All About Tunisia

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2/8/2016 Tunisia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia

Tunisian Republic

al-Jumhryah at-Tnisyah

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: ""urryah, Karmah, 'Adlah, Nim

"Liberty , Dignity, Just ice, Order"[1]

Anthem: Humat al-Hima

Defenders of the Homeland

Location of Tunisia (dark green) in Africa (light blue &dark grey ) in the African Union (light blue)

Capital

and largest cityTunis3650N 109E

Official languages Arabic[2]

Spoken languages Tunisian Arabic[3]

French (commercialand educational)

TunisiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tunisia (Arabic: Tnis; Berber: ), officiallythe Tunisian Republicor the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic:

al-Jumhrya at-Tnisya; Berber: ) is the northernmost country inAfrica, covering 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi).Its northernmost point, Rasbe n Sakka, is the northernmostpointon the African contine nt. It is bordered by Algeria tothe west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Seato the north and east. As of 2013, its population is estimated

at just under 10.8 million.[6]Its name is derived fro m itscapital city, Tunis, which is located on the country'snorthea stcoast.

Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the AtlasMountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert.Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its 1,300kilometres (810 mi) of coastline includes the Africanconjunction of the western and eastern parts of theMediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait andSardinian Channel, features the African mainland's secondand third nearest points to Europe afterGibr altar.

Tunisia is the only democracy in the Arab World.[11]It has a

high human development index.[9]

It has an associationagreement with the European Union and is a member of LaFrancophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the ArabMaghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the GreaterArab Free Trade Area,the Commu nity of Sahel-SaharanStates, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, theGroup of 77 and obtained the status of Major non-NATOally. In addition, Tunisia is also a state party the principalworld's institutionssuch a s the United Nations or theInternational Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe

in particular with France[12]and with Italy [13][14] have beenforged through economic cooperation, privatisation andindustrial modernization.

In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers.Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; theseimmigrants founded Carthage. A rival to Greece that almostdestroyed Rome in the Second Punic War, Carthage waseventually defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Carthageof 149 BC. Romans brought Christianity and architecture to

Coordinates: 34N 9

0:00 CLOSE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia 2

Berber (mainly in thesouth)

Religion Islam[2]

Demonym Tunisian

Government Unitary semi-presidential

republic[4][5]

President Beji Caid Essebsi Prime Minister Habib Essid

Legislature Assembly of theRepresentatives of thePeople

Formation

Husainid Dynastyinaugurated

15 July 1705

Independencefrom France

20 March 1956

Republic declared 25 July 1957 Revolution Day 14 January 2011

Area

Total 163,610 km 2 ( 93rd)

63,170 sq mi Water (%) 5.0

Population

2014 estimate 10,982,754 [6] ( 79th)

Density 63/km 2 ( 133rd)

163/sq miGDP (PPP) 2015 estimate Total $129.140 billion [7]

Per capita $11,623 [7]

GDP(nominal) 2015 estimate Total $45.276 billion [7]

Per capita $4,075 [7]

Gini (2010) 36.1 [8]

mediumHDI (2014) 0.721 [9]

high 96th

Currency Tunisian dinar (TND)

Time zone CET (UTC+1) Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+1)

Drives on the right

Calling code +216

Tunisia, including the El Djem amphitheater. Tunisia wasconquered by Arabs in the first century of Islam, followed bythe Ottomans between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans heldsway for over three hundred years. The French conquest ofTunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence withHabib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in theoverthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed byparliamentary elections. The country voted for parliamentagain on 26 October 2014,[15]and for President on 23

November 2014.[16]

Contents

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Antiquity

2.2 Middle Ages

2.3 Ottoman Tunisia

2.4 French Tunisia

2.5 Independence

2.6 Revolution

3 Geography

3.1 Climate

4 Politics

5 Law

5.1 Human rights

6 Military

7 Administrative divisions
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ISO 3166 code TN

Internet TLD .tn

[.[108 Economy

8.1 Tourism

8.2 Energy

8.3 Transport

8.4 Water supply and sanitation

9 Demographics

9.1 Religion

9.2 Language

9.3 Major cities

10 Culture

10.1 Painting

10.2 Literature

10.3 Music

10.4 Media

10.5 Sports

11 Science and technology

11.1 Education

12 Health

13 See also

14 References

15 External links

Etymology
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Carthaginian-held territory before thefirst First Punic War

The word Tunisia is derived from Tunis; a central urban hub and the capital of modern-day Tunisia. The present

form of the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, evolved from French Tunisie.[17]The French derivative Tunisiewasadopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate thecountry. Other languages remained untouched, such as the Russian (Tuns) and Spanish Tnez. In this casthe same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic

, and only by context can one tell the

difference.[17]

