Ali Ali Ramadhan EventsRamadhan Events

A.S. Hashim, MDA.S. Hashim, MDFrom: http://archive.mumineen.org/deen/Ramadhan_dates.html

http://dilp.org/wiki/factsheets/what-non-muslms-say-about-imam-ali-asAnd: Wikipedia.com

Sources of ReferenceSources of Reference

ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Qutaybah, Ibn Qutaybah, Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Madelung, Encyclopaedia of the Holy Prophet and Companions Tabatabaei, Lapidus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward GibbonAl-Shaykh Al-MufidDakakeNahj Al-Balagha, Sermon 3Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge History of Islam. Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.

In this Slide ShowIn this Slide Show

KnowledgeMajor Events in Ramadhan Ali: Ramadhan EventsAt Badr: بدر غزوةDuring Ramadhan: Birth of Al-HasanConquering MeccaPrediction of the Prophet: About Ali’s endAli Wounded: 19th RamadhanAli’s Last WordsAli Wounded: Mosque of KufaBurialNon-Muslim Point of View of Ali

KnowledgeKnowledge

Ali is revered not only as a warrior and leader, Ali is revered not only as a warrior and leader, but as a writer and religious authority. but as a writer and religious authority. Range of disciplines:Range of disciplines:

from theology and exegesis to calligraphy and numerology,from law and mysticism to Arabic grammar and Rhetoricregarded as having been first foreshadowed by Ali.

Shi'a and Sufis believe that Muhammad told about Ali Shi'a and Sufis believe that Muhammad told about Ali "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gateway..." "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gateway..."

      فاليدخل المدينه أراد فمن� بابها، وعلي� الع�ل�م مدينة   أنا     فاليدخل المدينه أراد فمن� بابها، وعلي� الع�ل�م مدينة أناالباب الباب م�ن% م�ن%

Muslims regard Ali as the major authority on Islam. Ali Muslims regard Ali as the major authority on Islam. Ali himself gives this testimony:himself gives this testimony:

Knowledge Knowledge ContinuedContinued

Ali has said:Ali has said:Not a single verse of the Quran was revealed to the Not a single verse of the Quran was revealed to the Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. and make me recite. I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to:to:

its Tafseer تفسير (the literal explanation) and the Ta'wil تأويل (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh ناسخ (the abrogating verse) and the mansukh ,(the abrogated verse) منسوخ

the muhkam محكم and the mutashabih متشابه (the fixed and the ambiguous), the particular الخاص and the general العام ...

Major Events in Ramadhan Major Events in Ramadhan

Date Year H. Year AD Major Events

17 Ramadhan 17 Ramadhan 2 2 624 624 Battle of Badr Battle of Badr

15 Ramadhan15 Ramadhan 33 625625 Birth of Imam Hasan Birth of Imam Hasan

10 Ramadhan10 Ramadhan 88 630630 Prophet: Conquered MeccaProphet: Conquered Mecca

3 Ramadhan3 Ramadhan 99 631631 set out for the Battle of Tabukset out for the Battle of Tabuk

10 Ramadhan10 Ramadhan 3 yrs before H.3 yrs before H. 617617 Khadijah diedKhadijah died

19 Ramadhan19 Ramadhan 4040 667667 Wounding of Ali, while prayingWounding of Ali, while praying

21 Ramadhan21 Ramadhan 4040 667667 Wafat of Imam Ali: on Leilatul QadrWafat of Imam Ali: on Leilatul Qadr

10 Ramadhan10 Ramadhan 6060 691691 Husain receives the first deputation of Husain receives the first deputation of 35 letters pleading with him to go to 35 letters pleading with him to go to KufaKufa

7 Ramadhan7 Ramadhan 361361 970970 Construction of Al-Azhar by the FatimiConstruction of Al-Azhar by the Fatimi

8 Ramadhan8 Ramadhan 13331333 19251925 Destruction of Ahlul Bayt shrines in MedinaDestruction of Ahlul Bayt shrines in Medina

Confrontation at BadrConfrontation at Badr

By tradition in a fight, the most daring was to come By tradition in a fight, the most daring was to come forward and challenge the other side.  forward and challenge the other side.  Thus, three well known fighters from Quraish came Thus, three well known fighters from Quraish came forward, challenging the Muslims.  forward, challenging the Muslims.  Ali, Al-Hamza, and Ibn Al-Harith moved forward to face Ali, Al-Hamza, and Ibn Al-Harith moved forward to face them and the duels started.  them and the duels started.  Each duel was relentless, and Ali's was first. Each duel was relentless, and Ali's was first. Ali, who was most skillful and incisive, had the upper Ali, who was most skillful and incisive, had the upper hand and slew the challenger in a short time.  hand and slew the challenger in a short time.  Al-Hamza did likewise, then Ali helped Ibn Al-Harith to Al-Hamza did likewise, then Ali helped Ibn Al-Harith to finish off the challenger. finish off the challenger.

