STUDY OF LIGHTNING GROUND FLASHES INTERACTION
WITH RAILWAY LINES
ALI AHMED ALI SALEM
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
STUDY OF LIGHTNING GROUND FLASHES INTERACTION WITH RAILWAY
LINES
ALI AHMED ALI SALEM
This project report presented in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
January 2016
ii
Special dedication
I dedicate this work to my beloved mother, father,wife,brother and son.
.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises is to ALLAH Subhanahu wa ta’ala for bestowing me with health,
opportunity, patience, and knowledge to complete this research. May the peace and
blessings of ALLAH Subhanahu wa Ta’aala be upon Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu
alayhi wa sallam).
My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor Prof. Dr.Hussein Bin Ahmed ,
for his invaluable guidance, excellent supervision, continuous encouragement and
constant support in making this research possible. His cooperation, tolerance,
constructive criticism and useful suggestions have been of immense encouragement
to me and enabled me to develop a deeper understanding of this research. I sincerely
thank him for the time spent in proofreading and correcting my mistakes.
I am especially indebted to my parents and my brother, who were my first
teachers in this world by setting a good example for me about how to live, study, work
and for their love, sacrifices, and support. I also acknowledge with thanks and humility
my wife and daughter who have remained my anchor in terms of love, support,
encouragement and prayers. I will forever remain grateful to them.
Finally, I extend my gratitude to all those who were directly or indirectly
involved by either encouraging, praying and offering constructive advice in this
project work.
Thank you.
iv
ABSTRACT
Railway signaling systems on conventional lines of Malaysian railway companies
have been damaged from lightning, especially in 2010. Therefore, effective and
economical lightning protection measures are necessary for railway signaling systems
because suspended operation or train delays due to lightning damage may cause social
disruption. For analyzing lightning risk and making study for countermeasures against
lightning damage, must measure the lightning overvoltage on railway signaling
cables, which were laid at the ground surface and overhead, and rails in the field to
enable quantitative analysis of the frequency of lightning overvoltage occurrence.
Moreover, we investigated the correlation of lightning overvoltage (V) on signaling
cables and rails with lightning conditions, such as the strike current (I) and the strike
position ( distance from the measuring position). From this we deduced the correlation
between the lightning overvoltage (V) and (I), expressed as a linear expression. From
this correlation, the lightning risk for railway signaling systems against lightning
conditions can be estimated. In addition, it is possible to calculate the possibility of
lightning damage to railway signaling equipment.
v
ABSTRAK
Railway sistem pada talian konvensional syarikat keretapi di Malaysia isyarat telah
rosak dari kilat, terutamanya pada tahun 2010. Oleh itu, langkah-langkah
perlindungan kilat berkesan dan ekonomi yang perlu untuk sistem isyarat kereta api
kerana operasi atau kereta api digantung kelewatan akibat kerosakan kilat boleh
menyebabkan gangguan sosial. Untuk menganalisis risiko kilat dan membuat kajian
untuk langkah balas terhadap kerosakan kilat, mesti mengukur voltan lampau kilat di
kereta api isyarat kabel, yang telah dibentangkan di permukaan tanah dan overhed,
dan landasan keretapi di lapangan untuk membolehkan analisis kuantitatif kekerapan
berlakunya kilat voltan. Selain itu, kami mengkaji korelasi voltan lampau kilat (V)
pada isyarat kabel dan landasan dengan keadaan kilat, seperti mogok semasa (I) dan
kedudukan mogok (jarak dari kedudukan pengukur). Dari sini kita disimpulkan
hubungan antara voltan lampau kilat (V) dan (I), dinyatakan sebagai ungkapan linear.
Dari korelasi ini, risiko kilat untuk sistem isyarat kereta api terhadap keadaan kilat
boleh dianggarkan. Di samping itu, ia adalah mungkin untuk mengira kemungkinan
kerosakan kilat untuk peralatan kereta api isyarat.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
TITLE
APPROVAL i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project background 1
1.2 Problem statements 2
1.3 Project objectives 2
1.4 Project scopes 3
1.5 Thesis outline 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Mechanism of Lightning to railway 5
2.3 Effects of Lightning Discharges in the railway 6
2.3.1 Direct strokes 7
2.3.2 Indirect effects. 7
2.4 Railway system 7
vii
2.4.1 Lightning Surge parameters of the rail 8
2.4.2 Surge attenuation ratio in the rail 8
2.9.3 Electric circuit for the railway 9
2.5 Kluang double -track railway system 9
2.6 Modeling Indirect Lightning Strikes for Railway Systems 11
With Lumped Components 11
2.6.1 Induced voltages across lumped devices along the track
System in railway and transmissions lines. 11
2.6.2 The Electrified Railway System. 14
2.7 Pole insulator flashover and ionization at the pole footing. 16
2.7.1. Interconnection between the conductors 16
2.7.2. Pole insulator flashover and soil ionization at the pole
footing.
16
2.8 Waves on Railway Lines. 18
2.8.1 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves
(bewley lattice diagram) 20
2.8.2 Propagation the waves in bewley lattice diagram method. 21
2.9 Lightning risk evaluation for railway signalling systems 22
2.10 Devices along Electrified Railway Systems. 24
2.10.1 Trackside Transformers. 24
2.10.2 Track Circuit. 25
2.10.3 The effect in interlocking relay railroad crossing work 26
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Flow chart of project 30
3.3 Lightning parameters and equivalent attractive area in kluang 31
train station.
3.4 Railway study Overview. 32
3.5 Railway model. 32
3.6 Analysis of the lightning stroke to railway tracks. 33
3.6.1 Simultaneous and multiple Direct lightning strike. 33
3.6.2 Simultaneous and single direct lightning strike 34
3.6.3 Direct multiple lightning strike in the different time. 34
viii
3.6.4 Simultaneous and multiple Indirect lightning strike 35
3.6.5 Indirect multiple lightning strike in the different time 37
3.7 Measurement kluang railway tracks. 37
3.8 Calculation voltages and currents values in kluang railway tracks. 38
3.9 Simulink Of the interaction of lightning strike to railway tracks. 40
3.10 Graphic User Interface Simulation For direct and indirect
lightning strike with railway according to bweley lattice diagram. 41
3.11 Study Voltages Waves in Railway by GUI. 42
3.12 Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage at railway tracks. 43
3.12.1 Railway tracks model and resistor voltage divider. 43
3.12.2 Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage in railway track for
AC voltage.
45
3.12.3 Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage in railway track for
a lightning impulse voltage.