The name Tuniscan be attributed to different origins. It is generally associated with the Berber root ,transcribed tns, which means "to lie down" or "encampment".[18]It is sometimes also associated with the Punic

goddess Tanith (aka Tunit),[17][19]ancient city of Tynes.[20][21]

Before Tunisia, the territory's name was Ifriqiya or Africa, which gave the present day name of the continent Africa

History

Antiquity

Farming methods reached the Nile Valley from the Fertile Crescent region about 5000 BC, and spread to theMaghreb by about 4000 BC. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were

ancestors of today's Berber tribes.[22]

It was believed in ancient times that Africa was originally populated by Gaetulians and Libyans, both nomadicpeoples. According to the Roman historian Sallust, the demigod Hercules died in Spain and his polyglot easternarmy was left to settle the land, with some migrating to Africa. Persians went to the West and intermarried with theGaetulians and became the Numidians. The Medes settled and were known as Mauri, later Moors.

The Numidians and Moors belonged to the race from which the Berbersare descended. The translated meaning of Numidian is Nomad andindeed the people were semi-nomadic until the reign of Masinissa of the

Massyli tribe.[23][24][25][26][27]

At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berbertribes. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 12thcentury BC ( Bizerte , Utica ) . The city of Carthage was founded in the9th century BC by Phoenicians. Legend says that Dido from Tyre, nowin modern-day Lebanon, founded the city in 814 BC, as retold by the

Greek writer Timaeus of Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage broughttheir culture and religion from the Phoenicians.[28]

After the series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to power andeventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean. The people of Carthage worshipped apantheon of Middle Eastern gods including Baal and Tanit. Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extendedarms and long dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of Carthage also established a Tophet,which was altered in Roman times.
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The Roman amphitheater in El Djem,built during the first half of the 3rdcentury AD

Domes of the Great Mosque ofKairouan. Founded in 670, it dates inits present form largely from theAghlabid period (9th century). It isthe oldest mosque in the Maghreb.

A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War, one of a series of wars with Romenearly crippled the rise of Roman power. From the conclusion of the Second Punic War in 202 BC, Carthagefunctioned as a client state of the Roman Republic for another 50 years.

Following the Battle of Carthage in 149 BC, Carthage was conquered by Rome. After the Roman conquest, theregion became one of the main granaries of Rome and was fully Latinized.

During the Roman period the area of what is now Tunisia enjoyed a huge development. The economy, mainly

during the Empire, boomed: the prosperity of the area depended on agriculture. Called the Granary of theEmpire, the area of actual Tunisia and coastal Tripolitania, according to one estimate, produced one million tons ocereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported to the Empire. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapeand other fruits.

By the 2nd century, olive oil rivalled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivations and the capture andtransporting of exotic wild animals from the western mountains, the principal production and exports included thetextiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as African Red Slip, and wool.

There was even a huge production of mosaics and ceramics, exported

mainly to Italy, in the central area of El Djem (where there was thesecond biggest amphitheater in the Roman Empire).

Berber bishop Donatus Magnus was the founder of a Christian group

known as the Donatists.[29]During the 5th and 6th centuries (from 430 to533 AD), the Germanic Vandals invaded and ruled over a kingdom inNorth Africa that included present-day Tripoli. The region was easilyreconquered in 533534 AD, during the rule of Emperor Justinian I, bythe Eastern Romans led by General Belisarius.

Middle Ages

Sometime between the second half of the 7th century and the early partof the 8th century, Arab Muslim conquest occurred in the region. Theyfounded the first Islamic city in North Africa, Kairouan. It was there in670 AD that the Mosque of Uqba, or the Great Mosque of Kairouan,

was constructed;.[30]This mosque is the oldest and most prestigioussanctuary in the Muslim West with the oldest standing minaret in the

world;[31]it is also considered a masterpiece of Islamic art and

architecture.[32]

The Arab governors of Tunis founded the Aghlabid Dynasty, which ruled

Tunisia, Tripolitania and eastern Algeria from 800 to 909.[33]Tunisiaflourished under Arab rule when extensive systems were constructed tosupply towns with water for household use and irrigation that promoted

agriculture (especially olive production).[33][34]This prosperity permittedluxurious court life and was marked by the construction of new palace

cities such as al-Abassiya (809) and Raqadda (877).[33]
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After conquering Cairo, the Fatimids abandoned Tunisia and parts of Eastern Algeria to the local Zirids (972

1148).[35]Zirid Tunisia flourished in many areas: agriculture, industry, trade, and religious and secular learning. [36]

Management of the later Zirid emirs was neglectful though, and political instability was connected to the decline of

Tunisian trade and agriculture.[33][37][38]

The invasion of Tunisia by the Banu Hilal, a warlike Arab Bedouin tribe encouraged by the Fatimids of Egypt to

seize North Africa, sent the region's urban and economic life into further decline. [35]The Arab historian Ibn