Confrontation at BadrConfrontation at Badr

Ali gave the disbelievers the surprise of their life.  Ali was the Ali gave the disbelievers the surprise of their life.  Ali was the champion and the conqueror.  champion and the conqueror.  His sword was ready, his hit incisive and swift, and his charge was His sword was ready, his hit incisive and swift, and his charge was like that of a lion; like that of a lion; and his fighting skill was something to behold.  and his fighting skill was something to behold.  Though on foot, Ali finished this one, killed the other, dealt a mortal Though on foot, Ali finished this one, killed the other, dealt a mortal blow to one, and on and on.blow to one, and on and on.It is recorded that Ali had finished off 22 (others say 33) of the Pagan It is recorded that Ali had finished off 22 (others say 33) of the Pagan QuraishQuraishSuddenly, challengers were frightened in facing himSuddenly, challengers were frightened in facing himAfter a few hours, the enemy panicked.  Each ran for his life leaving After a few hours, the enemy panicked.  Each ran for his life leaving the wounded and dead behind.  the wounded and dead behind. 

Confrontation at BadrConfrontation at Badr

The enemy left behind all their munitions, war material, and The enemy left behind all their munitions, war material, and belongings, along with 70 prisoners of war!belongings, along with 70 prisoners of war!Seventy disbelievers were killed—a very large number indeed.  Seventy disbelievers were killed—a very large number indeed.  What was amazing, however, was that Ali by himself slew about 40% What was amazing, however, was that Ali by himself slew about 40% of the enemy.  Remarkable!  of the enemy.  Remarkable!  Thus, the charge of Ali became known as the ruinous charge!  Thus, the charge of Ali became known as the ruinous charge!  The hero of the fight was Ali. Ali was brave, fearless, heroic and The hero of the fight was Ali. Ali was brave, fearless, heroic and bold.  bold.  Ali came out of this fight without even a scratch.  No wounds, no cuts.Ali came out of this fight without even a scratch.  No wounds, no cuts.Ali's reputation flew high all over the country.  He was called the Ali's reputation flew high all over the country.  He was called the brave of the braves!!  This was especially so after Prophet brave of the braves!!  This was especially so after Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) nicknamed him Muhammad (pbuh) nicknamed him

Calligraphy: Calligraphy: “No valient is better than Ali and no sword “No valient is better than Ali and no sword is better than Dhul-Fiqar."is better than Dhul-Fiqar."

Just Before BadrJust Before Badr

Abu Sufyan’s caravan Abu Sufyan’s caravan from Syria to Meccafrom Syria to MeccaChanged Direction and Changed Direction and Bypassed the MuslimsBypassed the MuslimsQuraish inflamed, decided Quraish inflamed, decided to annihilate the Muslimsto annihilate the MuslimsThe result was BadrThe result was Badr3000 Quraish fighters face 3000 Quraish fighters face 1000 Muslims,1000 Muslims,Muslims triumph over the Muslims triumph over the Pagan QuraishPagan Quraish

Route of Abu Sufyan

Badr

At Badr: At Badr: بدر بدر غزوة غزوة

The Battle of Badr, was fought March 17, 624 AD (17 Ramadan 2 The Battle of Badr, was fought March 17, 624 AD (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar), AH in the Islamic calendar),

Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca.

The battle was a decisive victory The battle was a decisive victory attributable to Divine intervention, or by secular sources to the genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran.

Most contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes fromMost contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes fromtraditional Islamic accounts, both Hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.

At Badr: At Badr: بدر بدر غزوة غزوة

Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought:Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought:several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624,the Muslim ghazawaat had become more frequent.

Badr, however was the first large-scale engagement between Badr, however was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Advancing to a strong defensive position,

Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraish leaders Including Muhammad's chief antagonist, Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl).

