Saturated HydrocarbonsAlkanes(or paraffins); A series of hydrocarbons, which contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

CnH2n+2

Melting and Boiling points of the Alkanes

Name Molecular formula Mpt oC Bpt oC Alkyl groupMethane(g) CH4(g) -182 -160 CH4- methyl

Ethane(g) C2H6(g) -183.2 -88 C2H5- ethyl

Propane(g) C3H8(g) -188 -41 C3H7- propyl

Butane(g) C4H10(g) -135 +0.8 C4H9- butyl

2-methyl propane(g) C4H10(g) -159 -11 C4H9- butyl

Pentane(l) C5H12(i) -129 38 C5H11- pentyl

UnSaturated HydrocarbonsAlkenes; (or olefins); Hydrocarbon that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their molecule.

CnH2n

Melting and Boiling points of the Alkenes

Name Molecular formula Mpt oC Bpt oC Ethene(g) C2H4(g) -183.2 -88

Propene(g) C3H6(g) -188 -41

Butene(g) C4H8(g) -135 +0.8

2-butene(g) C4H8(g) -159 -11

2-methyl propene(g) C4H8(g) -129 +38

Hydrocarbons; Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. The saturated

hydrocarbons are classified as alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbon include the

alkenes and alkynes.

C1 to C4 hydrocarbons are gases, C5 to C16 hydrocarbons are liquids, C17 onwards

hydrocarbons are waxy solids, the others are solids.

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1 Which equation represents the combustion of methane with the products collected at 120C?A CH4(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)B CH4(g) + 2O2(l) CO2(s) + 2H2O(l)C CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)D CH4(l) + 2O2(l) CO2(l) + 2H2O(s)

2 Which set contains all the possible combustion products of methane, CH4?A carbon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and waterB carbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogenC carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and waterD carbon monoxide and water

3 The structures of two compounds are shown.

Which statement about these two compounds is correct?A They are both hydrocarbons.B They are both saturated compounds.C They are in the same homologous series.D They are isomers of each other.

4 Which pair of structures are isomers of each other?

5 Which of these equations does not represent an addition reaction?

6 The diagrams show the structures of three hydrocarbons.

Which statement is correct for all three compounds?A They are isomers of each other.B They have the same general formula.C They have the same physical properties.D They react with aqueous bromine.

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7 Which quantity is the same for one mole of ethanol and one mole of ethane?A mass B number of atoms C number of molecules D volume at r.t.p.

8 The molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is shown below.

Which structure is an isomer of this hydrocarbon?

9 One mole of a hydrocarbon X reacted completely with one mole of hydrogen gas in the presence of a heated catalyst.What could be the formula of X?A C2H6 B C3H8 C C5H10 D C7H16

10 A 10 cm3 sample of a gaseous hydrocarbon is completely burnt in oxygen. The total volume of the products is 70 cm3.Which equation represents the combustion of the hydrocarbon?A CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)B C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)C C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)D 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

11 When must a substance be an alkane?A when it burns easily in air or in oxygenB when it contains carbon and hydrogen onlyC when it has the general formula CnH2n+2D when it is generally unreactive

12 The structure of two compounds are shown.

The compounds have the sameA boiling point. B melting point.

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C percentage composition by mass. D structural formula.

13 All the members of a homologous series have the sameA empirical formula, C general formula, B molecular formula, D physical properties.

14 A mixture containing 1 mole of ethene and 4 moles of oxygen is ignited, in a sealed container at 100 °C. The reaction occurring is shown by the equation.

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)What was the total number of moles of gas at the end of the reaction?A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5

15 Which of the following can best be used to distinguish between ethane and ethene?A a lighted splint B aqueous bromine C limewater D litmus solution

16 A hydrocarbon X reacts in darkness with bromine to form the compound with the formula shown.

What is the formula of the hydrocarbon X?

17 Propane burns completely in oxygen according to the equation shown.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)If 0.1 mol of propane gas is burnt completely, which volume of gaseous product is obtained, measured at room temperature and pressure?A 0.1 dm3 B 0.3 dm3 C 2.4 dm3 D 7.2 dm3

18 When 1 volume of gas X reacts with exactly 5 volumes of oxygen it forms carbon dioxide and water only.What is gas X?A methane, CH4 B ethane, C2H6 C propane, C3H8 D butane, C4H10

19 Propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Its structure is shown.

What is produced when propene reacts with bromine?