45
3.12.4 Calculation of overvoltage values. 47
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Generation Voltage and Current Impulses. 50
4.3 Results Simulink Interaction Lightning With Railway System
(direct stroke). 51
4.3.1 results the voltages and currents when intraction
Single Lightning Strike In Railway. 51
4.3.1.1 Overvoltages at railway track S with SRG and SG strike. 51
4.3.1.2 The overvoltages at raialway track R when SRG strike. 52
4.3.1.3 Overvoltage at railway track R where SG strike. 54
4.3.1.4 The overcurrent waves at railway track -S. 55
4.3.1.5 The overcurrents waves at railway track R where
SG strike.
56
4.3.1.6 Overcurrent waves at railway track R where SRG
strike.
57
4.3.2 Multiple Lightning strike to the railway track
for the simultaneous case.
58
4.3.2.1 Voltages at railway track S. 59
ix
4.3.2.2 Overcurrent waves at railway track S . 60
4.3.2.3 Overvoltage wave at railway track R where
SG strike of multiple srike.
61
4.3.2.4 Overurrent wave at railway track R where
SG strike -multiple.
62
4.3.2.5 Overvoltage and overcurrent wave at railway
track R where SRG strike –multiple strikes.
63
4.3.3 Multiple Lightning Strike at Railway track R
at the different time of occurrenc.
65
4.4 Results Simulink Interaction Lightning With Railway System
(indirect stroke). 66
4.4.1 The Overvoltages and overcurrents waves for a single
strike at railway track- S and railway track R.
66
4.4.2 The overvoltage and overcurrent waves for multiple
strikes occure simultaneously.
69
4.4.3 Overvoltage and overcurrent waves for amultiple
strikes in the different time.
71
4.5 Results of voltage impulses using graphic user interface. 72
4.6 Results of the value peak voltages and current for four point
using graphic user interface based to Bewley Lattice diagram.
73
. 4.7 Results of the Travelling waves for Lightning strike
at railway track.
75
4.8 Result voltages at MTLs in railway system. 76
4.9 Result of Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage
at railway track for AC voltage.
77
4.10 Result of Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage
at railway tracks for lightning impulse voltage.
79
4.11 Comparison result of voltage at railway track in laboratory
test with simulation.
81
CHAPTER 5 83
5.1 Conclusion 83
5.2 Future work 84
RRERENCES
APPENDIX
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Induced charges on railway 5
2.2 Categories of Lightning discharges 6
2.3 Railway track joint. 7
2.4 Profile of the railway track 8
2.5 Outline of measuring surge parameters of railway track 8
2.6 Railway tracks electric model propagation of surges 9
2.7 Railway tracks in Kluang station 10
2.8 Schematic of double-track railway system (axes are in metres). 10
2.9 MTL system representative of a typical railway traction
conductor feeding system 12
2.10 Railway track showing the complexity of MTLs 13
2.11 Railway track showing of MTLs in Malaysia 13
2.12 Schematic of single-track railway system (axes are in meters) 14
2.13 Ericsson BV-ECLALPLE 1S1.2 + 28P 0.9 cable, a typical
communication cable used in the railway systems 16
2.14 Interconnection between R5, R6 and R1 17
2.15 Insulators, connections and pole footing resistance in a single
track railway system 18
2.16 Travelling wave in railway Line model 18
2.17 Bewley Lattice diagram that illustrates the injected voltage
traveling back and forth in railway line 21
2.18 Bewley Lattice diagram for one section in railway line 22
2.19 Evaluation flow of lightning risk for railway signalling systems 23
2.20 Transformer connections in BT feeding systems 24
xi
2.21 Transformer connections in AT feeding systems 25
2.22 A typical track circuit configuration used in railway system 26
2.23 The JRK 10470 and BML 301053, a typical relay unit used in the
railway systems respectively. Adopted from 27
2.24 GRS Type-K interlocking relay 27
2.25 Cross railway with road in the Kluang 28
2.26 light signal closed When the train far from the road 28
2.27 light signal open. When the train near from the road (before cross
the road) 28
3.1 Flow chart of project. 30
3.2 A pictorial view of a section at Kluang railway track 31
3.4 System study overview. 32
3.5 Railway track Stricture 32
3.6 Railway track electric model 33
3.7 System study overview direct strike (∆t = 0) 33
3.8 Model railway in the direct strike 33
3.9 Single lightning strike to railway track 34
3.10 (a) Voltage waveforms on terminal “Rail (S). (b) Voltage
waveforms on “Rail (R) 34
3.11 System study overview direct strike (∆t ≠ 0) 34
3.12 System study overview indirect strike (∆t = 0) 35
3.13 Model of railway tracks subjected to indirect strikes 35
3.14 3-D representation of a lightning location strike the ground 50m
away from the test object railway tracks 36
3.15 System study overview indirect strike (∆t ≠ 0) 37
3.16 Measurement of R and L based on per meter 37
3.17 Measurement of C1 and C2 37
3.18 Tracks at the Kluang railway station 38
3.19 Three tracks with two tracks junction 39
3.20 Simulink circuit of lightning strike at railway tracks 41
3.21 GUI lightning strike at railway 42
3.22 The example railway tracks systems 42
3.23 Calculation of 4 railway tracks using GUI 43
3.24 Railway tracks model 43
xii
3.25 Resistor voltage divider 44
3.26 Connection of resistor voltage divider 44
3.27 Laboratory testing of induced overvoltage with single-stage AC
Voltage 45
3.28 Experimental setup for Generation of Lightning Impulse
Voltages 46
3.29 Schematic diagram of the lightning impulse voltages
component 46
3.30 Schematic diagram of laboratory tests for lightning impulse
voltage 47
3.31 Schematic diagram of railway track test circuit for AC voltage 47
3.32 Schematic diagram of railway track test circuit for lightning
impulse voltage 48
4.1 Voltage wave 50
4.2 Current wave 50
4.3 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track S where SG strike
(V1) 51
4.4 Overvoltage wave at point 3 at railway track S where SG strike
(V3) 52
4.5 Overvoltage wave at point 7 at railway track S where SG strike
(V7) 52
4.6 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track R where SRG
strike (V1’) 53
4.7 Overvoltage wave at point 3 in railway track R where SRG
strike (V3’) 53
4.8 Overvoltage wave at point 7 at railway track where SRG strike
(V7’) 53
4.9 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track R where SG strike 54
4.10 Overvoltage waveform at point 3 at railway track R where SG
strike 54
4.11 Overvoltage waveform at point 7 at railway track R where SG
strike 55
4.12 Overcurrent wave at point 1 at railway track S (I1) 55
4.13 Overcurrent wave at point 3 at railway track S (I3) 56
xiii
4.14 Overcurrent wave at point 7 at railway track S (I7) 56
4.15 Overcurrent wave at point 1 at railway track R where SG strike
(I1’) 57
4.16 Overcurrent wave at point 7 at railway track R where SG strike
(I7’) 57
4.17 Overcurrent wave at point 1 at railway track R where SRG
strike 58
4.18 Overcurrent wave at point 7 at railway track R where SRG
strike 58
4.19 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track S of multiple
strike 59
4.20 Overvoltage wave at point 3 at railway track S of multiple
strike 59
4.21 Overvoltage wave at point 7 at railway track S of multiple
strike 59