At Badr: At Badr: بدر بدر غزوة غزوة

For the early Muslims:For the early Muslims:the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies in Mecca. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia The Meccans fielded an army three times larger than that of the Muslims. The Muslim victory also signaled to other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad’s position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina.

The Whereabouts: Battle of BadrThe Whereabouts: Battle of Badr

During Ramadhan: Birth of Al-HasanDuring Ramadhan: Birth of Al-Hasan

According to Sunni and Shi'a sources, According to Sunni and Shi'a sources, Muhammad:Muhammad:

Upon the birth of his grandson in 3 AH, was ordered by the archangel Gabriel to name him al-Hasanal-Hasan is a name not used in the pre-Islamic period.Muhammad also honored his grandson by:

reciting the Athan in his right ear, reciting the Athan in his right ear, the reciting of Iqaama in his left ear, the reciting of Iqaama in his left ear, shaved the head of his grandson, shaved the head of his grandson, and sacrificed a ram for the sake of his birth.and sacrificed a ram for the sake of his birth.

Baby Al-Hasan: Yr 3HBaby Al-Hasan: Yr 3H

Al-Hasan was brought up in the lap of his father, Ali Al-Hasan was brought up in the lap of his father, Ali and his mother Fatima, and learned lessons from the school of his grandfather Prophet Muhammad (saw).

Al-Hasan had a great worth and status in the eyes of the Prophet. Al-Hasan had a great worth and status in the eyes of the Prophet. Such as, one day Prophet Muhammad was on the pulpit, delivering a speech,he heard the cries of his grandson’s weeping. He stopped the speech, hurried down from the pulpit, went to calm down his grandson, and then returned to his place. When the people asked him the reason for this act, the Prophet said:

"Whenever I hear the voice of his weeping I get agitated".

Conquering Mecca:Conquering Mecca: 10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD

Ali, was commanding a large cavalry along with being the Ali, was commanding a large cavalry along with being the flag-bearer, flag-bearer, He was ordered to hoist the flag on Mount Hajun and to He was ordered to hoist the flag on Mount Hajun and to wait for the Prophet. wait for the Prophet. The other officers were also asked not to attack the The other officers were also asked not to attack the Meccans first.Meccans first.When the Prophet arrived, he proceeded towards Ka’ba When the Prophet arrived, he proceeded towards Ka’ba with Ali.with Ali.There were three hundred and sixty idols on top, inside, There were three hundred and sixty idols on top, inside, and around the Ka'ba representing the different pagan and around the Ka'ba representing the different pagan Arab gods.Arab gods.Pictures of Prophet Ibrahim and his son Ismail and of Pictures of Prophet Ibrahim and his son Ismail and of angels in female form were posted on the walls of Ka'ba.angels in female form were posted on the walls of Ka'ba.

Conquering Mecca:Conquering Mecca: 10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD

Ten thousand Muslims entered Mecca from four corners, Ten thousand Muslims entered Mecca from four corners, north, south, east and west, chanting Allaahu Akbar.  north, south, east and west, chanting Allaahu Akbar.  The victorious occasion was something to behold, it was The victorious occasion was something to behold, it was one of the most glorious days of mankind.one of the most glorious days of mankind.Ali accompanied the Prophet (pbuh) to the Ka'ba. Ali accompanied the Prophet (pbuh) to the Ka'ba. At the Ka'ba they saw 360 idols standing still, unsightly.  At the Ka'ba they saw 360 idols standing still, unsightly.  Many were tied to each other with chains of lead.  Many were tied to each other with chains of lead.  The idols, lifeless and motionless, made the place feel The idols, lifeless and motionless, made the place feel eerie.  eerie.  These idols were what the disbelievers venerated and These idols were what the disbelievers venerated and worshipped, they were to be a means for them to reach worshipped, they were to be a means for them to reach their Lord.their Lord.

