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Alkene Synthesis & Reactions

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Alkenes: Synthesis & Reactions Preparing Alkenes – Elimination Reactions 1. Dehydrohalogenation Reaction of an alkyl halide with a strong base—HX acid is neutralized by base 2. Dehydration Treatment of an alcohol with a strong acid—OH is neutralized by strong acid
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Page 1: Alkene Synthesis & Reactions

Alkenes:  Synthesis  &  Reactions    

   

Preparing  Alkenes  –  Elimination  Reactions    

1. Dehydrohalogenation      

 Reaction  of  an  alkyl  halide  with  a  strong  base—HX  acid  is  neutralized  by  base  

 2. Dehydration  

 Treatment  of  an  alcohol  with  a  strong  acid—OH  is  neutralized  by  strong  acid  

   

   

   

 

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3. Halogenation  of  Alkenes:  Addition  of  X2  If  halogenation  reaction  is  carried  out  on  a  cycloalkane,  only  the  trans  isomer  is  formed  (Anti)  

 If  you  see:  Just  a  halogen  pair  Bromonium  ion  accounts  for  anti  formation  because  the  Bromine  protects  one  side  of  the  cycloalkene  so  that  the  other  bromine  can  only  attach  from  the  other  side

   

4. Halohydrins  from  Alkenes:  Addition  of  HOX    

Reaction  of  alkenes  with  hypohalous  acids  (HO-­‐CL  or  HO-­‐Br)  to  make  1,2-­‐halo  alcohols,  called  Halohydrins    Before,  we  saw  that  the  prescence  of  a  nucleophile  (Br-­‐)  in  front  of  a  bromonium  ion  makes  the  halogenation,  but  if  there  are  two  nucleophiles  (halogen  +  water,  etc.),  the  water  nucleophile  is  stronger  and  reacts  with  the  bromonium  ion  to  make  a  bromohydrin.  This  other  nucleophile  is  also  added  to  the  other  side  of  the  bromonium    If  you  see:  A  halogen  and  another  nucleophile  (H2O,  H2O2,  etc.)    NBS  is  a  source  of  bromine  instead  of  using  actual  bromine  

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5. Hydration  of  Alkenes:  Addition  of  H2O  by  Oxymercuration    Water  is  added  to  an  alkene  to  yield  an  alcohol,  a  process  called  hydration.      The  halogen  is  added  to  the  side  with  the  least  groups    If  you  see:  Water  and  a  strong  acid  catalyst  

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6. Oxymercuration-­‐Demercuration    Oxymercuration  involves  electrophilic  addition  of  Hg(OAc)2  in  THF  solvent.  Intermediate  then  treated  with  NaBH4  to  cause  demercuration  and  produce  an  alcohol    If  you  see:  Hg(OAc)2  and  THF    

 

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Very  similar  to  halohydrin  formation:  Hg  is  at  the  top  of  the  triangle.  Water  attaches  to  the  other  Carbon,  and  loses  a  proton  (See  halohydrin  diagram)      The  OH  group  attaches  to  more  highly  substituted  carbon  and  H  attaches  to  less  (Markovnikov),  but  Hydrogen  that  replaces  mercury  can  be  on  either  side  of  the  molecule  

   

7. Hydration  of  Alkenes:  Addition  of  H2O  by  Hydroboration  This  is  a  complementary  method  to  oxymercuration-­‐demercuration  that  produces  the  non-­‐Markovnikov  product.  Involves  the  addition  of  a  B-­‐H  bond  to  an  alkene  to  yield  RBH2.  Oxidation  with  H2O2  then  yields  an  alcohol    If  you  see:  BH3  and  H2O2    

 In  this  reaction,  boron  attaches  to  the  less  highly  substituted  carbon,  

and  both  B  and  H  attach  on  the  same  side  of  the  molecule.    During  oxidation,  the  B  is  replaced  with  an  OH  with  the  same  stereochemistry,  and  the  overall  molecule  is  syn  non-­‐Markovnikov.    