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20 A volume of ethane, C2H6, at r.t.p. has a mass of 20 g.What is the mass of an equal volume of propene, C3H6, at r.t.p.?A 20 g B 21 g C 28 g D 42 g

21 Butane and methylpropane are isomers.Which formula is different for the two isomers?A empirical formula C general formula B molecular formula D structural formula

22 What is the ratio of the volume of 2 g of hydrogen to the volume of 16 g of methane, both volumes at r.t.p.?A 1 to 1 B 1 to 2 C 1 to 8 D 2 to 1

23 The experiment shown is carried out.

What process occurs?A cracking B dehydrogenation C distillation D polymerisation

24 In which of the following are all the compounds members of the same homologous series?A CH4 C2H6 C3H6

B CH4 C2H6 C3H8

C C2H4 C3H6 C4H10

D C3H4 C3H6 C3H8

25 Which compound has an addition reaction with chlorine?A C2H4 B C2H6 C C2H5OH D CH3CO2H

26 Methane, CH4, the first member of the alkane homologous series, has a boiling point of –1610C.Which molecular formula and boiling point could be correct for another alkane?

molecular formula boiling point / 0CA C2H4 -88B C2H6 -185C C3H6 -69D C3H8 -42

27 'Cracking' of hydrocarbons breaks them into smaller molecules.

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Which example of 'cracking' would produce the largest volume of products from one mole of hydrocarbon? Assume that all measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure.A C6H14(g) 3C2H4(g) + H2(g) C C10H22(g) C8H18(g) + C2H4(g)B C12H26(g) C8H18(g) + 2C2H4(g) D C8H18(g) 2C3H8(g) + C2H2(g)

28 When 20 cm3 of a gaseous alkene burns in an excess of oxygen, 60 cm3 of carbon dioxide are formed. Both volumes are measured at r.t.p.What is the formula of the alkene?A C3H6 B C3H8 C C6H12 D C6H14

29 Which property of the alkanes does not increase as relative molecular mass increases?A boiling point B flammability C melting point D viscosity

30 What is the structure of the product of the reaction between butene, CH3–CH2–CH=CH2, and bromine, Br2?A CH2Br–CH2–CH2–CH2Br C CH2Br–CH2–CHBr–CH3

B CH3–CHBr–CH2–CH2Br D CH3–CH2–CHBr–CH2Br

31 Which polymer has the empirical formula CH?

32 The diagrams show four hydrocarbons P, Q, R and S.

Which two hydrocarbons are isomers of each other?A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D Q and S

33 The structures of four organic compounds are shown.

Which compounds decolourise bromine water?A 1 and 2 B 2 and 4 C 3 only D 3 and 4

34 Which quantity is the same for one mole of ethanol and one mole of ethane?A mass B number of atoms C number of molecules D volume at r.t.p.

35 Why is nickel used in the hydrogenation of alkenes?A It increases the yield of products.B It lowers the activation energy of the reaction.C It makes the reaction more exothermic.D It prevents a reverse reaction from occurring.

36 Which statement is correct both for methane and for ethane?A They are alcohols.B They are alkenes.C They are in the same homologous series.

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D They can undergo addition polymerisation.

37 Which reaction is an example of the cracking of an alkane?A 3C2H4 C6H12

B C6H14 6C + 7H2

C C6H12 + H2 C6H14

D C6H14 C2H4 + C4H10

38 What is the structure of the product of the catalytic addition of steam to ethene?

39 Which of the molecules shown can be polymerised?

40 Which substances can be obtained by cracking hydrocarbons?A ethanol and ethene B ethanol and hydrogenC ethene and hydrogen D ethene and poly(ethene)

41 The diagram shows a model of an organic compound.

42 Which hydrocarbons in the table are members of the same homologous series?A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 1, 2, 3 and 4

1 2 3 4

state at roomtemperature

gas gas liquid liquid

reaction with oxygen burns burns burns burnsaqueous reaction with

brominedecolourises

bromineno reaction decolourises

bromineno reaction

43 The diagram shows the manufacture of an important organic chemical X.What is X?

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What is the name of this compound?A ethaneB ethanoic acidC ethanolD ethene

44 Which of the products C12H24 and H2 could be formed by cracking dodecane, C12H26?C12H24 H2

AB

C

D

45 Which statement about a family of organic compounds describes an homologous series?All compounds in the family have the sameA functional group. C physical properties.B relative molecular mass. D structural formula.