4.22 Overcurrent waves at points 1, 3 and 7 at railway track S of
multiple strike (I1, I3 and I7) 60
4.23 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track R where SG strike
of a multiple strike (V1’) 61
4.24 Overvoltage wave at point 3 at railway track R where SG strike
of a multiple (V3’) 61
4.25 Overvoltage wave at point 7 at railway track R where SG strike
of a multiple strike (V7’) 62
4.26 Overcurrent waves at point 1, 3 and 7 at railway track R with
SG strike of multiple strike (I1, I3 and I7’) 62
4.27 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track R where SRG
strike of a multiple strike (V1’’) 63
4.28 Overvoltage wave at point 3 at railway track R where SRG
strike of a multiple strike (V3’’) 63
4.29 Overvoltage wave at point 7at railway track R where SRG
strike of a multiple strike (V7’’) 64
4.30 Over currents waves at points 1, 3 and 7 at railway track R
where SRG strike of a multiple strike (I1’’, I3’’ and I7’’) 64
xiv
4.31 Overvoltage waves at points 1, 3 and 7 at railway track of a
multiple strike (V1, V3 and V7) 65
4.32 Overcurrent waves at points 1, 3 and 7 at railway track of a
multiple strike (I1, I3 and I7) 66
4.33 Overvoltage waves at points 3, 6 and 8 at railway track for a
single strike (V3, V6 and V8) 67
4.34 Overcurrent waves at points 3, 6 and 8 at railway track for a
single strike (I3, I6 and I8) 67
4.35 Overvoltage waves at points 3, 6 and 8 at railway track R for a
single strike (V3’, V6’ and V8’) 68
4.36 Overcurrent waves at points 3, 6 and 8 at railway track for a
single strike (I3’, I6’ and I8’) 69
4.37 Overvoltage waves at points 2, 4’ and 6 at railway tracks for a
multiple strikes (V2, V4’and V6). 70
4.38 Overcurrent waves at points 2, 4’ and 6 at railway tracks for a
multiple strikes (I2, I4’and I6 70
4.39 Overvoltage waves at points 2, 4’ and 6 at railway tracks for a
multiple strikes (V2, V4’and V6) 71
4.40 Overcurrent waves at points 2, 4’ and 6 at railway tracks for a
multiple strikes (I2, I4’and I6) 72
4.41 Overvoltage impulse when ΔT=1 when time frame is 2T 72
4.42 Overvoltage impulse when ΔT=2 and time frame is 4T 73
4.43 Voltage impulse when ΔT=3 and time frame is 6T 73
4.44 Peak voltages for 4 points using Bweley Lattice diagram 73
4.45 Peak voltages for 4 points using Bweley Lattice diagram 74
4.46 Waves of the voltages at end sending and receiving for a single
strike for one railway track using Bweley Lattice diagram 74
4.47 Wave of the voltages at end sending for a multiple strike at one
railway track using Bweley Lattice diagram 74
4.48 Transmitted waves at junction A 75
4.49 Transmitted waves at junction B 75
4.50 Transmitted waves at junction C 76
4.51 Transmitted waves at junction D 76
4.52 Overvoltage waves at MTLs and railway tracks 77
xv
4.53 Oscilloscope reading for AC voltage test 79
4.54 Output railway track overvoltage impulse for 1 µs 80
4.55 Output railway track overvoltage impulse for 10 µs 80
4.56 Input railway track overvoltage impulse for 5 µs 80
4.57 Input railway track overvoltage impulse for 1 µs 81
4.58 Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage at railway track for
lightning impulse voltage connection 81
4.59 Overvoltage wave at point 1 at railway track S and R. 82
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Conductor nomenclature of Kluang tracks 10
2.2 Material properties of MTLs 11
2.3 Base-current parameter values. 12
2.4 Conductor radii and characteristic impedances for Figure 2.16 12
2.5 Conductor nomenclature 14
2.6 Conductor nomenclatures and properties in a typical single-track
electrified railway system 15
2.7 Impulse withstand levels for the insulators 17
3.1 Parameter pertaining location of study 32
3.2 R, L, C1, C2, Z and Y of the Kluang railway tracks 38
3.3 The Reflection coefficient and refraction coefficient in points
along railway tracks 39
3.4 Magnitude of over voltages at various points on the track 40
3.5 Magnitude of overvoltage at the junctions A and B 40
3.6 Parameters of simulink railway model 40
3.7 Parameter of railway tracks systems 42
3.8 Railway tracks model specifications 44
3.9 Single-stage AC Voltage technical Specification 45
4.1 Overvoltage values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7 single lightning
directly 52
4.2 Overvoltage values in tracks R in point 1, 3 and 7 single
lightning directly 54
4.3 Overvoltage values in tracks R in point 1, 3 and 7 where SG
strike single 55
xvii
4.4 Overcurrent values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7 56
4.5 Overcurrent values in tracks R in point 1, 3 and 7 when SG strike 57
4.6 Overcurrent values in tracks R in point 1 and 7 when SRG strike 58
4.7 Overvoltage values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7-multiple
strikes 60
4.8 Overcurrent values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7-multiple strike 61
4.9 Overvoltage values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7-multiple
strikes 62
4.10 Overvoltage values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7 63
4.11 Overvoltage values in tracks S in point 1, 3 and 7-multiple
strikes 64
4.12 Overcurrent values in tracks R in point 1, 3 and 7 where SRG
strike 65
4.13 Overvoltage values in tracks R in point 1, 3 and 7-multiple
strikes 66
4.14 Overcurrent values in tracks R in point 1, 3 and 7-multiple strike 66
4.15 Overvoltage values in tracks R in point 3, 6 and 8 –indirect 67
4.16 Overcurrent values in tracks R in point 3, 6 and 8-indirect 68
4.17 Overvoltage values in tracks R in point 3, 6 and 8-indirect 68
4.18 Overcurrent values in tracks R in point 3, 6 and 8 69
4.19 Overvoltage values in tracks S and R in point 2, 4 and 6 69
4.20 Overvoltage values in tracks S and R in point 2, 4 and 6 70
4.21 Overvoltage values in tracks S and R in point 2, 4 and 6 71
4.22 Overcurrent values in tracks S and R in point 2, 4 and 6 72
4.23 Input voltage and current and Oscilloscope reading output
voltage 77
4.24 New overvoltage value that induced in railway track R model for
all the experience 78
4.25 Results of Laboratory tests of induced overvoltage at railway
track for lightning impulse voltage 79
4.26 Percentage output values to input values for lightning impulse
voltage 79
xviii
4.27 Induced overvoltage at railway track for lightning impulse
voltage 82
xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
MLS Multiple lightning stroke
FLF Flash Lightning Flatlands
MV Mega voltage
LF Leader Formation
CC Cloud-to-cloud
BL Ball lightning
GC Ground-to-cloud
E Electrical fields
V Propagation speed
RS Railway System
R Resistance
L IInductance
G Conductance
Γ Propagation constant
RLs Railway lines
BTs Booster transformers
ATs Autotransformers
EMI Electromagnetic interferenc
𝜶 Refection Coefficient
𝜷 Transmission Coefficients
A Equivalent Attractive area
b Effective width
Ra Equivalent Attractive distance
BLD Bewley lattice diagram
Z Impedance
xx
Y Admittance
SG Railway track S and ground
SRG Railway track S and Railwaytrack R and ground
MTLs Multiple transmission lines
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Lightning is an important meteorological process, it is a dangerous natural
phenomenon which causes disturbances in our life, and it has a bad effect on mankind.
