElmarSeebold. 24th ed. Berlin, New York 2002

Lieberman, Stephen, The Sumerian Loanwords in Old-Babylonian Akkadian. HarvardU.P. 1977

Moravcsik, Gyula, Byzantinoturcica. 2nd vol. Leiden 1983

Szinnyei, Jzsef, Magyar tjsztr. Budapest 1893-1901, Reprint ibd. 2003

Tth, Alfrd, Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian (EDH). 4 parts. MikesInternational, The Hague 2007

Tth, Alfrd, The riddle of riddle, Hung. rejteni and the common origin of Sumeriansand Raetians. Mikes International, The Hague 2007 (= Tth 2007a)

Tth, Alfrd, berlegungen zu einer relativen Chronologie der rtischen Sprache. In:

Zeitschrift fr Sprache und Sprachen 35, 2007 (= Tth 2007b)


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Tth, Alfred and Brunner, Linus, Raetic: A Semitic Language in Central Europe.Danvers (Mass.) 2008 (in print)

Ungnad, Arthur, Subartu. Berlin and Leipzig 1936

Von Soden, Wolfram, Akkadisches Handwrterbuch. Wiesbaden 1965ss.

Wadler, Arnold, Der Turm von Babel. Basel 1935, Reprint Wiesbaden 1997

Walde, Alois, Lateinisches etymologisches Wrterbuch. 2nd ed. Heidelberg 1910

Zakar, Andrs, A sumr nylevrl. Fahrwangen 1975

Zimmer, Heinrich, Akkadische Fremdwrter als Beweis fr babylonischenKultureinfluss. Leipzig 1917


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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ALFRDTTH was born in 1965 in St. Gallen (Switzerland), his native tongueis Hungarian. Received two PhD's (1989 Mathematics, University of Zurich;1992 Philosophy, University of Stuttgart) and an MA (General andComparative Linguistics, Finno-Ugristics and Romanistics, University ofZurich 1991). Mr. Tth is since 2001 Professor of Mathematics (Algebraic

Topology) in Tucson, Arizona. He is member of many mathematical, semiotic,cybernetic and linguistic societies and scientific board member of eight

international journals. Lives in Tucson and Szombathely where his familycomes from.

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