Conquering Mecca:Conquering Mecca: 10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD

Prophet Muhammad with Ali's help began to bring down the idols, one Prophet Muhammad with Ali's help began to bring down the idols, one after anotherafter anotherThey were quoting the Quran together (Surah  17:  Ayah 81):They were quoting the Quran together (Surah  17:  Ayah 81):

ه8وق6ا ز% %ان% ك %اط�ل% �ب ال �ن< إ %اط�ل8 �ب ال ه%ق% و%ز% Aح%ق� ال ج%اء و%ق8ل�Say: the truth has prevailed and falsehood has departed, Say: the truth has prevailed and falsehood has departed,

verily falsehood is destined to perishverily falsehood is destined to perishMuhammad (pbuh) asked Ali to stand up on his shoulders to reach the Muhammad (pbuh) asked Ali to stand up on his shoulders to reach the idols that were on top of the Ka’baidols that were on top of the Ka’baOut of reverence Ali at first hesitated, then he obeyed the order and stood Out of reverence Ali at first hesitated, then he obeyed the order and stood on the shoulders of the Prophet to bring down the idols.  on the shoulders of the Prophet to bring down the idols.  As these idols fell the ground shook, the broken stones scattered in all As these idols fell the ground shook, the broken stones scattered in all directions, littering the ground, and as each idol fell, Ali's heart jumped directions, littering the ground, and as each idol fell, Ali's heart jumped with joy.with joy.

Conquering Mecca:Conquering Mecca: 10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD10 Ramadhan, 8H, 630AD

The Ka'ba looked spacious, closer to nature, now that the The Ka'ba looked spacious, closer to nature, now that the idols were destroyed.  idols were destroyed.  After the last idol fell, a sigh of relief came from both the After the last idol fell, a sigh of relief came from both the Prophet and Ali.Prophet and Ali.Everyone then waited for Bilal to chant the Athan whose Everyone then waited for Bilal to chant the Athan whose echo shook the hearts of everyone.  echo shook the hearts of everyone.  The Muslims prayed in congregation, one row after The Muslims prayed in congregation, one row after another, all bowing to Allah in reverence and gratitude.  another, all bowing to Allah in reverence and gratitude.  It was a day to behold, a great day indeed.  It was a day to behold, a great day indeed.  After numerous centuries, and for the first time, the Ka'ba After numerous centuries, and for the first time, the Ka'ba is freed from the idols.  It is back as it was when Prophets is freed from the idols.  It is back as it was when Prophets Ibrahim and Isma'eel built it. Ibrahim and Isma'eel built it.

With Conquest of MeccaWith Conquest of Mecca: : No more idolsNo more idols

360 idols smashed

Prediction of the Prophet: Prediction of the Prophet: About Ali’s endAbout Ali’s end

30 years earlier, the 30 years earlier, the Muhammad said to Ali:Muhammad said to Ali:

The most evil of The most evil of evildoers is the one evildoers is the one who will wet this who will wet this (beard) with the blood (beard) with the blood from this (forehead)from this (forehead)

األشـقـيين أشقى إن<هذه 8خضLب8 ي م%ن

  بهذهثم لحيته إلى وأشار

رأسه

Ibn Muljim, the KharijiIbn Muljim, the Khariji

Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji), Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji), Along with 2 others planned to killAlong with 2 others planned to kill

AliMu’awiyaIbn Aas

These Khariji were involved in NahrawanThese Khariji were involved in NahrawanThey planned to avengeThey planned to avengeMu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being killedMu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being killedBut Ali was the only one killedBut Ali was the only one killed

Ali Wounded:Ali Wounded: 19 Ramadhan, 40H19 Ramadhan, 40H

Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in hiding to kill Alihiding to kill AliAli in Kufa Masjid had come to lead Ali in Kufa Masjid had come to lead morning prayer, it was dark with poor morning prayer, it was dark with poor visibilityvisibilityIt was the 19It was the 19thth of Ramadhan, Yr 40 Hijri of Ramadhan, Yr 40 HijriWhile Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayerWhile Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayerIbn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head Ibn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head with his poisoned sword, it was a fatal blow.with his poisoned sword, it was a fatal blow.

Ali’s Assassination: Ali’s Assassination: 19 Ramadhan, 40H19 Ramadhan, 40H

Upon being so wounded Ali said:Upon being so wounded Ali said:الكعبه ورب الكعبه فزت ورب فزت

I have won by the Lord of the Ka’baI have won by the Lord of the Ka’baA lot of commotion ensuedA lot of commotion ensuedTaken home, Ali gave final advice to his Taken home, Ali gave final advice to his son Al-Hasan, and other childrenson Al-Hasan, and other childrenTwo days later he died on Leilatul Qadr 21Two days later he died on Leilatul Qadr 21stst of Ramadhanof Ramadhan

Ali’s Last Words: Ali’s Last Words: 21 Ramadhan, 40H21 Ramadhan, 40H

Ali’s last words were:Ali’s last words were:

ه8 %ر% ي ا �ر6 ي خ% Pة ذ%ر< �ق%ال% م�ث %ع�م%ل� ي ف%م%نه8 %ر% ي ا Tر ش% Pة ذ%ر< �ق%ال% م�ث %ع�م%ل� ي و%م%ن

He with the slightest act of goodness will so He with the slightest act of goodness will so be rewardedbe rewarded

And he with the slightest act of evil deeds And he with the slightest act of evil deeds will so be rewardedwill so be rewarded

Ali, While Wounded: Ali, While Wounded: 21 Ramadhan, 40H21 Ramadhan, 40H

Though severely wounded:Though severely wounded:Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijis, even though a single member of these Kharijis tried to kill him.