46 Which column describes ethane and which column describes ethene?hydrocarbon

1 2 3 4state at room temperature

gas gas liquid liquid

reaction with oxygen burns burns burns burnsreaction with

aqueous bromineno reaction decolourises

bromineno reaction decolourises

bromineA 1 (ethane) and 2 (ethene)B 1 (ethane) and 3 (ethene)C 2 (ethene) and 3 (ethane)D 3 (ethane) and 4 (ethene)

47 The structures of three compounds are shown.

Why do these substances all belong to the same homologous series?A They all contain an even number of carbon atoms.B They all contain the same functional group.C They are all hydrocarbons.D They are all saturated.

48 The apparatus shows an experiment used to test gas X.

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A ethane

B ethanol

C methane

D methanol

The bromine solution quickly becomes colourless.What is the structure of gas X?

49 Which pair of compounds belong to the same homologous series?A CH3CH3 and CH3CH2CH3 C CH3CH2OH and CH3OCH2CH3

B CH2CHCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH3 D CH3CH2OH and CH2CHCH2OH

50 The diagram shows the first four members of a homologous series.

What is the difference in molecular formula between one member and the next in the series?A CH B CH2 C CH3 D CH4

51 The diagram shows the structure of an important product.

This product is formed by …..1….. of an …..2…..Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

52 The structures of three compounds are shown.

What are X, Y and Z?

X Y ZA alkane alkene alcoholB alkane alkene carboxylic acidC alkene alkane alcoholD alkene alkane carboxylic acid

53 Which two compounds have molecules in which there is a double bond?A ethane and ethanoic acid C ethane and ethanolB ethene and ethanoic acid D ethene and ethanol

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1 2A addition polymerisation alkaneB addition polymerisation alkeneC cracking alkaneD cracking alkene

54 An organic compound has the structure shown.From knowledge of the properties of alkanes and alkenes, which reactions would be predicted for this compound?

1 Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

(a) What is meant by the term unsaturated?

(b) Ethene is made by the cracking of long chain hydrocarbon molecules such as C16H34.

Construct an equation to illustrate the cracking of C16H34, to make ethene and another

hydrocarbon as the only products.

(c) Ethene is bubbled through aqueous bromine to form 1,2-dibromoethane.

What would you observe during the reaction?

(d) Give the name of the product and the conditions needed for the reaction of ethene with water.

(e) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure,

produced by the complete combustion of 1.40 g of ethene.

(f) Ethene can be made into poly(ethene).

Draw the structure of poly(ethene).

2 (a) Propane can be decomposed by heat, forming ethene and one other product.

(i) Construct an equation for this reaction and describe the test which would show that an

unsaturated compound had been formed.

(ii) Calculate the maximum volume of ethene which is formed from 100 cm3 propane, all

volumes measured at room temperature and pressure.

3 Alkenes are an homologous series of hydrocarbons.

The table below shows the properties of some alkenes.

alkene molecular formula melting point/ 0C boiling point/ 0C

ethene C2H4 -169 -105

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burn decolourise aqueous bromineA

B

C

D

propene -185 -48

C4H8 -185 -6

pentene C5H10 -165 30

hexene C6H12 -140 64

(a) Describe how alkenes are manufactured.

(b) Name the alkene with the molecular formula C4H8.

(c) What is the molecular formula of propene?

(d) Name an alkene that is a liquid at room temperature.

(e) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in ethene.

You need only draw the electrons in the outer shells of carbon and hydrogen.

(f) (i) Write the equation for the reaction between ethene and steam.

(ii) What name is given to this type of reaction?

4 The structures shown below are of the first two members of an homologous series known

as the cyclopropanes.

compound D compound E

Members of an homologous series have a general formula.

(a) (i) State one other characteristic of an homologous series.

(ii) Deduce the general formula for the cyclopropane homologous series.

(b) Cyclopropanes react in a similar way to alkanes such as methane.

(i) Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of compound D.

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HH H

H

HH

HH H H

H

H

HH

CCC

C

C

C

C

(ii) Suggest the type of reaction by which compound D reacts with chlorine.

(c) Name and draw the structure of an alkene that is an isomer of compound D.

name

structure

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