This  happens  because  there  is  no  intermediate  form,  and  the  C-­‐H  and  C-­‐B  bonds  form  at  the  same  time  and  at  the  same  face  

 8. Reduction  of  Alkenes:  Hydrogenation  

Alkenes  react  with  H2  in  the  presence  of  a  metal  catalyst  like  Pd  or  Pt.  As  a  result,  the  double  bond  has  been  hydrogenated  or  reduced    Reduction:  Creating  C-­‐H  bonds  or  breaking  C-­‐X    If  you  see:  H2,  Pt  or  Pd    Takes  place  on  the  surface  of  solid  catalyst  particles  (homogeneous  solution)  Usually  syn  –  hydrogens  add  to  the  double  bond  from  same  face  

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Hydrogenation  begins  with  adsorption  of  H2  onto  the  catalyst  surface.  Vacant  orbital  on  the  metal  interacts  with  the  filled  alkene  pi  orbital.  Hydrogen  is  then  inserted  into  the  double  bond  and  saturated  product  diffuses  away  from  catalyst      

 

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The  catalyst  usually  only  approaches  the  more  accessible  face  of  an  alkene,  so  there  is  usually  only  a  single  product

 9. Oxidation  of  Alkenes:  Epoxidation  and  Hydroxylation  

Oxidation:  Form  C-­‐X  or  break  C-­‐H    Alkenes  are  oxidized  to  give  epoxides  on  treatment  with  a  peroxyacid  such  as  meta-­‐  chloroperoxybenzoic  acid.  If  you  see:  meta,  or  any  other  peroxyacid    

 Peroxyacids  transfer  oxygen  atoms  to  alkene  with  syn  stereochemistry  through  a  one  step  mechanism.    The  oxygen  farthest  from  the  carbonyl  group  on  the  peroxyacid  is  transferred  to  the  alkene.      Other  method:  Use  halohydrins  and  then  treat  with  base:  HX  is  eliminated  and  epoxide  produced.  

 Epoxides  then  undergo  ring-­‐opening  reaction  with  water  (hydrolysis)  to  give  a  diol.  The  whole  process  is  called  hydroxylation.  The  product  is  trans  

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 Other  Method:  Hydroxylation  can  be  carried  out  directly  without  an  intermediate  epoxide  with  OsO4.  The  reaction  is  syn  and  creates  an  intermediate  cyclic  osmate.  It  is  then  cleaved  with  NaHSO3    If  you  see:  OsO4,  NaHSO3,  or  NMO    With  NaHSO3:  

 With  NMO  and  catalytic  OsO4:  

 10. Oxidation  of  Alkenes:  Cleavage  to  Carbonyl  Compounds  

Ozone  adds  rapidly  to  C-­‐C  double  bonds  to  give  cyclic  molozonide  intermediate,  which  then  spontaneously  rearranges  to  form  an  ozonide.  The  ozonide  is  then  treated  with  zinc  to  convert  it  to  carbonyl  compounds        If  you  see:  O3,  Zn  

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If  an  alkene  with  a  tetrasubstituted  double  bond  is  ozonized,  two  ketone  fragments  result;  if  an  alkene  with  a  trisubstituted  double  bond  is  ozonized,  one  ketone  and  one  aldehyde  result  

 

 Other  method:  Use  KMnO4  to  cleave;  if  hydrogens  on  double  bonds,  carboxylic  acids  are  produced;  if  two  hydrogens  are  present  on  one  carbon,  CO2  is  formed      If  you  see:  KMnO4  

 Other  method:  Initial  hydroxylation  to  a  1,2-­‐diol,  then  treatment  of  diol  with  HIO4.  If  two  OH  groups  are  in  an  open  chain,  two  carbonyl  compounds  result.  If  two  OH  groups  are  on  a  ring,  a  single,  open-­‐chain  dicarbonyl  compound  is  formed.      

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11. Addition  of  Carbenes  to  Alkenes:  Cyclopropane  Synthesis  This  reaction  is  an  addition  of  a  carbene  to  yield  a  cyclopropane.  Carbenes  are  usually  only  intermediates.  To  make  them:  a  common  method  is  the  use  of  chloroform,  CHCl3  with  a  strong  base    If  you  see:  R2C  

 If  creation  of  the  dichlorocarbene  is  made  in  the  presence  of  an  alkene,  addition  to  the  double  bond  occurs  and  a  product  is  formed.  If  you  are  starting  from  a  trans  alkene,  you  get  a  trans  product,  and  vice  versa  

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