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Algal Flora of Korea

Volume 3, Number 14Chrysophyta: Bacillariophyceae: Centrales:

Thalassiosiraceae, Melosiraceae, Asterolampraceae, Lithodesmiaceae, and Eupodiscaceae

Marine Diatoms IV

2015

National Institute of Biological ResourcesMinistry of Environment

Algal Flora of Korea

Jin Hwan LeeSangmyung University

Volume 3, Number 14Chrysophyta: Bacillariophyceae: Centrales:

Thalassiosiraceae, Melosiraceae, Asterolampraceae, Lithodesmiaceae, and Eupodiscaceae

Marine Diatoms IV

Algal Flora of KoreaVolume 3, Number 14Chrysophyta: Bacillariophyceae: Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae, Melosiraceae, Asterolampraceae, Lithodesmiaceae, and EupodiscaceaeMarine Diatoms IV

Copyright 2015 by the National Institute of Biological Resources

Published by the National Institute of Biological ResourcesEnvironmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-guIncheon, 404-708, Republic of Koreawww.nibr.go.kr

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the priorpermission of the National Institute of Biological Resources.

ISBN : 9788968111136-96470Government Publications Registration Number 11-1480592-000907-01

Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper

Publisher : Kim, Sang-BaeAuthor : Jin Hwan LeeProject Staff : Youn-Bong Ku, Ga Youn Cho, Eun-Young Lee

Published on March 1, 2015

The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project includingvertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed byJee-Yeon Koo.

Preface

The biological resources represent all the composition of organisms and genetic resources whichpossess the practical and potential values essential for human lives, and occupies a firm position inproducing highly value-added products such as new breeds, new materials and new drugs as ameans of boosting the national competitiveness.

As Nagoya Protocol adopted in 2010 entered into force in the 12th Conference of Parties of theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2014, the national and international environment in theapproach and common ownership of profit on genetic resources has been rapidly changed, and thecompetition among the nations surrounding the genetic resources is expected to be highly intense.As a part of the program, each nation in the world is putting into order to secure the informationabout native organisms inhabiting in its own land. The National Institute of Biological Resources ofthe Ministry of Environment has been publishing the Flora and Fauna of Korea from 2006 togenerally manage biological resources and to enhance national competitiveness by setting thefoundation for the sovereignty over biological resources.

Professional research group consisting of professors of taxonomy and related experts has syste-matically examined a total of 10,752 species for the past 7 years to publish 120 volumes each inKorean and English, and 2 volumes of World Monograph covering 216 species. In addition, 30volumes of the Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering 1,665 species ofinvertebrates, insects and algae are additionally published this year.

The publication of the Flora and Fauna of Korea serve to identify indigenous species living inKorea, to investigate biota, to improve the quality of national biological resources management andto provide the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the biotechnological industrialization of bio-logical resources. And I hope the project initiated by The National Institute of Biological Resourcesof the Ministry of Environment will help to discover useful biological resources in Korea and tocreate high value-added activities including natural products, genetic resources and medical sub-stance development.

The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment will continue toaccelerate the project of the publication of the Flora and Fauna of Korea to identify the entity ofKorean indigenous species in the future. Personally I would like to express my sincere appreciationfor those experts who spared no effort to publish the biological monographs; Professor Jin HwanLee of Sangmyung University.

Kim, Sang-BaePresidentNational Institute of Biological Resources

Introduction 1

Contents

List of Taxa 3Introduction 5Materials and Methods 7Taxonomic Notes 9

1. Cyclotella atomus var. marina Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato 9 2. Cyclotella baltica (Grunow) Hkansson 11 3. Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin et Guillard 14 4. Cyclotella litoralis Lange et Syvertsen 15 5. Cyclotella meduanae Germain 18 6. Cymatotheca weissflogii (Grunow) Hendey 20 7. Detonula pumila (Castracane) Gran 22 8. Lauderia annulata Cleve 24 9. Minidiscus chilensis Rivera in Rivera et Koch 2710. Minidiscus comicus Takano 2911. Minidiscus trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle 3112. Planktoniella blanda (Schmidt) Syvertsen et Hasle 3313. Porosira pentaportula Syvertsen et Lange 3514. Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve 3815. Skeletonema dohrnii A. Zingone et D. Sarno 4016. Skeletonema marnoi A. Zingone et D. Sarno 4217. Skeletonema tropicum Cleve 4418. Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis (Grunow ex Cleve) Hendey 4719. Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve 4920. Leptocylindrus minimus Gran 5121. Paralia fenestrata Sawai et Nagumo 5222. Paralia guyana MacGillivary 5423. Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 5624. Stephanopyxis palmeriana (Greville) Grunow 5925. Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard 6126. Asteromphalus flabellatus (Brbisson) Greville 6327. Asteromphalus heptactis (Brbisson) Ralfs in Pritchard 6528. Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii J.W. Bailey ex Ehrenberg 6829. Arachnoidiscus ornatus (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 7030. Ditylum brightwellii (T. West) Grunow in Van Heurck 7231. Ditylum sol (Grunow) De Toni 7432. Helicotheca tamesis (Shrubsole) M. Ricard 7633. Lithodesmium undulatum Ehrenberg 7834. Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh 8035. Odontella dubia (Brightwell) Cleve 83

Algal Flora of Korea Marine Diatoms IV2

36. Odontella longicruris (Greville) Hoban 8537. Odontella mobiliensis (Bailey) Grunow 8838. Odontella sinensis (Greville) Grunow 90

Literature Cited 93Index to Scientific Names 101

Introduction 3

List of Taxa

Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel 1878Order Centrales Hustedt 1930

Family Thalassiosiraceae Lebour 1930, emend. Hasle 1973Genus Cyclotella (Ktzing) Brbisson 1938

1. Cyclotella atomus var. marina Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato 2004 2. Cyclotella baltica (Grunow) Hkansson 2002 3. Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin et Guillard 1963 4. Cyclotella litoralis Lange et Syvertsen 1989 5. Cyclotella meduanae Germain 1981

Genus Cymatotheca Hendey 1958 6. Cymatotheca weissflogii (Grunow) Hendey 1958

Genus Detonula Schtt 1893 7. Detonula pumila (Castracane) Gran 1900

Genus Lauderia Cleve 1873 8. Lauderia annulata Cleve 1873

Genus Minidiscus Hasle 1973 9. Minidiscus chilensis Rivera in Rivera et Koch 198410. Minidiscus comicus Takano 198111. Minidiscus trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle 1973

Genus Planktoniella Schtt 189212. Planktoniella blanda (Schmidt) Syvertsen et Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen 1993

Genus Porosira Jrgensen 190513. Porosira pentaportula Syvertsen et Lange 1990

Genus Skeletonema Greville 186514. Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve 187315. Skeletonema dohrnii A. Zingone et D. Sarno 200516. Skeletonema marnoi A. Zingone et D. Sarno 200517. Skeletonema tropicum Cleve 1900

Genus Tryblioptychus Hendey 195818. Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis (Grunow ex Cleve) Hendey 1958

Family Melosiraceae Ktzing 1844Genus Leptocylindrus Cleve 1889

19. Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve 188920. Leptocylindrus minimus Gran 1915

Genus Paralia Heiberg 186321. Paralia fenestrata Sawai et Nagumo 200522. Paralia guyana MacGillivary 201523. Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1873

Genus Stephanopyxis Ehrenberg 184524. Stephanopyxis palmeriana (Greville) Grunow 188425. Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard 1861


Family Asterolampraceae H.L. Smith 1872Genus Asteromphalus Ehrenberg 1844

26. Asteromphalus flabellatus (Brbisson) Greville 185927. Asteromphalus heptactis (Brbisson) Ralfs in Pritchard 1861

Family Arachnoidiscaceae Round in Round et al. 1990Genus Arachnoidiscus Deane ex Pritchard 1852

28. Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii J.W. Bailey ex Ehrenberg 184929. Arachnoidiscus ornatus (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 1849

Family Lithodesmiaceae Round in Round et al. 1990Genus Ditylum J.W. Baily ex L.W. Bailey 1861

30. Ditylum brightwellii (T. West) Grunow in Van Heurck 188331. Ditylum sol (Grunow) De Toni 1894

Genus Helicotheca M. Ricard 198732. Helicotheca tamesis (Shrubsole) M. Ricard 1987

Genus Lithodesmium Ehrenberg 184033. Lithodesmium undulatum Ehrenberg 1839

Family Eupodiscaceae Ktzing 1849Genus Odontella Agardh 1832

34. Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh 183235. Odontella dubia (Brightwell) Cleve 190136. Odontella longicruris (Greville) Hoban 198337. Odontella mobiliensis (Bailey) Grunow 188438. Odontella sinensis (Greville) Grunow 1884

Introduction 5

Introduction

Diatoms are classified into the Centric and Pennate groups. Centric diatoms are divided into three suborders characterized by the shape of the cells, the polarity, and the process pattern (Simon-sen 1972). Within the centric diatom suborder Coscinodiscineae, Simonsen (1979) included Thalas-siosiraceae Lebour, Coscinodiscaceae Ktzing, and Hemidiscaceae Hendey, in addition to the other families. Most of the genera in all three families have at least one marginal ring of valve processes in common and have rimoportula per valve (Fryxell and Hasle 1972). Because of the morphologi-cal similalities, genera and species in these families have been mixed taxonomically.

The present study is to describe and illustrate 38 taxa including Family Thalassiosiraceae (Cyclo-tella atomus var. marina, C. baltica, C. cryptica, C. litoralis, C. medunae, Cymatotheca weissflogii, Detonula pumila, Lauderia annulata, Minidiscus chilensis, M. comicus, M. trioculatus, Planktoniella blanda, Porosira pentaportula, Skeletonema costatum, S. dohrnii, S. marnoi, S. tropicum, Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis), Family Melosiraceae (Leptocylindrus danicus, L. minimus, Paralia fenestrata, P. guyana, P. sulcata, Steph-anopyxis palmeriana, S. turris), Family Asterolampraceae (Asteromphalus flabellatus, A. heptactis), Fam-ily Arachnoidiscaceae (Aachnoidiscus ehrenbergii, Arachnoidiscus ornatus), Family Lithodesmiaceae

(Ditylum brightwellii, D. sol, Helicotheca tamesis, Lithodesmium undulata) and Family Eupodiscaceae

(Odontella aurita, O. dubia, O. longicruris, O. mobiliensis, O. sinensis) using LM and SEM during the period from 2006 to up to present.

Table 1. Continued.