Ali said to his son, al-Hasan that if he lives on he will Ali said to his son, al-Hasan that if he lives on he will forgive ibn Muljim and free him, forgive ibn Muljim and free him,

however, in the event of his death, ibn Muljim should get one equal hit and not more, regardless if this man dies from that hit or not, just as Ali himself received one hit from him (ibn Muljim).Thus, Imam Hasan fulfilled Qisas قصاص and gave equal hurt to ibn Muljim as he gave it to Ali.

Ali Wounded: Mosque of KufaAli Wounded: Mosque of Kufa

Ali wounded in this mosque

Ali Wounded: Mosque of Kufa Ali Wounded: Mosque of Kufa Renovated Masjid and it's QiblaRenovated Masjid and it's Qibla

Burial: Burial: Ramadhan, 40HRamadhan, 40H

According to al-Sheikh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his According to al-Sheikh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies grave to be desecrated by his enemies

and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasi Khilaafah by Imam Ja'far al-Saadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shi'a Imam. Most Shi'as accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of Najaf, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali.

The Final Burial Place of Ali.The Final Burial Place of Ali.

Ali: 10 Years in MedinaAli: 10 Years in Medina

BadrBadr

1010

99

88

7766

5

44

33

2211

ALIALI

OhodOhod

KhandaqKhandaq

KhaybarKhaybar

MeccaMecca

HunainHunain

Ta’ifTa’if

HudaibiyaHudaibiya

SaqifaSaqifa

Ghadeer KhumGhadeer Khum

Non-Muslim Point of View of AliNon-Muslim Point of View of Ali

Thomas CarlyleThomas Carlyle

Dr. Henry StubbeDr. Henry Stubbe

Charles MillsCharles Mills

Washington IrvingWashington Irving

Edward GibbonEdward Gibbon

William MuirWilliam Muir

Khalil GibranKhalil Gibran

Wilferd MadelungWilferd Madelung

Ali: Ali: Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)

Scottish historian, critic, and sociological writer:Scottish historian, critic, and sociological writer:“As for this young Ali, one cannot but like him. A noble-minded creature, as he shows himself, now and always afterwards; full of affection, of fiery daring. Something chivalrous in him; brave as a lion; yet with a grace, a truth and affection worthy of Christian knighthood.”

[On Heroes, Hero-Worship, And the Heroic In History, 1841, Lecture 2: The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam. May 8, 1840)]

Ali: Ali: Dr. Henry Stubbe (1632-1676)Dr. Henry Stubbe (1632-1676)

About Ali:About Ali:“He had a contempt of the world, its glory and pomp, he feared God much, gave many alms, was just in all his actions, humble and affable; of an exceeding quick wit and of an ingenuity that was not common, he was exceedingly learned, not in those sciences that terminate in speculations but those which extend to practice.”

[An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mohammedanism, 1705, p. 83]

Ali: Ali: Charles Mills (1788 - 1826)Charles Mills (1788 - 1826)

““As the chief of the family of Hashem and as the cousin and son-in-As the chief of the family of Hashem and as the cousin and son-in-law of him whom the Arabians respected …, law of him whom the Arabians respected …,

it is apparently wonderful that Ali was not raised to the Caliphate immediately on the death of Mohammad. To the advantages of his birth and marriage was added the friendship of the Prophet. The son of Abu Talib was one of the first converts to Islamism and Mohammad’s favorite appellation of his was the Aaron of a second Moses. His talents as an orator, and his intrepidity as a warrior, were grateful to a nation in whose judgment and courage was virtue and eloquence was wisdom.”