So a great attention has been taken towards this phenomenon. From railway point of
view, these rails should be protected against this phenomenon, where large parts of
the railway exposed to lightning. System components can be exposed to lightning-
induced overvoltage's; this overvoltage have high magnitude comparing with any
voltage level of the distribution network, so flashover is generated causing damage to
the equipment when insufficient protection against this phenomenon is used. This
directly effects on system reliability for railways. Of all lightning discharges only
around 25% of the lightning bolt reaches the ground. Lightning being an intense
power source (although of short duration), has the potential to cause significant
damage to life and property [1].
Attempts to understand the phenomena (being most spectacular in nature but
destructive), has been a great challenge and forms one of the well-researched area. In
spite of enormous research efforts, when it comes to the question of “how likely is it
that lightning will strike an object and cause damage?” deterministic answers are not
possible yet [2]. For such questions one needs to heavily depend upon the lightning
statistics. The other variables on which the CG discharges depend are terrain, tall
structures & trees, their relative spatial spread, shape and composition of the
structures, and soil resistivity (which has bearing on dampness and its type), to name
a few important ones [3]. Lightning CG discharges have many destructive effects, as
is widely known. The more damaging effects have come to the fore due to its indirect
2
effects on modern electronic gadgets, which are susceptible to surge voltages and
currents. The effort here is to bring out the salient features of lightning with specific
reference to indirect effects. The lightning is the main cause of problems in railway
in the world [4] [5].
1.2 Problem Statement
Lightning strikes are atmospheric phenomena which have adverse effects on railway.
Lightning strikes damaged rail infrastructure an average of 192 times each year
between 2010 and 2013, with each strike leading to 361 minutes of delays. In addition,
58 trains schedules a year were cancelled due to lightning related faults. Predicting
the geographical and temporal distribution of the lightning strike densities through
modeling can help railway designers to improve the protection of the existing and new
railway. When lightning strikes a rail, the high voltage can damage this sensitive
electronic signaling equipment. As our signaling system fails safe, when a component
is damaged all signals in the area turn red and trains must stop. In order to compare
the results of the model simulations to the physical data, characterization is required.
The distribution of the lightning strike densities generates patterns which are highly
nonlinear and no stationary. Nowadays simulation technique is implemented to
improve traditional techniques, where the results can be obtained instantaneously after
it analyzes the input data of the railway such as currents (i) and voltages (v). In this
project MATLAB SIMULINK is used to simulate railway system and analyze the
result.
1.3 Project Objectives
This project proposes the analysis simulation of lightning strike in railway using
MATLAB program, the objectives of the work are:
i) To design railway model through direct and indirect lightning strike using
MATLAB tools and analyze the step by step the voltage and current
curves.
ii) To analyze the scenario of propagation currents and voltages and the
travel waves that cause the system instability in railway according to
Bewley Lattice diagram after the lightning stroke.
3
iii) To test of railway track model with a single lightning impulse voltage and
AC voltage in the laboratory.
1.4 Project Scope
The project primarily concerned with lightning ground flashes interaction with
railway lines .the scope of this project are:
(i) The Malaysian railway transport system will be studied and the case study
is based on Kluang railway station.
(ii) Simulation of the lightning-induced surge propagation along the railway
lines will be done using Bewley Lattice method of analysis.
(iii) Modeling and simulation analysis study will be also involve with the use
of MATLAB software and laboratory test.
(iv) In the project simulation execution ,the flashing lightning strike modes be
focused :
a) Single lightning stroke.
b) Multiple lightning stroke (multiplicity level up to 2).
c) Multiple and Simultaneous lightning stroke (multiplicity level up to
2).
(v) In the laboratory test the lightning impulse voltage is more than 2 kV.
1.5 Thesis Outline
This thesis is separated into 5 chapters. In the first chapter focuses on outlines the
main idea of this project. The would explained about lightning phenomenon,
motivation methods and principals locating of lightning strikes, and literature reviews
of previous researchers this in the second chapter. The following describe the
methodology of the project, including the tools and equipment's, procedure and
processes involved for the hardware and software development of the entire project.
And in forth chapter discussed on the results obtained from the lightning detection
system. Finally in chapter 5 is about conclusion and recommendations that can be
used for further research related to this topic in future would be included.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Lightning is a sudden high-voltage discharge of electricity that occurs within a cloud,
between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground and external of the cloud. Globally,
there are about 40 to 50 flashes of lightning every second or nearly 1.4 billion flashes
per year. These electrical discharges are extreme deadly and devastative. Lightning is
a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground. In
the early stages of development, air acts as an insulator between the positive and
negative charges in the cloud and between the cloud and the ground. When the
opposite charges builds up enough, this insulating capacity of the air breaks down and
there is a rapid discharge of electricity that we know as lightning. The flash of lightning
temporarily equalizes the charged regions in the atmosphere until the opposite charges
build up again [6].Lightning can occur between opposite charges within the
thunderstorm cloud (intra-cloud lightning) or between opposite charges in the cloud
and on the ground (cloud-to-ground lightning).Lightning is one of the oldest observed
natural phenomena on earth. It can be seen in volcanic eruptions, extremely intense
forest fires, surface nuclear detonations, heavy snow storms, in large hurricanes, and
obviously, thunderstorms. Lightning strike comes about every day in the world. The
lightning strike towards the surface on earth has been estimated at 100 times every
second. Thus, almost every governments suffer major loses because of this
phenomenon every year. It also would cause horrific injury and fatality to humans and
5
animals. The lightning may affect almost every organ system as the current passes
through the human body taking the shortest pathways between the contact points.