SpeciesSampling

dateSampling location Slide Number

No. of Slide

Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii 10.vi.2011Galgot-ri, Nambu-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130001SMDC00130002

2

Cyclotella litoralis 2.xi.2012Jahye-ri, Seopo-myeon, Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130003SMDC00130004

2

Cymatotheca weissflogii16.xi.2008

Sagi-ri, Hwado-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea

SMDC00130006 1

2.iv.2010Hwangcheong-ri, Naega-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea

SMDC00130005 1

Ditylum brightwellii 23.iv.2013Namyang-ri, Seo-myeon, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea

SMDC00130007SMDC00130028SMDC00130029SMDC00130030SMDC00130031

5

Ditylum sol22.vii.2010

Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

SMDC00130009 1

29.v.2013Bogil-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

SMDC00130008 1

Table 1. Information about the types of species in this study


Table 1. Continued.

SpeciesSampling

dateSampling location Slide Number

No. of Slide

Lithodesmium undulatum 2.xi.2012Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130010SMDC00130032

2

Odontella aurita4.ii.2012

Wondong-ri, Gunoe-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

SMDC00130012 1

23.iv.2013Taeha-ri, Seo-myeon, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea

SMDC00130013 1

Odontella longicruris2.xi.2012

Jindong-myeon, Masanhappo-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130014 1

29.v.2013Bogil-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

SMDC00130015SMDC00130033

2

Odontella mobiliensis 2.iv.2010Seondu-ri, Gilsang-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea

SMDC00130016 1

Odontella sinensis 23.vii.2010Sinchang-ri, Janghang-eup, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130017 1

Paralia sulcata

16.iv.2011Daehang-ri, Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea

SMDC00130018 1

6.iv.2013Gilsang-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea

SMDC00130019SMDC00130034SMDC00130035SMDC00130036

4

Porosira pentaportula2.xi.2012

Hakdong-ri, Munnae-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

SMDC00130020 1

8.xi.2013Hakdong-ri, Munnae-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

SMDC00130021SMDC00130037

2

Skeletonema costatum 22.vii.2010Gungpyeong-ri, Seosin-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

SMDC00130011SMDC00130022

2

Skeletonema tropicum 2.xii.2012Chonam-ri, Gwangyang-eup, Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea

SMDC00130023 1

Stephanopyxis palmeriana 23.iv.2013Namyang-ri, Seo-myeon, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea

SMDC00130038 2

Stephanopyxis turris

17.xi.2010Jangmok-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130025 1

2.xi.2012Jindong-myeon, Masanhappo-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130026 1

31.x.2013Jangmok-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

SMDC00130027 1

Materials and Methods 7

Materials and Methods

Species belonging to the Family Thalassiosiraceae, Melosiraceae, Asterolampraceae, Lithodesmi-aceae, and Eupodiscaceae were collected at 135 sites in 201 times during from August 2006 to May 2015 in coastal waters of Korea (Table 1). Phytoplankton diatoms were collected in two ways. First, seawater samples were taken from the surface using a 1 liter bucket and concentrated for 1 day by the settling method. Second, samples were collected from the 5-10 m layer using a manufactured 20 m mesh-sized plankton net with vertical or horizontal towing. All samples were immediately fixed with neutralized formalin (final concentration 5%), glutaraldehyde (final concentration 2 %) and Lugols solution (Sournia 1978).

In order to observe a fine structure of diatioms frustules by means of microscope, cell organelles and organic matters were removed and prepared specimens (Hasle and Fryxell 1970; Simonsen 1974). The procedures were as follows: (1) Samples were rinsed with distilled water 2-3 times by centrifugation. (2) As much water as possible was removed, leaving the sample almost dry. (3) An equal amount of saturated KMnO4 was added agitated, and left for 24 hours. (4) An equal amount of concentrated HCl was added to the sample and KMnO4 mixture. (5) Sample was boiled gently. (6) Sample was rinsed with distilled water 5-6 times in centrifugation.

Light microscope observations were made with rinsed or acid-cleaned samples by a light micro-scope (Zeiss Axioskop 40, Germany; Nikon Eclipse 80i, Japan), equipped with a Axiocam MRc5 Digital Camera. The cleaned materials were mounted to get a permanent slide by Hasle and Fryx-ell (1970). The procedure was briefly as follows: (1) Cleaned sample was transferred to a drop on a cover slip which was cleaned thereafter with 100% ethanol. (2) The material was dried in Slide Warmer or left over night until the resin became firm. (3) Dehydrated sub-samples were immersed in mountant of Pleurax. The permanent slides were observed under LM at a magnification of 400-1000X.

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations were made with acid-cleaned, natural samples, or, following the method of Jung et al. (2009) using a scanning electron microscope (JMS-5600LV; Jeol, Japan). Specimens were attached to aluminum stubs and coated with cold-palladium.

Terminologies of this monographs of species belonging to the Family Thalassiosiraceae, Melosir-aceae, Asterolampraceae, Lithodesmiaceae, and Eupodiscaceae were followed the many authors

(Cupp 1943; Hendey 1964; Anonymous 1975; von Stosch 1975; Ross et al. 1979; Round et al. 1990; Lee et al. 1995; Hasle and Syvertsen 1996; Kaczmarska et al. 2013).

Chlorococcales: 9

Taxonomic Notes

Family Thalassiosiraceae Lebour 1930, emend. Hasle 1973

Genus Cyclotella (Ktzing) Brbisson 1938

Cells usually solitary, but sometimes formed in short chains. Frustules cylindrical. Valve face disc-shaped in the valve view and rectangular in the girdle view. Valve face round, undulated, undulation very evident in the valve center. Valve wall alveolate. Valve central field distinctly dif-ferent from the rest of the valve. Central area punctuate showing reticulate rugose, and irregularly scattered by warts or granules. One or many fultoportulae within the central field. One marginal rimoportula and one marginal ring of fultoportulae in the valve margin. Chloroplasts small and numerous rounded-shape scattered in the cell.

Type: Cyclotella tecta Hkansson et Ross.Number of species: ca. 145 species (Van Landingham 1969) and 342 species involving the extant

and the fossil (Guiry and Guiry 2014).Distribution: Freshwater, brackish water, marine waters.Key refereNce: Sancetta 1990. pl. 1. f. 1-3.

Key to five Cyclotella species

1a. Two satellite pores on mantle fultoportula 21b. Three satellite pores on mantle fultoportula 4

2a. No central fultoportula C. atomus var. marina2b. Several central fultoportula 3

3a. Mantle fultoportula on recessed interstria C. litoralis3b. Mantle fultoportula on thickened interstria C. baltica

4a. Space of mantle fultoportula on every 2nd interstria C. meduanae4b. Space of mantle fultoportula on every interstria C. cryptica

1. Cyclotella atomus var. marina Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato 2004 (Figs. 1, 2)

Chung et al. 2010: p. 58. f. 2-21. Park et al. 2013: p. 209. f. 1.

Cell usually solitary. valve circular in the valve view and rectangular in the girdle view. Cells 3.0-5.0 m in diameter. Valve of central area nearly flat to slightly tangentially undulation with-out a colliculate ornamentation. Marginal striae density 20-25 in 10 m. Valve face fultoportula absent. Valve mantle fultoportulae located on every 2nd to 3rd inter-stria, the tubulus surrounded by two satellite pores in the internal view. A single rimoportula located on the ring of mantle ful-


toportulae, internally the rimoportula a narrow sessile labium. Chloroplasts small round-shaped.

origiNal descripTioN: Tanimura, Y., Nagumo, T. and Kato, M. 2004. A new variety of Cyclotella atomus from Tokyo Bay, Japan; C. atomus var. marina var. nov. Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Ser. C 30: 5-11.

Type localiTy: Tokyo Bay, Japan.seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Cyclotella atomus var. marina was first recorded from Tokyo Bay, Japan (Tanimura et

al. 2004). The species has been reported at 30 psu salinity and is abundant in water higher nutrient.Korea: Cyclotella atomus var. marina found from diatom assemblage attached on the eelgrass

Fig. 1. Cyclotella atomus var. marina Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato. Arrow and arrowhead indicate the rimoportula and the fultoportula, respectively. A and B. External valve view focusing the ri-moportula and the fultoportulae. C and D. Internal valve view focusing the rimoportula and the fultoportulae. SEM (A-D).

A B

C D

1 m 1 m

1 m 1 m

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Cyclotella 11

sample and ranged from 26 psu in salinity in the re-gion of Yulimri, Yeosu City, Korea in July 1998 (Chung et al. 2010). This study observed C. atomus var. marina five times from Korean coastal waters; 23.vii.2010 in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk- do, 14.x.2010 in Sa 2-dong, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15.x.2010 in Okseo-myeon, Gunsan- si, Jeollabuk-do, in Woryeon-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 2.xi.2012 in Geumseong- myeon, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Geumseong-my-eon, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do; 2.xi.2012).

remarKs: Cyclotella atomus var. marina is distin-guished from other variety of C. atomus by the absence of valve face fultoportula (Chung et al. 2010).

2. Cyclotella baltica (Grunow) Hkansson 2002 (Figs. 3, 4)

Hkansson 2002: p. 104. f. 373-380. Tanaka 2007: p. 18. pl. 11, 13. Houk et al. 2010: p. 15. pl. 137-141. Park et al. 2013: p. 409. f. 2.

basioNym: Cyclotella striata var. baltica Grunow in Van Heurck 1882: pl. 92. f. 13-15.

Cell usually solitary. Valve circular in the valve view and rectangular in the girdle view. Cells 14-40 m in diameter. Valve central area tangentially undulated with a slightly colliculate orna-mentation. Marginal striae density 10-15 in 10 m. Fultoportula on valve face ranged from 2-9 and internally surrounded by three satellite pores. Mantle fultoportulae located on every 2nd to 3rd interstria, internally the tubulus surrounded by two satellite pores. A single rimoportula locat-ed slightly above the ring of mantle fultoportulae, internally the rimoportula showing a sessile la-bium.

Type localiTy: Habor of Kiel, Germany.LectoType: Slide 2241 in Grunow collection, W.origiNal descripTioN: Hkansson, H. 2002. A compilation and evaluation of species in the gen-

eral Stephanodiscus, Cyclostephanos and Cyclotella with a new genus in the family Stephanodiscaceae. Diatom Research 17: 1-139.