[An history of Mohammedanism, London, 1818, p. 89]

Ali: Ali: Washington Irving (1783-1859) Washington Irving (1783-1859)

"He was of the noblest branch of the noble race of Koreish."He was of the noblest branch of the noble race of Koreish.He possessed the three qualities most prized by Arabs: courage, eloquence, and munificence. His intrepid spirit had gained him from the Prophet the appellation of The Lion of God, Specimens of his eloquence remain in some verses and sayings preserved among the Arabs; And his munificence was manifested in sharing among others, every Friday, what remained in the treasury. Of his magnanimity, we have given repeated instances; his noble scorn of everything false and mean, and the absence in his conduct of everything like selfish intrigue."

[Lives of the Successors of Mahomet, London, 1850, p. 165]

Ali: Ali: Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)

The British historian Edward Gibbon stated: The British historian Edward Gibbon stated: "The zeal and virtue of Ali were never outstripped by any recent proselyte. He united the qualifications of a poet, a soldier, and a saint; his wisdom still breathes in a collection of moral and religious sayings; and every antagonist, in the combats of the tongue or of the sword, was subdued by his eloquence and valor.

From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the apostle was never forsaken by a generous friend, apostle was never forsaken by a generous friend, whom he delighted to whom he delighted to name: name: 1. his brother أخي, 2. his vicegerent فيكم , وخليفتي3. and the faithful Aaron of a second Moses Lووصي .".

Ali: Ali: William Muir ViewWilliam Muir View

Scottish Orientalist William Muir declared that: Scottish Orientalist William Muir declared that: Ali was:"Endowed with a clear intellect, warm in affection, and confiding in friendship, He was from the boyhood devoted heart and soul to the Prophet. Simple, quiet, and un-ambitious, when in after days he obtained the rule of half of the Muslim world, It was rather thrust upon him than sought."

[The Life of Mahomet, London, 1877, p. 250]

Ali: Ali: Philip Khuri Hitti (1886-1978) Philip Khuri Hitti (1886-1978)

Professor of Semitic Languages at Princeton Professor of Semitic Languages at Princeton University:University:

“Valiant in battle, wise in counsel, Eloquent in speech, true to his friends, magnanimous to his foes, He became both the paragon of Muslim nobility and chivalry (futuwah فتوه ) And the Solomon of Arabic tradition, around whose name poems, proverbs, sermons and anecdotes innumerable have clustered.”

[History of the Arabs, London, 1964, p. 183]

Ali: Ali: Khalil Gibran Khalil Gibran جبران جبران خليل ViewView خليل

The poet Khalil Gibran said of him: The poet Khalil Gibran said of him: "In my view, Ali was the first Arab to have contact "In my view, Ali was the first Arab to have contact with and converse with the universal soul. with and converse with the universal soul. He died a martyr of his greatness, He died a martyr of his greatness, He died while prayer was between his two lips. He died while prayer was between his two lips. The Arabs did not realize his value until The Arabs did not realize his value until appeared among their Persian neighbors appeared among their Persian neighbors some who knew the difference between gems some who knew the difference between gems and gravels."and gravels."

Historiography of Ali’s lifeHistoriography of Ali’s life

The primary sources for scholarship on the life of Ali are The primary sources for scholarship on the life of Ali are the Quran and the Hadith, as well as other texts of early Islamic history.

The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shi'a Muslims, works by Sunni and Shi'a Muslims,

writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars.

However, many of the early Islamic sources are However, many of the early Islamic sources are colored to some extent by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Ali: and the Events during RamadhanAli: and the Events during RamadhanMajor Events in Ramadhan

At Badr: بدر غزوةDuring Ramadhan: Birth of Al-Hasan

Conquering Mecca

Ali Wounded: 19th Ramadhan

Ali’s Last Words

Ali Wounded: Mosque of Kufa

Burial

Non-Muslim Point of View of Ali

Finally we quote the Quran:Finally we quote the Quran:

By the Token of Time

Verily Man is in loss,

Except those who believe and do good works, and exhort one another to Truth and exhort one another to patience.

�ح�من الر< �الله � م �س� ب

� ح�يم الر<��ع%ص�ر و%ال

� ا �ن< رP الإ خ8س� %ف�ي ل ان% نس%

� 8وا الإ و%ع%م�ل 8وا آم%ن <ذ�ين% ال%و%اص%و�ا و%ت ��ح%ات الص<ال

��ر �الص<ب ب %و%اص%و�ا و%ت Lح%ق� �ال ب

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Be in God’s CareBe in God’s Care

Dr. A.S. Hashim