There are 25.9% of lightning strike occurrences for victims who took sheltered under
trees or shades, whereas 37% at open space area. Head and neck injury are two
common areas which have an effect on the lightning strike victims with 77.78% and
74% respectively. Only 29.63% of the cases presented with ear bleeding [7].United
State National Lightning Safety Institution reported that Malaysia has highest
lightning activities in the world whilst the average-thunder day level for Malaysia’s
capital Kuala Lumpur within 180 - 260 days per annum [8, 9]. The isokeraunic level
is approximately 200 thunderstorm days a year. The lightning ground flash density is
2.2 Mechanism of Lightning to railway.
Lightning is an electric discharge in the form of a spark or flash originating in a
charged cloud. It has now been known for a long time that thunder clouds are charged,
and that the negative charge center is located in the lower part of the cloud where the
temperature is about - 50 C, and that the main positive charge center is located several
kilometers higher up, where the temperature is usually below - 200 C. In the majority
of storm clouds, there is also a localized positively charged region near the base of
the cloud where the temperature is 00 C. Figure 2.1 shows such a cloud located above
an overhead transmission line.
Figure 2.1: Induced charges on railway.
Fields of about 1000 V/m exist near the Centre of a single bipolar cloud in
which charges of about 20 C are separated by distances of about 3 km, and indicate
the total potential difference between the main charge centres to be between 100 and
6
1000 MV. The energy dissipated in a lightning flash is therefore of the order of 1000
to 10,000 MJ, much of which is spent in heating up a narrow air column surrounding
the discharge, the temperature rising to about 15,000 0 C in a few tens of
microseconds. Vertical separation of the positive and negative charge centres is about
2 - 5 km, and the charges involved are 10 - 30 C [10]. The average current dissipated
by lightning is of the order of kilo-amperes. During an average lightning storm, a total
of the order of kilo-coulombs of charge would be generated, between the 00 C and
the -40 0 C levels, in a volume of about 50 km3 [11].
2.3 Effects of lightning discharges in the railway.
The physics of lightning is still a mystery. CG discharges can be quite destructive,
particularly when grounded objects are not protected. The number of lightning related
deaths in humans is small when compared to other causes of accidents. Livestock on
the farms is most susceptible, particularly four legged animals with large spans
between legs; e.g. cattle’s. Lightning plays an important role in forest fires and
associated damages. Interaction of CG discharges with railway can disrupt power
lines can causing power failures [12]. The effects of CG discharges can be broadly
classified into two categories, namely: (i) direct (direct strokes), and (ii) indirect
(indirect strokes). Indirect effects can be further viewed as those due to: (a)
conductive, inductive and capacitive coupling, and (b) radioactive coupling [13].
Figure 2.2: Categories of Lightning discharges.
7
2.3.1 Direct strokes.
A lightning CG discharge, strikes an object directly, such as power-line or building,
and it can result in significant damage. Direct effects generally result in physical
damage and have associated fire hazards. In the case of buildings it can result in cracks
in the masonry work. The injected voltages and currents associated with direct strokes
being much higher compared to indirect strokes, will have the ability even to damage
power and distribution equipment and cut railway [14]. Most often the electrical
motor insulations associated with the irrigation pump becomes the victim of a direct
stroke. Other common examples are welding of contactors of the motors starters and
explosion of power distribution transformers. The protections in the form of lightning
rods and ground overhead wires can significantly reduce the chances of direct strokes.
Having averted the direct strokes if one has to successfully reduce the probable
secondary effects an appropriate grounding and bonding system is a must [15].
2.3.2 Indirect effects.
Even if the lightning rods and ground overhead wires effectively shield the buildings,
power lines, railways, and other objects, Once the lightning CG discharges are to the
ground rod and railway lines, the charges tend to flow to the ground through the
associated grounding system., the system needs grounding with zero ground
impedance, ideally. In actuality the ground impedances are neither zero nor stable due
to many of the soil properties and its associated parameters. There are guidelines
related to the threshold permissible values of earth resistances depending on the
criticality of the system being protected [16].
2.4 Railway system.
As show the figure 2.3 Rail composed of a set of sections connected by junctions long
the section about 100m.
Figure 2.3: Railway track joint.
8
The line profile of the rail track at the test section is shown in Figure. 2.13 a
rail track consists of rails, cross ties, a rail bed, and a track bed.
Figure 2.4: Profile of the railway track.
2.4.1 Lightning surge parameters of railway track [17].
The surge impedance and the surge propagation velocity are important parameters as
the surge characteristics of a rail. We investigated the surge impedance and the surge
propagation velocity between the rail and the ground due to measuring the injection
current to the rail and the induced voltage on the rail when the steep-front current was
injected into the rail. The outline of measuring method is shown in Figure2.5.
Figure 2.5: Outline of measuring surge parameters of railway track.
2.4.2 Surge attenuation ratio in the railway track.
The surge attenuation caused by traveling along the rail is important parameters as the
surge characteristics of a rail. We investigated the lightning surge attenuation ratio
due to measure the voltage waveforms between the rail and the ground at the Sending
end and the receiving end Surge.
9
2.4.3 Electric circuit for the railway.
The electric circuit, which is formed between sending end and receiving end of rail
showing in Figure 2.6 can be considered a two-port circuit composed from the
distributed-parameter line such as rails. We investigated the frequency-dependent
four-terminal parameters (resistance R, inductance L, conductance G and capacitance
C) of the rails to estimate the distributed parameter adopted in the calculation model
due to measure the open circuit impedance and the short circuit impedance by non-
grounding or grounding at the receiving end of rail, respectively. In the same way,
open/short circuit impedance between rails [18].
Figure 2.6: Railway tracks electric model propagation of surges.