Fig. 2. Distribution of Cyclotella atomus var. marina Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato in the coastal waters of Korea.


seasoNaliTy: All seasondisTribuTioN: Grunow (1882) collected Cyclotella baltica from the Baltic Sea. Tanaka (2007) found

it from Hokkaido to Kyushu in Lake Abshiri and Mikawa Bay, he regarded C. baltica is distributed in the brackish to marine water species.

Korea: Cyclotella baltica was found many times in the present study. 16.ii.2009 in Bangeo-dong, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 22.vii.2010 in Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Hanjin-ri, Son-gak-eup, Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 23.vii.2010 in Dodun-ri, Seo-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in Simpo-ri, Jin-bong-myeon, Gimje-si, Jeollabuk-do, 24.vii.2010 in Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 30.viii.2010 in Bongpo-ri, Toseong-myeon, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, 15.x.2010 in Okseo-my-eon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, in Woryeon-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, in Ge-umgwang-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in Gyehwa-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 29.v.2013 in Bogil-myeon, Wan-do-gun, Jeollanam-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Bogil-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do; 29.v.2013).

remarKs: Hkansson (2002) regarded C. baltica was a variety of C. striata (C. striata var. baltica) according to the absence of the valve face fultoportula and she mentioned that the previous reported species as C. striata (Hustedt 1928; Cleve-Euler 1951; Helmcke and Krieger 1954; Helmcke et al. 1974; Takano 1976; Prasad et al. 1990) were actually C. baltica. Tanaka (2007) de-scribed C. baltica from Japanese specimens. However the Japanese material showed some differences from the lectotype of Hkansson (2002): a valve diameter and the position of external opening of rimoportula. The morphological characteristics in Korean speci-mens of C. baltica agree to the description of C. baltica in Hkansson (2002): a valve diameter, the external position of rimoportula, the striae dense and the spac-ing of mantle fultportulae. Although Korean speci-mens show the well-developed alveoli in the internal valve view, the variation of alveoli development with-in Cyclotella species have been reported (e.g. Beszteri et al. 2005). Therefore I regarded the Korean speci-mens as C. baltica.

Fig. 3. Distribution of Cyclotella baltica

(Grunow) Hkansson in the coastal wa-ters of Korea.


Fig. 4. Cyclotella baltica (Grunow) Hkansson. Arrow and arrowhead indicate the rimoportula and the fultoportula, respectively. A. External valve view. B. Internal valve view. C. Central area with 7 fultoportulae (arrow) in the external valve view. D. Seven fultoportulae (arrow) with 3 satellite pores on the central area of valve face in the internal valve view. E. Externally striated marginal area with mantle fultoportulae (arrow) and rimoportula (arrowhead). F. Internally alveolated mar-ginal area with mantle fultoportulae (arrow) and rimoportula (arrowhead). SEM (A-F).

A B

C D

E F

5 m

2 m 1 m

1 m 1 m

5 m


3. Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin et Guillard 1963 (Figs. 5, 6)

Reimann et al. 1963: p. 82. f. 4-6. Tanaka 2007: p. 19. pl. 14, 15. Houk et al. 2010: p. 17. pl. 148, 149. Tesson & Hildebrand 2010: p. 64. f. 1-10.

Cell usually solitary. Valve circular in the valve view and rectangular in the girdle view. Cells 6.0-10.5 m in diameter. Valve central area indistinct bordered by the radially striated margin. Vave central area slightly tangentially undulated or somewhat flat without a colliculate ornamen-tation. Marginal striae density 7-10 in 10 m. A single fultoportula on valve face and internally surrounded by three satellite pores. Mantle fultoportulae located on every 2nd interstria and inter-nally the tubulus surrounded by three satellite pores. A single rimoportula located on the ring of marginal fultoportulae, internally the rimoportula showing a sessile labium.

Type localiTy: West Tisbury Great Pond, Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Fig. 5. Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin et Guillard. A. Whole cell in the valve view. B. External valve with slightly tilting. C. External valve view with a single central fultoportula and marginal fultoportulae. D. Internal valve view with a single central fultoportula and marginal fultoportulae with 3 satellite pores. LM (A), SEM (B-D).

A B

C D

5 m 2 m

2 m 2 m


origiNal descripTioN: Reimann, B.E.F., Lewin, J.M.C. and Guillard, R.R.L. 1963. Cyclotella cryptica, a new brackish-water diatom species. Phycologia 3: 75-84.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: This species found from littoral to

pelagic zone, halophile found in brackish to nearly freshwater, rather eutrophic waters.

Korea: 23.vii.2010 in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 14.x.2010 in Sa 2-dong, San-grok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15.x.2010 in Geumg-wang-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM Photos.remarKs: The species could be conspecific with

Cyclotella meneghiniana. However, in contrast to it, C. cryptica has alveoli internally completely opened, its rimoportula is smaller with an oblique slit and differs also by its ecology as it occurs in brackish waters, and so these two taxa are treated here as two separate spe-cies. For its salinity related polymorphism (Schultz 1971).

4. Cyclotella litoralis Lange et Syvertsen 1989 (Figs. 7, 8)

Lange & Syvertsen 1989: p. 343. f. 1-30. Kobayashi et al. 2006: p. 32. pl. 45. f. 6-9. Tanaka 2007: p. 24. pl. 23-25. Park et al. 2013: p. 414. f. 3.

Cell usually solitary. Valve circular in the valve view and rectangular in the girdle view. Cells 23.0-63.0 m in diameter. Valve central area strongly undulated with a colliculate ornamentation. Areolae arranged radial rows and opened of marginal fultoportulae in the external view. Marginal striae density 8-12 in 10 m. One marginal ring of fultoportulae well developed and one rimopor-tula located in this ring. Marginal fultoportulae possesses two satellite pores and one rimoportula. Number of fultoportula 8-12 on valve face, internally surrounded by three satellite pores. Mantle fultoportulae located on every 2nd or sometimes a pair, internally the tubulus surrounded by two satellite pores.

Type: None.origiNal descripTioN: Lange, C.B. and Syvertsen, E.E. 1989. Cyclotella litoralis sp. nov. (Bacillario-

phyceae), and its relationships to C. striata and C. stylorum. Nova Hedwigia 48: 341-356.seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Lange and Syvertsen (1989) originally described C. litoralis from the south western

Atlantic Ocean. Tanaka (2007) described C. litrolais in Isahaya Bay and Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.

Fig. 6. Distribution of Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin et Guillard in the coast-al waters of Korea.


Korea: Cyclotella litoralis was observed 33 times in the coastal waters of Korea; 4.viii.2006 in Song-do-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 16.xi.2008 in Chan-ghu-ri, Hajeom-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, 27.xii.2008 in Oebyeongdo-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do, in Gwansado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jin-do-gun, Jeollanam-do, 21.i.2009 in Dogu-ri, Dong-hae-myeon, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 17.ii.2010 in Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 2.iv.2010 in Donggeom-ri, Gilsang-myeon, Gangh-wa-gun, Incheon, 22.vii.2010 in Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Jeon-gok-ri, Seosin-my-eon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Gungpyeong-ri, Seosin-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Han-jin-ri, Songak-eup, Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do, in Hwagok-ri, Daesan-eup, Seosan-si, Chungc-heongnam-do, 23.vii.2010 in Chang-ri, Buseok-my-eon, Seosan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, in Yeongbo-ri, Ocheon-myeon, Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, in Dodun-ri, Seo-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungc-heongnam-do, in Dasa-ri, Biin-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, in Sutong-ri, Buri-myeon, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 24.vii.2010 in Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in Dae-hang-ri, Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in Sinsido-ri, Okdo-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 29.viii.2010 in Gusan-ri, Giseong-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 14.x.2010 in Wolgot-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Jeong-wang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Manho-ri, Poseung-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Hyeondeok-myeon, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Unjeong-ri, Sinpyeong-myeon, Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do, in Napo-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 15.x.2010 in Woryeon-ri, Hoehy-eon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in Gyehwa-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 15.xi.2010 in Sin-gi-ri, Doam-myeon, Gangjin-gun, Jeolla-nam-do, 16.ii.2011 in Banggal-ri, Wonbuk-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, in Mohang-ri, Sowon-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 16.iv.2011 in Janggok-ri, Gonam-myeon, Tae-an-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, in Daehang-ri, Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 9.vi.2011 in Noil-ri, Gwayeok-myeon, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, 10.vi.2011 in Hwagye-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, 15.vii.2011 in Pado-ri, Sowon-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungc-heongnam-do, 2.xi.2011. in Pado-ri, Sowon-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 2.xi.2012 in Jahye-ri, Seopo-myeon, Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, in Geumseong-myeon, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, in Annam-ri, Daeseo-myeon, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, in Hakdong-ri, Munnae-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do, 29.v.2013 in Bogil-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SMDC00130003, SMDC00130004 (Jahye-ri, Seopo-myeon, Sacheon-si, Gyeo-ngsangnam-do, Korea; 2.xi.2012).

remarKs: Cyclotella litoralis has been confused with C. striata complex (e.g. C. baltica, C. striata, C. stylorum): C. litoralis is distinguished from C. baltica by the spacing of the mantle fultoportulae

(Hkasson 2002), the number of central fultoportula (Prasad and Nienow 2006). In this study, the

Fig. 7. Distribution of Cyclotella litoralis Lange et Syvertsen in the coastal waters of Korea.


Fig. 8. Cyclotella litoralis Lange et Syvertsen. Arrows indicate the rimoportula and arrowheads the fultoportula. A. External valve view showing a strong undulation in the central area. B. Internal valve view. C. Central area strongly undulated with a colliculate ornamentation and 11 fultopor-tulae in the external valve view. D. Twelve fultoportulae with 3 satellite pores on the central area in the internal valve view. E. Externally striated marginal area with mantle fultoportulae and ri-moportula. F. Internally marginal area with mantle fultoportulae on the recessed interstria and a sessile rimoportula between two fultoportulae. SEM (A-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 10 m

2 m 5 m

1 m 1 m


presence of the recessed costa is an additional characteristic for distinguishing both species. Cyclotella striata can be distinguished from C. litoralis by the absence of the valve face fultoportula

(Hkansson 2002). The spacing of mantle fultoportula between C. litoralis and C. stylorum (Lange et Syvertsen 1989).

5. Cyclotella meduanae Germain 1981 (Figs. 9, 10)

Kobayashi et al. 2006: p. 33. pl. 46. f. 1-10. Tanaka 2007: p. 25. pl. 26, 27. Houk et al. 2010: p. 18. pl. 150. Park et al. 2013: p. 414. f. 4.

