Algeria Tunisia Morocco

Link to syllabus

Link to Algeria Chronology

Link to World Debt Tables

Link to World Debt Tables

Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

Link to http://i-cias.com/e.o/index.htm

Map of northern Africa

Algeria Map

Algeria Physical map

Ahmed Ben Balla

Born 1916President 1963-65

A soldier in the French armyduring WWII, he was a founderof the FLN. Spent several yearsin French prisons. Criticized forinflated ideological rhetoric.After his overthrow he was keptunder house arrest, then sent into exile until 1990.

Houari Boumedienne

1932-1978

President 1965-1978

Studied at Islamic Institute andat al-Azhar in Cairo. Had become a Coronel in the FLN in1957.Pursued socialisant policies,including nationalization of thepetroleum industry.Died of an obscure blood disease.

Chadli Benjedid

President 1978-1992

Becomes president upon Boumedienne’s death, pursues amore moderate line.

Liamine Zeroual

Born 1932

President 1994-99

General who was chosenPresident by the military.his main assignment was toquell the Islamists – this wasa period of Civil War.

Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Born 1937President since 1999

Joined FLN upon finishingsecondary school. Served as Foreign Ministerto Ben Balla and Boumedienne.Said to present a more upper-class persona, although he hasmoderate policies towards armed Islamists

Algeria: Real GDP/Capita

Algeria

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Samir Amin, 1931-

Noted Egyptian social scientist. Trained in Paris. Neo-Marxist, believerin self-reliance. Author of: Accumulation On a World Scale, Neo-Colonialism in West Africa, The Arab Nation. Worked for U.N.Economic Committee of Africa.

Algeria: Inflation

Algeria

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Algeria: Land UseAlgeria: Land Use

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Algeria: Ag outputAlgeria: Agricultural GDP

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.00E+10

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

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Algeria: Debt Service RatiosAlgeria: Debt Service Ratios

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Algeria: Foreign AidAlgeria: Foreign Aid

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Seasonal labor migration in French North Africa, 1930

Source: Neil Macmaster, “Labour Migration in French North Africa,” inThe Cambridge Survey of World Migration

Tunisia

Link to syllabus

Tunisia Chronology

Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

Link to WDI

Tunisia: Roads and

Cities

Tunisia: Topographical

Habib Bourguiba

1903-2000Ruled 1957-1987

Educated in Tunis and at U. ofParis; married French woman.Founded Neo-Destour Party.Moderate secularist, with echoes of Ataturk in his policies.Dynamic personality, but wasin power too long, as his healthgave out. Was eventually overthrown by his PrimeMinister.

Zine el Abidine Ben Ali

Born 1936President since 1987

Seen as controlling Islamistradicals, while bringing Islamback into Tunisian society. Has maintained internationalpresence of Tunisia.

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Comments on Events in Tunisia

Ben Ali’s ousting was incredibly rapid, and unexpectedWhy this ‘revolution’? Corruption, especially around the president, and his wife’s clan Lack of democracy The role of economic policy was present, but subsidiary Errors/miscalculations on the part of their security people, “FBI” Strong organizing role of labor unions andapparently of Communist Party; minimal role of IslamistsNo one knows where it will end up. Democratic election – then, with which parties? Military government Continued instability in national leadership Return of Ben Ali’s groupSuggestive model for regime change in Egypt, Saudi A., Jordan, elsewhereHypocrisy of France and the U.S.

Types of MENA Political Regimes: Clement and SpringborgGlobalization and the Politics of Development in the M.E.

Bunker States Algeria, Libya, Yemen, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, Syria

Bully Praetorian States Egypt, Tunisia, Palestinian Authority

Globalization Monarchies Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, early Hashemite Iraq

Precarious Democracies Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Iran (but slipping into the bully praetorian category)

Regime types (II)

Bunker states: Led by social forces that are minorities (Alawi in Syria) Have little institutional capacity to manage economy Have largest informal sectors, and low tax rates. Technocrats have little power to determine policy Have low financial development

Praetorian Bully States Rule rests on institutional power of military/security/party Have large government sectors Characterized by ‘crony capitalism’ Stifle private sector Lack political legitimacy

Tunisia: Real GDP/Capita

Tunisia

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Tunisia: Inflation

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Tunisia: Foreign AidTunisia: Foreign Aid

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Tunisia: Debt ServiceTunisia: Debt Service Ratios

05

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0246

8101214

Total debt service (%of exports of goodsand services)

Total debt service (%of GNI)

Morocco

Link to syllabus

Morocco Chronology

Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

Link to WDI

Morocco: Cities and Roads

Morocco Topographical

Muhammad 5

1909 - 1961 Sultan 1927-57, king 1957-61

After winning independence for Morocco, heis able to maintain monarchical system, withsignificant aid from the military and police.

King Hassan 2

1929 - 1999King 1961 – 1999

The oldest son of Muhammad 5, and father of Muhammad 6. Studied at schools in Morocco. Had beenhead of Royal Armed Forces.Among the most pro-western leaders ofthe region, and most pro-capitalist, whilealso clashing with neighboring countries. Survived several assassination attempts inthe 1970s. Territorial conflicts over WesternSahara with Mauritania.

King Muhammad 6

Born 1963King from 1999

Some education in France, and workwith EU Commission in Brussels.Expected to continue policiesof his father (and grandfather),especially with regard to Europe

Morocco: Real GDP/Capita

Morocco

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1000000000

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Morocco Foreign AidMorocco: Foreign Aid

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0

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Morocco: Inflation

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Libya Physical Map

Libya: map of cities and roads

Libya Chronology

Mommar Khadafi

Born 1942 in a tentRuler since 1969

Studied at Univ. of Libya, and military schoolLed coup against king.Said to live a frugal life.Has supported severalarmed movements throughoutthe Arab world, includingLockerbie bombing. Has moderated with age.

Libya: Inflation Rate

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