2.5 Kluang single-track railway.
A photograph of the railway line in Kluang station is shown in Figure 2.7 it shows the
distribution of MRLs. Both the tracks and ground conductors are considered as MRLs
under the ground and are assumed to be infinite in either direction, which makes the
problem two-dimensional. The schematic of MRLs model for double -track electrified
railway system commonly found in Kluang is shown in Figure 2.15, the associated
conductor systems are described in Table 2.1. The different mediums that would be
of interest for the wave propagation studies are shown in Table 2.2. The typical values
shown in Table 2.2 are taken; further, they are nominal and do not correspond to some
extreme conditions of climate or temperature.
(2.6)
11
Figure 2.7: Railway tracks in Kluang station.
Figure 2.8: Schematic of double-track railway system (axes are in metres).
Table 2.1: Conductor nomenclature of Kluang tracks.
Conductor nomenclature Conductor with bundle
S1-rail Z1
R1-rail Z2
S2-rail Z3
R2-rail Z4
Cable Z5
Rail and ballast .include the conductor’s Z1 and Z2 are the rail1. Z3and Z4 are
the rail2. Z1 and Z3 are called the S-rail and is continuous and forms one of the
reference/return conductors.Z2 and Z4 are the I-rail, which is broken every 1.02 km
and is used for the signaling purpose. The track circuits are connected across the S-
rail and I-rail and across which a constant potential of 7V exists. This voltage
collapses to zero once the locomotive is on this section of the rails in the normal case.
Groun
d
11
Then relay units are also connected across the tracks. These serve the purpose of train
positioning and signaling systems. Z5 is the cable underground, which feeds the light.
The Kluang railway system works at 10 kV and 16(2/3) Hz [19].
Table 2.2: Material properties of MTLs.
Mediums/conductor
Systems
Relative
permittivity
Relative
permeability
Conductivity
(S/m)
Air 1.0 1.0 1.0e-11
Ballast 10.0 1.0 1.0e-5
Ground 10.0 1.0 4.0e-4
Z1,Z2,Z3and Z4 1.0 20.0 4.40e-6
2.6 Modeling direct Lightning Strikes for Railway Systems with Lumped
Components.
A model with most common devices connected along the multiconductor
transmission line (MTL) system of railway, i.e., booster transformers (BTs),
autotransformers (ATs), and track circuits, for evaluating the voltage and current
propagation due to lightning and switching transient sources was developed by the
authors [20]. As the potential between above ground wires and poles may exceed the
insulator impulse withstand voltage levels, flashovers occur and hence needs to be
implemented in the model [21].
2.6.1 Induced Voltages Across Lumped Devices Along The Track System in
Railway And Transmissions Lines.
The electromagnetic interference (EMI) source used in the calculations is
representative of a subsequent lightning return stroke. The lightning is simulated to
strike at a 50-m perpendicular distance from the midpoint of the system. The lightning
channel base-current wave shape, at time t, is expressed by the sum of two functions
expressed as (1), with the parameters as stated in Table 2.3 [22].With these parameter
values, the base current peak is about 12 kA. This current is assumed to propagate
upward in the lightning channel in accordance with the modified transmission-line
model with linear decay [23]. The field-to-line coupling model adopted in the
calculations is the Agrawal et al. model. In this model, the electromagnetic fields are
12
represented as series- and shunt-connected voltage sources along the lines of the MTL
system [24]. In the analysis, an MTL system, representative of the catenary track
system of electrified single-track railway system, as shown in Figure. 2.9, is
considered. As seen, this 6-km long MTL system consists of five overhead wires, S-
rail, I-rail, catenary, return conductor/negative feeder (called as return conductor), and
auxiliary wire. All lines are terminated to the finitely conducting ground (ground
resistivity 1000 Ω/m) by their self-characteristic impedance. The conductor radii and
characteristic impedances are given in Table 2.4. Characteristic impedances are
calculated for ideal ground, and are only approximate for finitely conducting ground.
The telegraphers’ equation for the 5-conductor transmission line system above finitely
conducting ground is given as follows [25]:
Table 2.3: Base-current parameter values.
I01 τ11 τ21 n1 I02 τ12 τ22 n2
(kA) (µs) (µs) (kA) (µs) (µs)
10.7 0.25 2.5 2 6.5 2.1 230 2
' Figure. 2.9: MTL system representative of a typical railway traction conductor
feeding system.
Table 2.4: Conductor radii and characteristic impedances for Figure 2.16.
S-Rail R-Rail Catenary Return/ Auxiliary
Neg.feeder wire
Radii(mm) 49.5 49.5 50.6 8.2 5.6
Zc(Ω) 186 186 331 442 490
13
In Figure 2.17. It shows the complex distribution of MTLs. In the simulation,
we have taken only a single-track system. However, an analysis with the double-track
system would be similar as described here but with more conductors. Both the tracks
and overhead conductors are considered as MTLs above the ground and are assumed
to be infinite in either direction [26].
Figure 2.10: Railway track showing the complexity of MTLs.
Figure 2.11: Railway track showing of MTLs in Malaysia
14
Figure 2.12: Schematic of single-track railway system (axes are in meters).
Table 2.5: Conductor nomenclature.
Conductor nomenclature Conductor with bundle
S-Rail R1
R-Rail R2
Contact and messenger R3
Reinforcement R4
Return R5 and R6
help R7-R9
2.6.2 The electrified railway system.
A normal single-track electrified railway system can consist of as many as ten above
ground conductors, and one buried communication cable along the track, not shown
in the cross sectional view of the MTL system. The contact and messenger cables,
both noted as R3 in the cross-sectional view of Figure. 2.17, are interconnected at
every 7-10 m and these conductors can, in accordance with the principle of bundled
conductors [27], be combined into a single conductor.
Railway
Tracks
15
Table 2.6: Conductor nomenclatures and properties in a typical single-track electrified
railway system.
Conductor nomenclature Conductor notation Conductivity (S/m)
S-Rail R1 4.4×10-6
R-Rail R2 4.4×10-6
Contact and messenger R3 5.8×10-7
Reinforcement R4 3.5×10-7
Return R5 and R6 3.5×10-7
help R7-R9 3.5×10-7
Names, notations and conductivities of the overhead conductors of Figure 1.1 are
presented in Table 2.6. The conductors forming the MTL system consist of the
following:
• Two rails; the S-rail, R1, is continuous though out the entire railway system and used
as a return path for the traction current and the I-rail, R2, has 45 insulated gaps at
regular intervals and is used for signaling purposes.
• The bundled R3 conductor, also known as the catenary wire, is used for feeding
power to the locomotive through the pantograph located on the locomotive roof with
15 kV, 16.67 Hz.