Cell usually solitary. Valve circular in the valve view and rectangular in the girdle view. Valve central area flated to slightly tangentially undulate without a colliculate ornamentation. Cells 6.0-8.0 m in diameter. Number of marginal striae density 12-15 in 10 m. Marginal fultoportulae with three struts in the internal view. Marginal fultoportulae opened in the external view. Margin-al fultoportulae located on every 2-3 interstriae. A single rimoportula located on the ring of ful-toportulae and opened in the external view.

Type LoaLity: Mayenne, in the lower part of its course between Chteau-Goutier and mouth, France.

origiNal descripTioN: Germain, H. 1981. Flore des diatomes - Diatomophyces- eaux douces et sau mtres du Massif Armoricain et des contres voisines dEurope occidentale. Collection Faunes et Flores Actuelles. Socit Nouvelle des Editions Boube, Paris. 444 pp.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Cyclotella meduanae originally de-

scribed from Mayenne, France (Germain 1981). Tana-ka (2007) examined the Japanese specimen from Inba Pond, Chiba Prefecture and mentioned that C. meduanae has been found mainly in eutrophic water and freshwater.

Korea: In the present study, Cyclotella meduanae was observed three times as follows; 23.vii.2010 in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 15.x.2010 in Woryeon-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, in Geumgwang-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Geumgwang-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do; 15.x.2010).

remarKs: Cyclotella meduanae has been noted to have morphological similarity with C. meneghiniana

(Hkansson 2002). Hkansson (2002) mentioned that the only difference between both species is the ab-sence or presence of the valve face fultoportula. How-

Fig. 9. Distribution of Cyclotella meduanae Germain in the coastal waters of Korea.


ever, I found an additional difference in the spacing of the mantle fultoportulae between C. meduanae and C. meneghiniana: in the first one, the mantle fultoportulae was located on every second in-terstria, while the latter on every interstria.

Fig. 10. Cyclotella meduanae Germain. Arrows indicate the rimoportula. A and B. External valve view focusing central area and striation of valve margin. C. Internal valve view one ring of ful-toportulae and rimoportula. D. Internal mantle fultoprtulae on every interstriae and sessile ri-moportula between two mantle fultoportulae. SEM (A-D).

A B

C D

2 m 2 m

2 m 1 m


Genus Cymatotheca Hendey 1958

Cells solitary. Valve elliptic and valve face undulate about long axis. Areolae loculate with ex-ternal small circular foramen and internal distinct cribra. Areolation radial and decrease in size toward valve margin. One fultoportula in the convex part of the subcentral valve face. One ring of marginal fultoportula in the valve mantle. One rimoportula close to marginal fultoportula.

LectoType: Cymatotheca weissflogii (Grunow) Hendey.Number of species: 2 species (Guiry and Guiry 2015).disTribuTioN: World-wide distribution as brackish water species.Key refereNce: Hasle and Syvertsen 1996. p. 34. pl. 1.

6. Cymatotheca weissflogii (Grunow) Hendey 1958 (Figs. 11, 12)

Van Heurck 1883. pl. 126. f. 9. Tremarin et al. 2008: p. 1103. f. 3, 4, 61. Sar et al. 2010: p. 134. f. 2-9.

basioNym: Euodia weissflogii Grunow in Van Heurck 1883. pl. 126. f. 9.

Valves slightly elliptical, 13.7-16.8 m long and 11.6-15.2 m wide in elliptical forms. Valve tangen-tially undulate. Striae radial with 5-8 in 10 m in the raised sector and 10-12 in 10 m in the depressed sector. Areolae loculate with external foramen and in-ternal domed-shaped cribra, 18-24 in 10 m. A single valve face fultoportula located at the raised valve face without an external tube. One ring of marginal ful-toportulae located on the valve mantle, 3-4 in 10 m, externally present a simple pore and internally sur-rounded by three satellite pores. A single rimoportula located next to the depressed valve part, externally no tube-develop and internally sessile.

Type: None.origiNal descripTioN: Hendey, N.I. 1958. Marine

diatoms from some West African Ports. Journal of Royal Microscopical Society 77: 28-85.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Cymatotheca weissflogii was regarded

as a tropical benthic species (Simonsen 1974), and it has been reported from the Southern Atlantic: Brazil-ian water (Tremarin 2008), Argentinian coastal waters

(Sar et al. 2010).Korea: Cymatotheca weissflogii was distributed

Fig. 11. Distribution of Cymatotheca weissflogii (Grunow) Hendey in the coast-al waters of Korea.

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Cymatotheca 21

in the coastal waters of Korea as follows: 6.viii.2008 in Sagi-ri, Hwado-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon; 2.iv.2010 in Choji-ri, Gilsang-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon; 16.ii.2011 in Gonam-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea.

specimeNs examiNed: (Sagi-ri, Hwado-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea; 16.xi.2008, Hwang-cheong-ri, Naega-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea; 2.iv.2010).

Genus Detonula Schtt ex De Toni 1894

Cells cylindrical and valve face circular. Valve weakly silicified. Chain formed by external tube of marginal fultoportulae. Pervalvar axis up to about 2 times of the cell diameter. Valve flat or slightly convex and depressed in the center. Valve with one to three marginal rings of fultoportu-lae. Girdle with no extrusions. Valve surface with loculate areolae or radial ribs. One central ful-

Fig. 12. Cymatotheca weissflogii (Grunow) Hendey. A and B. External valve view showing undula-tion with alternating in surface. C. External valve view with 45 tilting. D. External pore of mar-ginal fultoportula. LM (A), SEM (B-D).

A B

C D

10 m 5 m

5 m 1 m


toportula. Girdle composed of numerous intercalary bands forming incomplete hoops. One mar-ginal fultoportulae and one rimoportula. Chloroplasts many rounded plate-shaped.

LectoType: Detonula pumila (Castracane) Gran.Number of species: 3 species (Hasle and Syvertsen 1996).disTribuTioN: World-wide distribution as cosmopolitan species.Key refereNce: Hasle and Syvertsen 1996, p. 34. pl. 1.

7. Detonula pumila (Castracane) Gran 1900 (Figs. 13, 14)

Gran 1900: p. 113. pl. 9. f. 15-20. Hustedt 1930: p. 551, 554. f. 314, 315. Cupp 1943: p. 76. f. 36. Sub-rahmanyan 1946: p. 111. f. 104. Kokubo 1955: p. 131. f. 117. Hendey 1964: p. 142. pl. V. f. 4 and pl. VII. f. 6. Chung 1968: p. 168. pl. 30. f. 228. Hasle 1973: p. 15-27. f. 44-86. Takano 1990: p. 168, 169. Shim 1994: p. 146.

basioNym: Lauderia pumila Castaracane.syNoNyms: Schrderella delicatula (H. Peragallo) Pavillard 1913: p. 126.Thalassiosira condensata Cleve 1900: p. 22. pl. 8. f. 12, 13.Lauderia delicatula H. Peragallo 1888: p. 81. pl. 6. f. 46.Detonula schrderi Gran 1905: p. 22. f. 21.Lauderia schrderi Bergon 1902: p. 69.Schrderella schrderi (Bergon) Pavillard 1925: p. 23. f. 33.

Cells cylindrical and frustules weakly silicified. Chain formed by external tube of marginal fultopor-tulae. Cells 10-25 m in diameter and 35-80 m in pervlavar axis. Valve face circular or round-shaped. Valve face flat or more or less conex and located on ra-dial ribs. Valve face depressed in the valve center and located one central fultoportula. Girdle comprised of numerous intercalary bands forming incomplete hoops. Girdle comprised of annular segments with a fine areolate. Girdle bands often form an oblique or spiral line around the cell. One marginal fultoportu-lae and one large rimoportula in the margin. Number of marginal areolae 6-8 in 10 m. Chloroplasts nu-merous small rectangular or stellate plates.

Type: Philippines.origiNal descripTioN: Gran, H.H. 1900. Bemerkun-

gen ber einige Planktondiatomeen. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 38: 102-128.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Detonula pumila was a neritic or bo-

Fig. 13. Distribution of Detonula pumila

(Castracane) Gran in the coastal waters of Korea.

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Detonula 23

Fig. 14. Detonula pumila (Castracane) Gran. A. Whole cell in the external valve view. B. Whole cell in the internal valve view. C. External tube of central fultoportula. D. Central fultoportula with 6 satellite pores in the internal valve view. E. External tube of a single rimoportula and fultoportu-lae in the valve margin. F. A single rimoportula and marginal fultoportulae in the internal valve view. SEM (A-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 5 m

1 m 1 m

1 m 1 m


real species (Cupp 1943; Kokubo 1955), it was widely distributed in the the Atlantic coast of France and Spain, Java Sea and Indian Ocean (Subrahmanyan 1946). This species was a nertic plankton species favouring warm seas and sometimes in the temperate Atlantic Ocean; frequent off the coast of France and Portugal, occasionally found in the Irish Sea and English Channel (Hendey 1964).

Korea: Detonula pumila wes widely distributed in the coastal waters of Korea as follows; 21.i.2009 in Dogu-ri, Donghae-myeon, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 16.ii.2009 in Oryu-ri, Gam-po-eup, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 17.x.2009 in Gwisan-dong, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 30.i.2010 in Hoehwa-myeon, Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, 22.vii.2010 in Hanjin-ri, Songak-eup, Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do, in Hwagok-ri, Daesan-eup, Seosan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 23.vii.2010 in Sutong-ri, Buri-myeon, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 24.vii.2010 in Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 14.x.2010 in Wolgot-dong, Si-heung-si, Gyeonggi-do, in Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10.vi.2011 in Daebang-dong, Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 2.ii.2012 in Dadae-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, in Donggeum-dong, Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 3.ii.2012 in Soho-dong, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, 2.xi.2012 in Sam-san-myeon, Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, in Gundong-myeon, Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do, 22.iv.2013 in Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do; 22.iv.2013).

remarKs: Hasle (1973) distinguished between three Detonula species: D. confervacea, D. moseleyaana and Detonula pumila. Among them, Detonula pumila is distinguished form D. confervacea by the longer external tubes of the marginal fultoportulae linked in a distinct zig zag pattern (Hasle and Syvertsen 1996).

Genus Lauderia Cleve 1873

Cell formed a long straight chains connected by fultoportulae. Cells cylindrical with rounded valves and many collar-like copulae. Valve face circular-shaped and distributed in processes by means of scatter on the valve center. One large rimoportula and many occluded processes located in the valve marinal zone. Pervalvar axis relatively longer than diameter in the girdle view. Chlo-roplasts numerous small plates.

