ALKANES

Contain single bonds

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Saturated hydrocarbon

Substitution reaction

Cycloalkanes

If the carbon chain that forms the straight-chain hydrocarbon is long enough, the two ends coming together to form a cycloalkane.

One hydrogen atom has to be removed from each end of the hydrocarbon chain to form the CC bond that closes the ring.

Cycloalkanes therefore have two less hydrogen atoms than the parent alkane and a generic formula of CnH2n.

Examples of cycloalkanes

The smallest alkane that can form a ring is cyclopropane, C3H6, in which the

three carbon atoms lie in the same plane.

The angle between adjacent CC bonds is only 60° as seen in the model below:

Molecular models of cycloalkanes:

cyclohexane cyclopropane

cyclobutane cyclopentane

Name the following:

The following compound, for example, is a derivative of pentane because the longest chain contains five carbon atoms:

Thus, its name is 2-methylpentane

Naming the cycloalkanes:

Find the longest continuous loop of carbon atoms in the skeleton structure.

Name the compound as a derivative of the cycloalkane with this number of carbon atoms: 3-C = cyclopropane 4-C = cyclobutane 5-C = cyclopentane

Name the following cycloalkanes:

Rings (or cyclic compounds) are composed of rings of carbon and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen. For example, cyclohexane has a ring of six carbon atoms.

                           

                                         

                     

cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane

cyclohexanebromocyclohexane cyclohexenecyclohexane

Alkenes Contain a double

bond Unsaturated Addition reactions CH2=CH-CH2-CH3

1-butene Polymerize

Alkynes

WHAT IS AN ALKYNE ???? WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE ? WHAT IS IT’S STRUCTURE ? QUIZ

A hydrocarbon with triple bonds.

These make up the alkyne family

EthyneCC22HH2

H- C C - H

Ethyne

C2H2

WHICH ONE IS AN ALKYNE?

It’s not this one.

Try again

You got it !!!!!

HOW DO WE NAME IT ?

Name the Alkane compound with an -yne ending for a triple

bond.

The alkane methane as an alkyne….

What is it’s name ?

methyne

The aromatic hydrocarbons:

Benezene is good example: C6H6

Interior ring formed by three double C-C bonds

Also called a benzene ring

The carboxylic acids:

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a contraction of the carbonyl and hydroxyl names since carboxylic acids contain both groups attached to one carbon.

Often written as: RCOOH or RCO2H

IUPAC NomenclatureCarboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e of the alkane root name with -oic and adding the word acid. Substituents on the chain are named as usual.

Some common acids:

methanoic acid

ethanoic acid

propanoic acid

2-methylpropanoic acid

IUPAC naming of acids:The table below gives common and IUPAC names for some of the simple carboxylic acids.

IUPAC Name Common Name Formula

methanoic acid formic acid HCOOH

ethanoic acid acetic acid CH3COOH

propanoic acid propionic acid CH3CH2COOH

butanoic acid butyric CH3(CH2)2COOH

pentanoic acid valeric CH3(CH2)3COOH

Alcohols R–OH R= alkyl group Poisonous Good solvents CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol

Ethers R-O-R/

If R=R/ symmetrical CH3-O-CH3

Dimethyl ether CH3-O-CH2CH3

Ethylmethyl ether Non-polar solvents

ALDEHYDES

O Carbonyl group –C—

O H - C -H Methanal

=

=

http://www.chem.uni.edu/~macmilla/mcmurry/mcmurry_chapter_19a/sld001.htm

Esters

Formed by a reaction of an acid and an alcohol.

Ester structure

Conversion of acids into esters is called esterification.

Ketones

General structure R—CO—R'

Organic compounds, usually react

AMINES

Contain nitrogen R-NH2

CH3-NH2

Methylamine Polar substance