• An electrical reinforcement wire, R4, is running in parallel with the catenary and it
is connected to it every 200-300 m. This wire is present for reducing the catenary
system impedance.
• Return conductors, R5 and R6, are used for returning the traction currents to the
feeding stations.
• Auxiliary power wires, R7, R8 and R9, operating at 22 kV, 50 Hz are used to supply
power to trackside equipment after a step down to 400/230 V. The communication
cables used in the Swedish railway systems are buried or put in trenches at a depth of
0.5-0.75 m and about 1-2 m away from the tracks on the pole side. There are different
kinds of communication cables used on different track sections based on current
demand and future planning. A communication cable frequently used by Banverket is
the Ericsson made BV ECLALPLE 1S1.2 + 28P 0.9 [28], a cross sectional view of
this cable is shown in Figure 2.13. This multiconductor communication cable consists
of 60 copper conductors split in three layers, pair-wise twisted arrangement, enclosed
by a stranded aluminum shield and a steel armor [29].
16
Figure 2.13: Ericsson BV-ECLALPLE 1S1.2 + 28P 0.9 cable, a typical
communication cable used in the railway systems.
In double-track railway systems the tracks run in parallel and the overhead
conductors are mirrored, with a distance of 4.4-10 m between the centers of the lines,
with auxiliary wires only present at one side of the track [30].
2.7 Pole insulator flashover and ionization at the pole footing.
2.7.1 The interconnection between the conductors.
Interconnections between conductors play an important role in surge current
distribution. The return conductors (R5 and R6) and S-rail (R1) are connected together
at every 5 km. This situation is shown in Figure. 2.21 (dashed line). The
interconnection is assumed to be at the middle of the line being simulated, where the
lightning is assumed to strike at the top of conductor R7. The termination matrix at
this junction point on the middle of the line is a sparse conductance matrix with its
elements corresponding to short and open circuit resistances. Note that in all the
simulations, this junction is assumed to be in the middle of the two pole locations.
The distance between the two poles is 60 m.
2.7.2 Pole insulator flashover and soil ionization at the pole footing.
The poles support the conductors through insulators, which have different impulse
with stand voltages as shown in Table 2.7.
17
Figure 2.14: Interconnection between R5, R6 and R1.
The other terminations to the ground from the conductors are due to the
insulator flashovers on the poles and pole’s footing ionization/static resistance as the
case may be. Determining the equivalent termination resistance at the pole is a bit
complex and depends on the ionization characteristics at the pole footing and insulator
flashover behavior. The S-rail (R1) is connected to the pole footing directly and all
the other conductors excepting I-rail (R2) are connected to the pole through the
insulators, the schematic of which is shown in Fig. 2.22 The resistance (Rg) due to
soil ionization at the pole footing is calculated using the method proposed by the IEEE
standard [31],R0 is the footing resistance measured with low current (dc), IR the
lighting current through the footing resistance and Ig is the current required to produce
a voltage gradient, E0, at which soil breakdown occurs which is about 400 kV/m. The
termination resistance is calculated using the equivalent circuit based on the schematic
diagram shown Figure 2.15.
Table 2.7: Impulse withstand levels for the insulators.
Conductor
nomenclature
Ceramic insulator type Impulse withstand
voltage (kV)
R3 Rod or composite 225
R4 Lie post 170
R5 and R6 Spool 60
R7–R9 Pin 140
18
Figure 2.15: Insulators, connections and pole footing resistance in a single track
railway system.
At every 60 m along the MTL system there are poles. These are not only used
for grounding points for the S-rail, but also to hold the overhead wires in the air along
the system, as shown in Figure. 2.22. The above ground wires are connected onto this
pole by insulators of different materials and impulse withstand over voltages, as
shown in Table 2.7.
2.8 Waves on railway lines.
Figure 2.16: Travelling wave in railway Line model.
19
Considering the above railway line in the sinusoidal steady state. Assuming
series impedance per meter and shunt admittance per meter to neutral are:
𝑍 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝑙 (2.1)
𝑦 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝑐 (2.2)
From figure 2.16 V1 and I1 are per phase terminal voltages and currents at left
and V2, I2 are per phase terminal voltage and current at right. Considering a small
section of line length dx .Taking the series impedance and the shunt admittance of dx
are zdx and ydx respectively. The receiving end at the right side is located at x=0 and
the sending end at the left side is at x=L. Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law and
Kirchhoff’s current law to dx.
𝛾 = √𝑍𝑌 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 (2.3)
𝛾 is a complex quantity which is known as the propagation constant. Where
Z is the characteristic impedance of the line and is given by:
𝑍 = √𝑅+𝐿
𝜕
𝜕𝑡
𝐺+𝐶𝜕
𝜕𝑡
(2.4)
𝑍 = √𝐿
𝐶 (2.5)
This is the characteristic impedance of the line. This implies that the voltage
and current waves travel down the line without changing their shapes.
𝜕2𝑢
𝜕2𝑥2= 𝐿𝑐𝑢 (2.6)
Equation (2.6) is the so called travelling wave equation of a loss less railway
line. The solutions of voltage and current equations reduce to
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴1(𝑡)𝑒𝑥
𝑣 + 𝐴2(𝑡)𝑒−𝑥
𝑣 (2.7)
𝑖(𝑥, 𝑡) = −1
𝑍0[𝐴1(𝑡)𝑒
𝑥
𝑣 − 𝐴2(𝑡)𝑒−𝑥
𝑣 ] (2.8)
Where v is the travelling wave propagation speed defined as:
21
V = 1
√𝐿𝐶 (2.9)
2.8.1 Reflection and refraction of travelling waves (Bewley Lattice diagram)
When the wave propagates along a railway line with certain characteristic impedance,
there is a fixed relation between the voltage and current waves. The line is defined as:
𝛼 =𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍0
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍0
Where Z0 is a characteristic impedance of the line and ZR is the railway impedance
[32]. Similar coefficients can be obtained for the currents, but the current reflection
coefficient equals the negative of the voltage reflection coefficient value.
𝛽 = 𝑍0−𝑍𝑅
𝑍𝑅+𝑍0 (2.11)
As a special case, termination in a short circuit results in 𝛼 = -1 for the voltage
signals and 𝛽 = 1 for current signals. If the termination is an open circuit, ZR is infinite
and 𝛼 = 1 in the limit for the voltage signal and 𝛽 = -1 for the current signal. For a
travelling wave while propagating through the railway, the railway (refraction)
coefficient can be calculated as:
𝛽 = 2𝑍𝑅
𝑍𝑅+𝑍0 = 𝛼 + 1 (2.12)
Therefore, for a line terminated in a short circuit, the voltage of the backward
(or reflected) wave is equal and opposite to the voltage of the forward (or incident)
wave. The bounce diagram, also known as the lattice diagram, provides a systematic
way of tracing the wave propagation on a railway line in a graphical manner. This
methodology is called the bounce diagram since it represents the travel waves that
bounce back and forth at the impedance discontinuities of the railway line. Figure
2.17 shows the typical voltage bounce diagram [33] that represents the transient
voltage at the total railway length with an incidental voltage signal of V+.