Type: Lauderia annulata Cleve.Number of species: 1 species.disTribuTioN: Neritic of temperate zone of warm water in the world-wide.Key refereNce: Hasle and Syvertsen 1996, p. 36-37. pl. 1.

8. Lauderia annulata Cleve 1873 (Figs. 15, 16)

Gran 1900: p. 109. pl. 9. f. 1-8. Hustedt 1930: p. 549. f. 313. Gran & Angst 1931: p. 455. f. 34. Cupp 1943: p. 74. f. 35. Subrahmanyan 1946: p. 111. f. 100, 102. Kokubo 1955: p. 129. f. 114. Hendey 1964: p. 143. Chung 1968: p. 178. pl. 32. f. 245. Hasle 1973: p. 3. f. 1-3. Takano 1990: p. 170, 171.

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Lauderia 25

Shim 1994: p. 146. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 36. pl. 1. f. 1, 2. Lee 1999: p. 112, 113. f. 51.

syNoNym: Lauderia borealis Gran 1900: p. 110. pl. 9. f. 5-9.

Cell solitary or forming long straight chains connected by fultoportulae. Cells cylindrical with rounded valves. Girdle composed of many collar-like copulae. Cells 30-55 m in diameter and 30-70 m in pervalvar axis. Pervalvar axis relatively longer than diameter in the girdle view. Valve face circular-shaped and slightly depressed in the center. Valve face distributed and scat-tered in processes on the valve center. One large rimoportula and many occluded processes locat-ed in the valve marinal zone. Chloroplasts numerous small plates.

Type: Sea of Java.origiNal descripTioN: Celve, P.T. 1873. Examination of diatoms found on the surface of the Sea

of Java. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1(11): 1-13, 3 pls.seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Lauderia annulata was not common in Puget Sound (Gran and Angst 1931). This

species was a neritic and temperate species and showed common but not abundant off California, Gulf of California, north to Scotch Cap, Alaska (Cupp 1943). Subrahmanyan (1946) found the wide distribution of the coastal region of Europe, Java Sea, from Mediterranean Sea to north Norway. This species was observed with the scattered occurrences in the coastal waters of Yellow Sea, South Sea, East Sea and Jeju Island as neritic species (Shim 1994; Lee 1999).

Korea: Lauderia annulata was widely distributed in the coastal waters of Korea as follows; 21.i 2009 in Dogu-ri, Donghae-myeon, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 22.i.2009 in Jang-sa-ri, Namjeong-myeon, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, in Samsa-ri, Ganggu-myeon, Yeo-ngdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, in Gusan-ri, Gis-eong-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, in Mangyang-ri, Giseong-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeong-sangbuk-do, in Sanpo-ri, Geunnam-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 16.ii.2009 in Gwangan-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan, in Bangeo-dong, Dong-gu, Ul-san, in Jeongja-dong, Buk-gu, Ulsan, in Oryu-ri, Gam-po-eup, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 17.x.2009 in Gwisan-dong, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeo-ngsangnam-do, 29.viii.2010 in Geumjin-ri, Okgye- myeon, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 10.vi.2011 in Nambyeon-ri, Namhae-eup, Namhae-gun, Gyeo-ngsangnam-do, in Hwagye-ri, Idong-myeon, Nam-hae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, in Daebang-dong, Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 2.ii.2012 in Da-dae-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 2.xi.2012 in Gundong-my-eon, Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do, 22.iv.2013 in Dok-do-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Dokdo-ri, Ulleung- eup, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do; 22.iv.2013).

remarKs: The difference between this species and L. borealis from the north Atlantic is very slight (see Hustedt 1927: 550).

Fig. 15. Distribution of Lauderia annulata Cleve in the coastal waters of Korea.


Fig. 16. Lauderia annulata Cleve. A. A single cell and numerous girdle band with areolae in the gir-dle view. B. External valve view showing fultoportulae. C. External valve view with marginal ful-toportula and occluded processes. D. Internal valve view with marginal fultoportula and rimopor-tula. E. External tube of marginal rimoportula. F. Marginal rimoportula and fultoportulae in the internal valve view. LM (A, B). SEM (C-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 10 m

10 m 5 m

1 m 1 m

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Minidiscus 27

Genus Minidiscus Hasle 1973

Cells usually single, valve circular or round, valve face flat or undulated. Valves with a more or less prominent hyaline margin. Valve mantle in hight usually more than valve diameter. Fultopor-tulae more or less concentrated in the valve center. Most of taxa very small-sized and easily over-looked in LM. All taxa marine planktonic.

Type: Minidiscus trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle 1973.Number of species: 10 species (Guiry and Guiry 2014).disTribuTioN: Japanese waters, Chile coast, Argentine waters, the English Channel, The Adriatic

Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.Key refereNce: Hasle 1973. p. 29. f. 101-108.

Key to the three Minidiscus species

1a. Valve round, hayline valve margin prominent 21b. Valve round, hyaline valve margin invisible or very narrow and areolae radial M. comicus

2a. Cell large, processes close together in a non-areolated, valve center undulated M. chilensis2b. Cell small, processes separated by one to several areolae M. trioculatus

9. Minidiscus chilensis Rivera in Rivera et Koch 1984 (Figs. 17, 18)

Rivera & Koch 1984: p. 281. f. 5-14. Gao et al. 1992a: f. 6. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 37. pl. 2. Ak-Cas-tillo et al. 2001: f. 6. Kang et al. 2003: p. 95. f. 1A-F, 2A-F. Quiroga & Chretiennot-Dinet 2004: f. 7, 8, 16. Kaczmarska et al. 2009: p. 463. f. 1, 2.

Valves circular, cells 4.00-5.31 m in diameter. Areo-ale radial in the valve margin, ambiguous in the cen-ter. Number of areolae 9 in 10 m with radial row in the valve margin. Marginal hyaline 0.15 m in width. One rimoportula slightly distant from the valve center and three fultoportulae close with a rimoportula. In-ternally, fultoportulae with two satellite pores.

Type localiTy: The South Pacific Ocean at 4148S- 7305W, 29. Apr. 1977, Esterp Chope.

HoLoType: Department of Botany, University of Concepcin, Chile, slide DIAT-CONC 2271 labelled Minidiscus chilensis Rivera.

origiNal descripTioN: Rivera, R.P. and Koch, P. 1984. Contributions to the diatom flora of Chile II. In: D.G. Mann (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh Interna-

Fig. 17. Distribution of Minidiscus chilensis Rivera in the coastal waters of Korea.


tional Diatom Symposium, Philadelphia, August 22-27, 1982. Koeltz Science Publishers, Koenig-stein. p. 279-298.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Minidiscus chilensis was first reported from Chile in the South Pacific Ocean (Rivera

and Koch 1984), and also recorded from Argentine coast and Atlantic Ocean waters (Ferrario 1988, Sancetta 1990), Chinese waters (Gao et al. 1992a), and in the sediment trap material from Antarctica

(Kang et al. 2003).Korea: In the present study, this species found in the coastal waters of Inchon and Anmyun Is-

land of Chungchongnam-do as follows; 6.v.2009 in Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 16.iv.2011 in Banggal-ri, Wonbuk-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, in Pado-ri, Sowon-myeon, Tae-an-gun, Chungcheongnam-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Pado-ri, Sowon-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do;

Fig. 18. Minidiscus chilensis Rivera. A-C. External valve view showing one rimoportula and 3 fultoportulae in the valve center area. D. Internal valve view showing one rimoportula and 3 ful-toportulae. SEM (A-D).

A B

C D

1 m 1 m

1 m 1 m


16.iv.2011).remarKs: Until now, M. chilensis was reported planktonic diatom, but the present study found

an epilithic diatom from the intertidal rock in Taean coast. This species were often reported with mineral particles or intertidal sediments (Buck et al. 2008; Kaczmarska et al. 2009).

10. Minidiscus comicus Takano 1981 (Figs. 19, 20)

Takano 1981: p. 32. f. 1A, 2-13. Gao et al. 1992: f. 5. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 37. pl. 2. Ak-Cas-tillo et al. 2001: f. 4, 5. Quiroga & Chretiennot-Dinet 2004: f. 15. Kaczmarska et al. 2008: p. 464. f. 3-6.

Cells solitary, but sometimes in pairs, or aggregative in flocks. Valve face round-shaped, 2.0-7.0 m in diameter. Larger cells (more than ca. 3.3 m in diameter) rectangular in the girdle view, but smaller elliptical with round valves and narrow girdle bands. Larger valves nearly flat, but smaller more or less convex. Valve face and the mantle inseparable. A striking rimoportula always located near the valve center. Fultoportulae 3-7 in valve face, distant from valve center and valve margin. Processes usually equipped with external tube. External bases of processes covered with siliceous substance occupying the space of several areolae. Three small satellite pores in each base of the ful-toportula. Foramina external and cribra internal. Areolae radial from valve center to the margin.

Type localiTy: Tokyo harbor near the central break-water on September 17, 1980.

origiNal descripTioN: Takano, H. 1981. New and rare diatoms from Japanese waters. VI. Three new species in Thalassiosiraceae. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 105: 31-43.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Takano (1981) first found this spe-

cies as the cause of red-tides in Tokyo harbor near the central breakwater on September 17, 1980. Later, he collected from seawater taken at downstream of the River Sumida of Tokyo, and Atsumi Bay of Aichi Prefecture, in January 1981. This species was rarely encountered; a single specimens was only found in the samples from Ship harbour and the Bay of Fundy. Elsewhere in Canada it has been reported from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Brard-Therriault et al. 1999). Worldwide, M. comicus is known from the Pacific and the Atlantic coasts, as well as from the Adriatic Sea

(Takano 1981a; Lange 1985; Tomas 1997) suggesting a cosmopolitan with a low abundance.

Korea: In the present study, this species wide-ly found in the coastal waters of Korea as follows; 21.i.2009 in Dogu-ri, Donghae-myeon, Nam-gu,

Fig. 19. Distribution of Minidiscus comicus Takano in the coastal waters of Korea.


Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 22.i.2009 in Sanpo-ri, Geunnam-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsang-buk-do, 23.i.2009 in Daejin-dong, Donghae-si, Gangwon-do, in Jucheong-ri, Ganghyeon-myeon, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do, 23.vii.2010 in Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Anseong-ri, Dongjin-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do; 23.vii. 2010).

remarKs: According to the definition of the genus Minidiscus by Hasle (1973), species has valves without a marginal circlet of processes, fultoportula in the valve plane distant from the margin, and one rimoportula distant from the margin. M. comicus described here undoubtedly belongs to

Fig. 20. Minidiscus comicus Takano. A-C. External valve view showing a striking rimoportula and fultoportulae. D. Internal valve view showing rimoportula and fultoportulae with three small sat-ellite pores. SEM (A-D).

A B

C D

0.5 m 1 m

1 m 0.5 m


this genus. Only the so far known species in this genus was M. trioculatus (Tayor) Hasle, which is different from M. comicus by having a small rimoportula and one of fultoportulae close to the valve center, and wide hyaline marginal flange. Moreover, the specific epithet of M. comicus is made from the first impression of valve with three fultoportulae, associated with masks of funny faces

(Takano 1981).

11. Minidiscus trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle 1973 (Figs. 21, 22)

Hasle 1973a: p. 67. Hasle 1973b: p. 29. f. 101-108. Text-fig. 4. Rivera & Koch 1982: p. 280. f. 1-4. Takano 1990: p. 172-175. Sancetta 1990: pl. 1. f. 5-6. Gao et al. 1992a: f. 4. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 37. pl. 2. Ak-Castillo et al. 2001: f. 1-3. Quiroga and Chretiennot-Dinet. 2004: f. 1-6, 13, 14. Kaczmarska et al. 2009: p. 464. f. 7-10.

basioNym: Coscinodiscus trioculatus F.J.R. Taylor 1967. p. 437. pl. 5. f. 43.

Cell always single and valve face flat or convex. Cells 2.0-6.0 m in diameter. Cells situated 4-7 areolae on valve face in 1 m (usually 5-6). Pattern of areolation irregularly distributed, sometimes bundles, the others the areolae almost linear to slightly eccentrical. Each areolae hexagonal, but except some smaller located between the fultoportulae or near the margin. Valve external foramen and internal cribrum. One rimoportula located on the valve margin, small fultoportula located near the valve center. Fultoportulae 2 to 5 in each valve and longer on the outside, with a thickened basal edge (3-4 areolae in size) and two satellite pores.

Type localiTy: Indian Ocean (3955S, 3014E).origiNal descripTioN: Hasle, G.R. 1973. Thalassio-

siraceae, a new diatom family. Norwegian Journal of Botany 20: 67-69.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Hasle (1973b) mentioned that M. trio

culatus is widely distributed in the coastal waters, and it has to be regarded as a cosmopolitan species. Kaczmarska et al. (2008) mentioned that M. trioculatus is quite rare in the Bay of Fundy samples. It is more common in plankton of the Gulf of St. Law-rence and the western coast of Canada (Sancetta 1990; Brard-Therriault et al. 1999). Minidiscus trioculatus is a cosmopolitan diatom reported from the eastern coast of Europe (Tomas 1997), southwestern coast of Africa (Taylor, 1967), Australian waters (Hallegraeff 1984), Japanese coasts (Takano 1981b, 1990) and the Gulf of Mexico (Hasle 1973b, Ak-Castillo et al. 2001).

Korea: In the present study, this species was found

Fig. 21. Distribution of Minidiscus trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle in the coastal waters of Korea.


in the coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Pusan and Gyeonggi-do three times as follows; 22.i.2009 in Jangsa-ri, Namjeong-myeon, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 16.ii.2009 in Gijang-eup, Gi-jang-gun, Busan, 14.x.2010 in Sa 2-dong, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do.

specimeNs examiNed: (Siwha Lake; 14.x.2010).remarKs: Simonsen (1974) mentiond that this species is too small to be properly identified in the

light microscope.

Fig. 22. Minidiscus trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle. A. Girdle view. B and C. External valve view show-ing one rimoportula and 4-5 fultoportulae. D. Internal valve view showing one rimoportula and three fultoportulae SEM (A-D).

A B

C D

1 m 1 m

1 m 1 m

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Planktoniella 33

Genus Planktoniella Schtt 1892

Cells discoid, solitary or in flat colonies. A wing of stiffened mucilage produced around each cell, it lied in a flat plate. Valve face flat and the mantle shallow. Fultoportulae lied at the junction between the mantle and the valve face. Areolae internally opened via fine cribra and externally by larger round foramina. A single fultoportula situated near the center of the valve face and formed a ring around the mantle. One to two rimoportulae located slightly internal to the marginal ring of fultoportulae.

Type: Planktoniella sol (Wallich) Schtt.Number of species: 5 species (Guiry & Guiry 2014).disTribuTioN: brackish water to marine.Key refereNce: Hasle & Syvertsen (1993), Hasle & Syvertsen (1996).

12. Planktoniella blanda (Schmidt) Syvertsen & Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen 1993 (Figs. 23, 24)

Hasle 1993: p. 304. f. 19-31. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 40.

basioNym: Coscinodiscus blandus Schmidt 1878.syNoNyms: Coscinodiscus bipartitus Rattray 1890.Coscinodiscus latimarginatus Guo 1981.Thalassiosira blandus (Schmidt) Desikachary & Gowtha-

man 1989.Thalassiosira bipartita (Rattray) Hallegraeff 1992.

Valve face flat to slightly convex. Cells 15-60 m in a diameter. Areolae loculate with an externally hex-agonal foramen and internally discrete cribrum. Are-olation linear. Number of areolae in 10 m 3-5 in the valve face, 5-6 in the valve margin. A single central fultoportula externally opened by a small pore and in-ternally surrounded by five satellite pores. Two rings of marginal fultoportulae located at the valve mantle. Marginal fultoportulae 4-7 in 10 m. Two rimoportu-lae located at the junction between the valve and the mantle. Rimoportulae externally opened by a thick tube, and internally obliquely slited.

Type localiTy: Gulf of Mexico.OriginaL pubLication: Hasle, G.R. 1993. Nomen-

clatural notes on marine planktonic diatoms. The family Bacillariaceae. In: P.A. Sims (ed.), Progress in

Fig. 23. Distribution of Planktoniella blanda (Schmidt) Syvertsen & Hasle in the coastal waters of Korea.


Fig. 24. Planktoniella blanda. A. Whole valve in the external valve view. B. Whole valve in the in-ternal valve view. C. Externally linear arrangement of circular foramen. D. Internal valve view of discrete coarse cribra, central fultoportula and rimoportula. E. Externally long tube of rimoportula and small slender tube of marginal fultoportulae. F. Internal structure of rimoportula and marginal fultoportulae. SEM (A-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 10 m

2 m 2 m

1 m 2 m

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Planktoniella 35

diatom studies, Contributions to taxonomy, ecology and nomenclature. Special volume in honour of Robert Ross on the occasion of his 80th Birthday. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 106: 315-321.

seasoNaliTy: All seasons.disTribuTioN: Planktoniella blanda, like the two other known species of the genus, is usually re-

stricted to warm waters (Hasle 1993).Korea: This study found P. blanda many time as follows: 16.xi.2008 in Changhu-ri, Hajeom-my-

eon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon; 27.xi.2008 in Gasado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do/ Oe-byeongdo-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do/ Nurokdo-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeol-lanam-do/ Gwansado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do; 14.x.2010 in Wolgot-dong, Si-heung-si, Gyeonggi-do; 15.iv.2011 in Busu-ri, Sinpyeong-myeon, Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do/ Okdo-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do; 2.xi.2012 in Hakdong-ri, Munnae-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do; 6.iv.2013 in Oepo-ri, Naega-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon/ Hupo-ri, Hupo-my-eon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do/ Choji-ri, Gilsang-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon; 30.viii.2013 in Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; 8.xi.2013 in Daemado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jin-do-gun, Jeollanam-do/ Seogeochado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do/ Donggeochado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do; 7.iii.2014 in Songjeong-ri, Mijo-myeon, Namhae-gun, Gyeo-ngsangnam-do.

specimens examineD: SEM photos (Port of Songjeong-ri, Mijo-myeon, Namhae-gun, Gyeong-sangnam-do; 7.iii.2014).

remarKs: Planktoniella blanda is morphologically similar to Thalassiosira simonsenii Hasle et Fryx-ell (Hasle & Syvertsen 1993). The latter species has the occluded processes, however, and has never been observed with mucilage lobes attached to the girdle.

Genus Porosira Jrgensen 1905

Cell single or usually united by means of a thick mucilage thread to forms chains. Cells rectan-gular with rounded corners in the girdle view. Areolae of valve surface distinct or indistinct. Valve face radial fine areolation and a central annulus in the valve view. Fultoportulae scattered all over the valve face. Girdle composed of 5-6 bands. One lage rimoportula located on the valve margin. Chloroplasts numerous rounded or irregular plates.

Type: Porosira glacialis (Grunow) Jrgensen.Number of species: 2 species.disTribuTioN: South to north cold waters including Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Atlantic

Ocean.Key refereNce: Hasle 1973, p. 6-15. f. 4, 5, 13-43.

13. Porosira pentaportula Syvertsen et Lange 1990 (Figs. 25, 26)

Hustedt 1930: p. 314. f. 153. Hendey 1964: p. 88. pl. 1. f. 12. Hasle 1973: p. 6-15. f. 4, 5, 13-43. Syvertsen & Lange 1990: p. 144, f. 1-21. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 41. pl. 3.


basioNym: Podosira hormoides var. glacialis Grunow.syNoNyms: Podosira glacialis (Grunow) Cleve.Lauderia borealis (Grunow) Gran.

Cells usually united by means of a thick mucilage thread to forms chains. Cells rectangular with rounded corners in the girdle view. Valve face convex and cells 30-55 m in diameter. Areolae of valve surface distinct or indistinct. Valve face radial fine areolation and a central annulus in the valve view. Striae radially branched, number of striae 35-38 in 10 m and 85-90 in 10 m near the margin. Fultoportulae scattered all over the valve face except in the central area. Girdle composed of 5-6 bands. One irregular ring of fultoportulae situated on the valve margin. One marginal ri-moportula radially oriented with two close pairs of fultoportulae. Chloroplasts numerous rounded or irregular plates.

Type: South Atlantic.origiNal descripTioN: Syvertsen, E.E. and Lange, C.B. 1990. Porosira pentaportula Syvertsen et

Lange, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a marine planktonic diatom. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 100: 143-151.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: This species was firstly reported from the Argentinian waters. The species

was found in San Clemente del Tuy, Santa Teresita, La Lucila del Mar, Mar de Aj, Nueva Atlantis, Pinamar and Villa Gesell, present all year round, common in fall and winter.