(2.10)
21
Figure 2.17: Bewley Lattice diagram that illustrates the injected voltage traveling
back and forth in railway line.
𝑉𝑖,𝑗𝐿 = 𝛽𝑖−2,𝑖−1𝑉𝑖−1,𝑗
𝐿 + 𝛼𝑖−1,𝑖−2𝑉𝑖−1,𝑗𝑅 (2.13)
𝑉𝑖,𝑗𝑅 = 𝛼𝑖,𝑖+1𝑉𝑖+1,𝑗−1
𝐿 + 𝛽𝑖+1,𝑖𝑉𝑖+1,𝑗−1𝑅 (2.14)
Where Ti;i+1 and Ti+1;i are the transmission coefficients 𝛼𝑖,𝑖+1 and 𝛼𝑖+1,𝑖are the
refection coefficients between Zi and Zi+1. 𝛽𝑖,𝑖+1, 𝛽𝑖+1,𝑖 , 𝛼𝑖,𝑖+1 and 𝛼𝑖+1,𝑖 are
defined as follows [34].
𝛼𝑖,𝑖+1 =𝑍𝑖+1 − 𝑍𝑖
𝑍𝑖+1 + 𝑍𝑖
𝛼𝑖+1,𝑖 =𝑍𝑖 − 𝑍𝑖+1
𝑍𝑖+1 + 𝑍𝑖
𝛽𝑖,𝑖+1 = 1 + 𝛼𝑖,𝑖+1
𝛽𝑖+1,𝑖 = 1 + 𝛼𝑖+1,𝑖
2.8.2 Propagation the waves in Bewley Lattice diagram method.
Figure 2.18 show how the voltage propagation in one section and determined peak
voltage in end the line.
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.17)
(2.18)
22
Figure 2.18: Bewley Lattice diagram for one section in railway line.
The following equations explain how to get the peak voltage in the strike point.
V1=u (t) t=0
V2= (α+ βα) t=2TT
V3= (α2β+α2β2) u (t) t=4TT
V4= (α3β2+α3β3) u (t) t=6TT
UTT=V1+V2+V3+V4 (2.23)
UTT (t) = ut(t)+ αut(1- β) (t-2TT) +α2 βu(t-4TT) +α2 β2 u(t-4TT) +α3 β2 u(t-6TT)
+ α3 β3 u(t-6TT) . (2.24)
= ut(t) +α (1- β) +ut (t-2TT) +α2 β3 (1-β) u(t-4TT) +α3 β2 (1-β) u(t-6TT)
= ut(t) +α (1+β)[ ut (t-2TT) +α β u(t-4TT)+ (α+β)2 u(t-6TT)]. (2.25)
2.9 Lightning risk evaluation for railway signalling systems.
The lightning overvoltage on signalling cables
V = 0.0145 × (I / r) + 0.17 (2.26)
The lightning overvoltage on rails
V = 0.0134 × (I / r) + 0.19 (2.27)
We can estimate the lightning conditions at the case of lightning damage occurrence
caused by exceeding the withstand voltages of railway signalling systems according
to (2.25) – (2.26). We can evaluate the occurrence frequency of lightning risk for
(2.19)
(2.20)
(2.21)
(2.22)
23
railway signalling systems to the occurrence probability of lightning conditions as
shown in Figure 2.19. If the railway signalling systems leading overhead power lines
have a withstand voltage of approximately 30 kV where countermeasures for
protection against lightning are taken, These lightning conditions correspond to the
case that 31 kA of lightning strikes within a 0.155-km radius. 31 kA of lightning
stroke current is 50 % value of cumulative occurrence frequency distribution of the
peak value of lightning current. [35].
𝑃(𝐼) =1
1+(𝐼
31)2.6
(2.28)
Where P (I) is the cumulative occurrence frequency distribution of the peak
value of lightning current [%]. Iis the lightning stroke current [kA]. At the region
where is N [times/year] of lightning stroke within a 10-km radius, the number of
lightning stroke within r/km radius can be calculated by (2.28).
𝑁(𝑟) = 𝑁 ×𝜋𝑟2
𝜋×102
Where N(r) is the number of lightning stroke within a r-km radius [times/year]
[36]. R is the radius [km]. N is the number of lightning stroke within a 10-km radius
[times/year]. for example of the region where is N = 1,000 times/year, we can evaluate
that occurrence frequency of lightning damages of railway signalling systems leading
overhead power lines is 0.36 times/year/equipment.
Figure 2.19: Evaluation flow of lightning risk for railway signaling systems.
(2.29)
24
2.10 Devices along Electrified Railway Systems.
The most common devices connected along electrified railway systems consist of
trackside transformers; BT and AT, and track circuits; relay and rectifier units. There
are also interconnections between the overhead conductors in the railway system,
depending on which feeding system that is used. In the single-track electrified railway
system with ten overhead conductors there are not only the contact, messenger and
reinforcement wires that are interconnected as explained before. The return
conductors are also interconnected, and for BT systems these are also connected to
the S-rail at the midpoint between two consecutive transformers. In double track
railway systems the S-rails of the different tracks are interconnected at every 300 m.
At every pole position the S-rail is shorted to the pole footing. The pole footing is in
turn grounded, but due to the phenomenon of soil ionization [37] not to ideal ground.
This can be accounted for by connecting series non-linear resistors between every
pole footing and the reference ground.
Components and devices connected to the auxiliary wires are not considered in this
work.
Figure 2.20: Transformer connections in BT feeding systems.
2.10.1 Trackside Transformers.
There are mainly two types of trackside transformer used in the Swedish electrified
railway system, BT and AT. Both these are 1:1 transformers with the same purpose,
i.e. to force the traction current to return through the designated return conductors (or
negative feeder) to the traction supply to reduce stray currents which may cause EMI
with electrical systems in the vicinity of the railway system. There are differences
between the transformers, the primary and secondary coils of a BT are connected in
series with the catenary and return conductor, and the coil of an AT is connected as
shunt between the catenary and negative feeder and the midpoint of this coil is
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