Korea: This species was widely distributed in the coastal waters of Korea as follows; 15.viii.2006 in Dae-bunam-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 27.xii.2008 in Oebyeongdo-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do, 22.i.2009 in Mangyang-ri, Giseong-my-eon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 23.i.2009 in Na-mae-ri, Hyeonnam-myeon, Yangyang-gun, Gang-won-do, in Jucheong-ri, Ganghyeon-myeon, Yang-yang-gun, Gangwon-do, 6.v.2009 in Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22.xii.2010 in Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 2.xi.2012 in Hakdong-ri, Mun-nae-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do.

specimeNs examiNed: SMDC00130020, SMDC0013 0021, SMDC00130037 (Hakdong-ri, Moonae-myun, Haenam-gun, Chollanam-do; 2.xi.2012, 8.xi.2013).

remarKs: This species was compared with oth-er species of the genus and with the related genera Lauderia and Thalassiosira by Syvertsen and Lange

(1990). Hasle and Syvertsen (1996) pointed out that the distinctive feature of the species is the regu-lar arrangements of four fultoportulae close to the rimoportula.

Fig. 25. Distribution of Porosira pentaportula Syvertsen et Lange in the coastal waters of Korea.

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Porosira 37

Fig. 26. Porosira pentaportula Syvertsen et Lange. A. Whole cell in the external valve view. B. Whole cell in the internal valve view. C. Central annulus in the external valve view. D. Central part in the internal valve view. E. External tube of a single marginal rimoportula with four fultoportulae. F. A single marginal rimoportula with four fultoportulae in the internal valve view. SEM (A-F).

A B

C D

E F

5 m 5 m

1 m 1 m

1 m 1 m


Genus Skeletonema Greville 1865

Cell solitary or colony. Most of cells united to form chains by the external tubes of fultoportulae located in one marginal ring. Frustulus weakly siliceous and small size. Cell cylindrical and valve circular, or convex-shaped. Valve surface covered with areolae and arranged radial areolation. Central annulus more or less developed. One rimoportula located in the ring of fultoportulae, Chloroplasts 1-2 per cell in most species.

Type: Skeletonema barbadense Greville.Number of species: 22 species.disTribuTioN: Neritic of warm and brackish waters in all over the world as cosmopolitan species

(Hasle and Syversten 1996).Key refereNce: Takano 1981, p. 46, Figs. 1-3.

Key to four Skeletonema species

1a. External fultoportula process closed S. costatum1b. External fultoportula process opened 2

2a. External fultoportula procees straight in ternminal cell S. tropicum2b. External fultoportula process flared in termainal cell 3

3a. Copulae with central ridge, flanked on both sides by transverse ribs S. marnoi3b. Copulae with transverse branched ribs, delimiting hyaline interspaces S. dohrnii

14. Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve emend. Zingone et Sarno (Figs. 27, 28)

Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 44. Zingone et al. 2005: p. 143. f. 3A-H, 4A-I. Jung et al. 2009: p. 195-203. f. 3.

basioNym: Melosira costata Greville 1866: p. 77. pl. VIII. f. 3-6.

Cells formed a straight chains connected with 12-46 cells. Valve flat or slightly convex. Cells 8-13 m in diameter and the pervalvar axes 11-20 m. Areolae of the valve face rectangular to tri-angular and radially arranged from the center. Numbers of fultoportula 15-24 in 10 m and dis-tances between fultoportula 0.4-0.9 m. An external larger pore on the base of the tube of terminal fultoportula opened. Sibling cells joined by internal fultoportula connected to one or two fultopor-tulae. Terminal rimoportula in the center long and hook-like end. Marginal intercalary rimoportu-la curve-tubed with a trumpet-shaped end. Chloroplast one or two in each cell.

origiNal descripTioN: Cleve, P.T. (1873). Examination of diatoms found on the surface of the Sea of Java. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1(11): 1-13.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Skeletonema costatum was originally described from Hong Kong Bay (Zinggone et

al. 2005) and has been recorded from the North and South America: Indian River Laggon, USA;

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Skeletonema 39

Montevideo, Uruguay; Museu, Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil (Sar et al. 2007).Korea: Skeletonema costatum was mainly distributed in the Yellow Sea of Korea as follows;

22.vii.2010 in Gungpyeong Harbor, 15.x.2010 in Gunsan Port and estuary of Mankyung River.specimeNs examiNed: SMDC00130011, SMDC00130022 (Gungpyeong-ri, Seosin-myeon, Hwa-

seong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; 22.vii.2010).

Fig. 27. Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve. A. Chain forming colony of living cell. B. Direct connection with marginal fultoportulae of three cells. C and D. Sibling cell connected by marginal fultoportulae. E. Terminal cell with flattened valve. F. Claw-shaped tip of marginal fultoportulae. LM (A), SEM (B-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 2 m

2 m 1 m

2 m 1 m


remarKs: Skeletonema costatum has a thick frustule with pseudoloculate structure and long tubular in-tercalary fultoportula. Intercalary fultoportula of contiguous cells are replaced also in the 1 : 1 junction and the shape of intercalary fultoportula is very often changed, sometimes with lateral connection.

15. Skeletonema dohrnii A. Zingone et D. Sarno 2005 (Figs. 29, 30)

Jung et al. 2009: p. 195-203. f. 1.

Colony formed short chains composed of 7-28 cylindrical cells. Chains forming slightly curved. Valves convex. Cells 3-6 m in diameter and pervalvar axis 13-19 m. Distance between sibling cells 6-12 m. Areolae distinct, widely spaced and irregularly arranged. Numbers of the ful-toportula 8-10 and distance between fultoportulae 0.6-0.9 m. Bases of the terminal fultoportula opened, and tips of the terminal fultoportula flatted and flared. The shape of the intercalary ful-toportula similar to that of the terminal fultoportula. Each intercalary fultoportula connected with 1-2 of the adjoining cell, forming a slightly interdigitated linkage. Terminal rimoportula located at the sub-central zone of a valve face and consisted of a long tubular. Intercalary rimoportula short-er than intercalary fultoportula, and was located near the center of the valve with a tube-shaped distal end. Chloroplasts visible 1-2 in each cell.

origiNal descripTioN: Sarno, D., Kooistra, W.H.C.F., Medlin, L.K., Percopo, I. and Zingone, A. 2005. Diversity in the genus Skeletonema (Bacillariophyceae): II. An assessment of the taxonomy of S. costatum-like species, with the description of four new species. Journal of Phycology 41: 151-176.

HoLoType: SZN (Naples) SZN-B104/1 (slide) (Sarno et al. 2005: 157).Type localiTy: Gulf of Naples, Italy (Sarno et al. 2005: 157).

Fig. 28. Distribution of Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve in the coastal wa-ters of Korea.


Fig. 29. Skeletonema dohrnii A. Zingone et D. Sarno. A and B. Chain forming colony. C. Sibling form of marginal fultoportulae. D. Valve mantle with marginal fultoportulae. E. Terminal cell with a long tube of single rimoportula in the valve face. F. External tube with dentate tip of marginal ful-toportulae. LM (A), SEM (B-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m

1 m 1 m

2 m 1 m

5 m


seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Skeletonema dohrnii has been wide-

ly distributed from the various regions: Adriatic sea in Italy (Sarno et al. 2005); the China (Gu et al. 2012); Dokai bay in Japan (Kaeriyama et al. 2011).

Korea: Skeletonema dohrnii was widely distributed in the coastal waters of Korea as follows; 16.xi.2008, 5.iv.2009 in Incheon Harbor, 26.vi.2009 in Geoje Island, 12.ii.2009 in Jeju Island, 19.vii.2009 in Namhae-gun, 20.iii.2009 in Wolseong coast.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Wolseong coast; 20.iii.2009).

remarKs: Skeletonema dohrnii differs from the oth-er species in that their fultoportula processes flat and flared tips with dentate margins. And intercellular junctions are apparently looser than those of other species.

16. Skeletonema marnoi A. Zingone et D. Sarno 2005 (Figs. 31, 32)

Jung et al. 2009: p. 195-203. f. 2.

Cells formed a straight chains connected with 16-33 cells. Valve flat or slightly convex. Cells 4-10 m in diameter and the pervalvar axes 8-18 m. Areolae distinct tetragonal forms distribut-ed from the valve center. Numbers of fultoportula 9-13 m and distances between fultoportulae 0.6-1.1 m. The base of terminal fultoportula opened and the end of split tube flatted and flared or sometimes jagged. The shape of the intercalary fultoportula similar to that of the terminal ful-toportula. Intercalary fultoportula between sibling cells showed 1:1 or 1:2 linkages. Terminal ri-moportula located in the valve center and long with a trumpet-shaped end. Intercalay rimoportula located at the margin of the valve face with a short tube. Chloroplast one per cell.

origiNal descripTioN: Sarno, D., Kooistra, W.H.C.F., Medlin, L.K., Percopo, I. and Zingone, A. 2005. Diversity in the genus Skeletonema (Bacillariophyceae): II. An assessment of the taxonomy of S. costatum-like species, with the description of four new species. Journal of Phycology 41: 151-176.

HoLoType: SZN (Naples) SZN-B120/4, SZN-B146/5 (Sarno et al. 2005: 186).Type localiTy: North Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea (Sarno et al. 2005: 160).seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Skeletonema marinoi was widely distributed in Europe; Croatia (Vilicic et al. 2009),

Fig. 30. Distribution of Skeletonema dohrnii A. Zingone et D. Sarno in the coastal waters of Korea.


Fig. 31. Skeletonema marnoi A. Zingone et D. Sarno. A. Chain forming living cell colony. B. Direct connection with marginal fultoportulae of two cells. C and E. Sibling form of marginal fultoportu-lae. D. Terminal cell with flattened valve and flared tip of fultoportulae. F. Girdel bands with areo-lae. LM (A), SEM (B-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 10 m

2 m 1 m

1 m 1 m


Adria-tic sea in Italy (Sarno et al. 2005; Dimier, 2007; Gerecht et al. 2011), Portugal (Godhe et al. 2006), and Sweden (Godhe et al 2006; Saravan and Godhe 2010). Also this taxon was very widely distributed in the Hong Kong (Sarno et al. 2005) and Dokai bay in Japan

(Kaeriyama et al. 2011).Korea: Skeletonema marinoi was widely distributed

in the coastal waters of Korea as follows; 12.ii.2009 in Jeju Island, 13.vi.2009 in Incheon Harbor, 26.vi.2009 in Geoje Island, 19.vii.2009 in Namhae-gun, 20.iii.2009 in Wolseong coast.

specimeNs examiNed: SEM photos (Wolseong coast; 20.iii.2009).

remarKs: Skeletonema marinoi and S. dohrnii are similar in the fultoportula processes flat and flared tips with dentate margins. The only morphological distinction between two species is the ultrastructure of the cingular bands. According to Sarno et al. (2005), the shape of terminal rimoportula process can be used to distinguish between S. marinoi and S. dohrnii.

17. Skeletonema tropicum Cleve 1900 (Figs. 33, 34)

Sar et al. 2005: p. 166. f. 9A-F. Jung et al. 2009: p. 202. f. 4. Sar et al. 2010: p. 139. f. 35-40.

Cells formed a straight chains connected with 12-52 cells. Valve flat or slightly convex. Cells 10-18 m in diameter and the pervalvar axes 4-9 m. Areolae tetragonal and radially arranged. Numbers of fultoportula 18-22 m and distances between fultoportulae 0.6-0.9 m. The base of terminal fultoportula opened and the end of process slightly broadened with claw-shaped tip. The shape of the intercalary fultoportula opened at the ends and bases, and middle part of processes sometimes closed. Intercalary fultoportula between sibling cells showed 1:1 linkages. Terminal rimoportula located in the subcentral valve and long with a slightly dilated trumpet-shaped end. Intercalay rimoportula located at the margin of the valve face with a short tube.

origiNal descripTioN: Cleve, P.T. 1900. Notes on some Atlantic Plankton Organisms. Kongl Svenska-Vet Akad Handlingar 34: 1-22.

seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Skeletonema tropicum was considered as a warm water to temperate species by Koo-

istra et al. (2008) and Jung et al. (2009). This species has been recorded from Hirosima Bay, Japan (Sar et al. 2005) and Argentinian coastal waters (Sar et al. 2010).

Korea: Skeletonema tropicum was mainly distributed in the South Sea of Korea as follows;

Fig. 32. Distribution of Skeletonema marnoi A. Zingone et D. Sarno in the coastal waters of Korea.


Fig. 33. Skeletonema tropicum Cleve. A. Chain forming colony of living cell. B. Terminal cell with a valve face rimoportula. C. Terminal cell with external tube of marginal fultoportulae in the girdle view. D. Direct connection with marginal fultoportulae of two cells. E. External sibling fultoportu-lae. F. External short tube of rimoportula between marginal fultoportulae. LM (A), SEM (B-F).

A B

C D

E F

10 m 2 m

5 m1 m

1 m1 m


22.vi.2009 in Jangmok Bay, 2.xi.2012 in Dongcheon River estuary.

specimeNs examiNed: SMDC00130023 (Chonam-ri, Gwangyang-eup, Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do, Ko-rea, 2.xii.2012).

Genus Tryblioptychus Hendey 1958

Cells solitary. Valves circular or elliptical form with a tangentially undulate valve face. Areolae internally opened via fine cribra and externally by irregularly coarse foramina. Valve face undu-lated with fascicle sectors. A single fultoportula located near the center of the valve face and a ring of fultoportula near the mantle. One rimoportulae slightly situated internal to the marginal ring of fultoportulae.

Type: Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis (Grunow) Hendey 1958.Number of species: 2 species (Guiry and Guiry 2014).disTribuTioN: brackish water.Key refereNce: Prasad et al. (2002).

Fig. 34. Distribution of Skeletonema tropicum Cleve in the coastal waters of Korea.

Centrales: Thalassiosiraceae: Tryblioptychus 47

18. Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis (Grunow ex Cleve) Hendey 1958 (Figs. 35, 36)

Hendey 1958: p. 46. pl. 2. f. 10. Prasad et al. 2002: p. 294. f. 1-10, 14-53.

basioNym: Campylodiscus (?) cocconeiformis Grunow ex Cleve 1883.syNoNym: Cyclotella crassa Tynni 1983: p. 13.

Valves circular, sub-circular or broadly elliptical. Cells 10-20 m in diameter, or sometimes 15-35 m length and 15-25 m width in broadly elliptical-shaped. Valve mantle distinct with a ring of large areolae. Valve surface undulated with alternating in surface, slightly depressed (fascicle) and slightly elevated (interfascicle) sectors. Internally, areolae loculate and dome-shaped cribra. One ring of marginal fultoportulae at the ends in the internal indentations on the junction between the valve face and the mantle. Marginal fultoportulae externally opened by a simple pore, internally surrounded by 4 satellite pores. A single valve face fultoportula, slightly off the valve center, with four satellite pores. A single rimoportula lied at the junction of the mantle and the valve face. Ri-moportula developed strong external tube outwards and internally sessile with an oblique orienta-tion.

Type localiTy: Island of Labuan, near Borneo.OriginaL pubLication: Hendey, N.I. 1958. Marine

diatoms from some West African ports. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Series 3. 77: 28-85.

seasoNaliTy: All seasons.disTribuTioN: Prasad et al. (2002) mentioned that T.

cocconeiformis is globally distributed in bays, estuaries, and other shallow coastal water environments.

Korea: 16.xi.2008 in Changhu-ri, Hajeom-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon; 27.xii.2008 in Oebyeongdo-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do/ Gwansado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do; 2.iv.2010 in Choji-ri, Gilsang-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon; 14.x.2010 in Wolgot-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do/ Jangmi-dong, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do; 15.iv.2011 in Busu-ri, Sinpyeong-myeon, Dangjin-si, Chung-cheongnam-do; 2.xi.2012 in Hakdong-ri, Munnae-my-eon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do; 8.xi.2013 in Gwan-mae-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do/ Seo-geochado-ri, Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do; 18.i.2014 in Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeong-gi-do.

specimens examineD: SEM photos (Port of Oido, Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do: 18.i.2014).

Fig. 35. Distribution of Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis (Grunow ex Cleve) Hend-ey in the coastal waters of Korea.


Fig. 36. Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis (Grunow ex Cleve) Hendey. A-C. External valve view. D. Ex-ternal valve view showing undulation with alternating in surface. E. Internal valve view showing undulation with alternating in surface. F. External tube of marginal rimoportula. G. Internal struc-ture of slitted rimoportula. LM (A-C), SEM (D-G).

A B C

D E

F G

10 m 10 m 10 m

10 m 10 m

1 m 1 m

Centrales: Melosiraceae: Leptocylindrus 49

Family Melosiraceae Ktzing 1844

Genus Leptocylindrus Cleve 1889

Cells perfectly cylindrical-shaped. Cells tightly united by abutting valve faces in straight chains. Valves flat, slightly convex or concave without spines. Numerous half band or collar-like intercala-ry band, but copulae not visible even after glowing in the girdle view. Short flap-like spines on the border between the valve face and the valve mantle. Chloroplasts small. Nucleus near the wall of the girdle zone.

Type: Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve.Number of species: 8 species.disTribuTioN: Antarctic and subarctic, Norwegian fjords, Arctic, neritic of temperate waters.Key refereNce: Delgado and Fortuno 1991, pl. 61. f. c, d.

Key to two Leptocylindrus species

1a. Cells 2-5 times as long as wide, diameter 6-11 m wide, chloroplasts numerous small rounded in the cell wall L. danicus

1b. Cells about 10 times as long as wide, diameter 1.5-2.5 m wide, chloroplasts 2 elongated-shape per cell L. minimus

19. Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve 1889 (Figs. 37, 38)

Gran 1915: p. 72. f. 5. Hustedt 1930: p. 556-557. f. 317-321. Gran & Angst 1931: p. 456. f. 35. Cupp 1943: p. 78. f. 39. Subrahmanyan 1946: p. 113. f. 109, 110. Kokubo 1955: p. 138. f. 126. Brunel 1962: p. 58. pl. 1. f. 1, 2. Hendey 1964: p. 140. pl. V. f. 2. Fryxell 1989: p. 4. f. 1-5. Takano 1990: p. 236, 237. Delgado & Fortuo 1991: pl. 61. f. c, d. Shim 1994: p. 160. pl. 8. f. 22. Hasle & Syvertsen 1996: p. 93. pl. 14, 15. Lee 1999: p. 114, 115. f. 52.

Cells cylindrical and united in long chains. Chains straight or slightly arched in the center, pressed tightly together. Cells 2-5 times as long as wide. Cells 6-10 m in diameter without de-pressions where adjacent cells united. Valve flat or slightly concave/convex without spines. Chlo-roplasts numerous small rounded in the cell wall.

Type: None.origiNal descripTioN: Cleve, P.T. 1889. Pelagisk Diatomeer frn Kattegat, In: Det Videnskabelige

Udbytte af Kanonbaaden Hauchs Togter i de Danske Have Indefor Skagen, I. Aarene 1883-86.

(Peteren, C.G.J. Eds), pp. 53-56. Kbenhavn: Andr. Fred. Hst & Sons Forlag.seasoNaliTy: All season.disTribuTioN: Gran and Angst (1931) reported that L. danicus was not common, but Cupp (1943)

showed abundantly at Scotch Cap, Alaska and in the Gulf of Californica. Subrahmanyan (1946) collected it from the neritic area of European coast, particularly frequently in the north Europe


and Mediterranean Sea. Kokubo (1955) observed a frequent distribution from December to February in Hokkaido. this species is probably a neritic plankton form common in temterate waters, English Channel, Scottish lochs, Davis Stait, North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Danish Seas.

Korea: This species appeared blooms in the Masan Bay in the spring season of 1976 (Yoo and Lee 1980; Yoo and Lee 1987). Shim (1994) found a neritic species in temperate waters, in the coastal waters of Korea in-cluding South Sea, Yellow Sea, East Sea and Jeju Island. Lee (1999) reported a huge blooms in Masan Bay, Yeosu coast, Kangjin Bay and Tongyeong coast in 1990, 1996 and 1997.

specimeNs examiNed: Photos.

Fig. 38. Distribution of Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve in the coastal waters of Korea.

Fig. 37. Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve. A. Stylized drawing of Leptocylindrus danicus. Chloroplasts adjacent to cell wall (up), circular form of resting spore (down). B and D. Straight colony forms. D. Three-celled colony focused on chloroplasts. LM (B-D).

A B

C D

10 m

10 m 10 m

Centrales: Melosiraceae: Leptocylindrus 51

remarKs: L. danicus and L. minimus are distinguished by the diameter, the shape of chloroplast and the resting spores (Hasle and Syvertsen 1996).

20. Leptocylindrus minimus Gran 1915 (Figs. 39, 40)

Gran & Angst 1931: p. 457. f. 36. Subrahmanyan 1946: p. 113. f. 108. Kokubo 1955: p. 139. f. 128. Hendey 1964: p. 140. pl. V. f. 3. Shim 1994: p.

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