Khaldun wrote that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.[37][39]

The coasts were held briefly by the Normans of Sicily in the 12th century, but following the conquest of Tunisia in11591160 by the Almohads the last Christians in Tunisia disappeared. The Almohads initially ruled over Tunisiathrough a governor, usually a near relative of the Caliph. Despite the prestige of the new masters, the country wasstill unruly, with continuous rioting and fighting between the townsfolk and wandering Arabs and Turks, the latterbeing subjects of the Muslim Armenian adventurer Karakush. Also Tunisia was occupied by Ayyubids between

1182 and 1183 and again between 1184 and 1187.[40]

The greatest threat to Almohad rule in Tunisia was the Banu Ghaniya, relatives of the Almoravids, who from their

base in Mallorca tried to restore Almoravid rule over the Maghreb. Around 1200 they succeeded in extending therule over the whole of Tunisia, until they were crushed by Almohad troops in 1207. After this success, theAlmohads installed Walid Abu Hafs as the governor of Tunisia. Tunisia remained part of the Almohad state, until1230 when the son of Abu Hafs declared himself independent. During the reign of the Hafsid dynasty, fruitful

commercial relationships were established with several Christian Mediterranean states.[41]In the late 16th centurythe coast became a pirate stronghold (see: Barbary States).

Ottoman Tunisia

In the last years of the Hafsids, Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the OttomanEmpire.

The first Ottoman conquest of Tunis took place in 1534 under the command of Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, theounger brother of Oru Reis, who was the Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Fleet during the reign of Suleiman the

Magnificent. However, it wasn't until the final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in 1574 under KapudanPasha Ulu Ali Reis that the Ottomans permanently acquired the former Hafsid Tunisia, retaining it until the Frenchconquest of Tunisia in 1881.

Initially under Turkish rule from Algiers, soon the Ottoman Porte appointed directly for Tunis a governor called thePasha supported by janissary forces. Before long, however, Tunisia became in effect an autonomous province,

under the local Bey. Under its Turkish governors, the Beys, Tunisia attained virtual independence. The Husseindynasty of Beys, established in 1705, lasted until 1957.[42]This evolution of status was from time to time challengewithout success by Algiers. During this era the governing councils controlling Tunisia remained largely composed oa foreign elite who continued to conduct state business in the Turkish language.

Attacks on European shipping were made by corsairs, primarily from Algiers, but also from Tunis and Tripoli, yetafter a long period of declining raids the growing power of the European states finally forced its termination. Underthe Ottoman Empire, the boundaries of Tunisia contracted; it lost territory to the west (Constantine) and to the eas(Tripoli).
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Throne hall in the beylical palace ofBardo, near Tunis, circa 1880

Great epidemics ravaged Tunisia in 17841785, 17961797 and 18181820.[43]

In the 19th century, the rulers of Tunisia became aware of the ongoing efforts at political and social reform in theOttoman capital. The Bey of Tunis then, by his own lights but informed by the Turkish example, attempted to effec

a modernizing reform of institutions and the economy.[44]Tunisianinternational debt grew unmanageable. This was the reason or pretext foFrench forces to establish a Protectorate in 1881.

French Tunisia

In 1869, Tunisia declared itself bankrupt and an international financial commission took control over its economy.In 1881, using the pretext of a Tunisian incursion into Algeria, the French invaded with an army of about 36,000

and forced the Bey to agree to the terms of the 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id). [45]With this treaty,Tunisia was officially made a French protectorate, over the objections of Italy. Under French colonization,European settlements in the country were actively encouraged; the number of French colonists grew from 34,000

1906 to 144,000 in 1945. In 1910 there were 105,000 Italians in Tunisia.[46]

In 19421943, Tunisia was the scene of the Tunisia Campaign, a series of battles between the Axis and Alliedforces. The battle opened with initial success by the German and Italian forces, but the massive supply and

numerical superiority of the Allies led to the Axis's surrender on 13 May 1943.[47][48]

Independence

Tunisia achieved independence from France in 1956 led by Habib Bourguiba, who later became the first Tunisian

President.[49]The secular Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), formerly Neo Destour, controlled the country aone of the most repressive regimes in the Arab World from its independence in 1956 until the Tunisian revolution i

2011.[50]

In November 1987, doctors declared Bourguiba unfit to rule and, in a bloodless coup d'tat, Prime Minister Zine

Abidine Ben Ali assumed the presidency.[49]President Ben Ali, previously Habib Bourguiba's minister and amilitary figure, held office from 1987 to 2011, having acceded to the executive office of Habib Bourguiba after ateam of medical experts judged Bourguiba unfit to exercise the functions of the office in accordance with Article 57

of the Tunisian constitution.[51]The anniversary of Ben Ali's succession, 7 November, was celebrated as a nationalholiday. He was consistently re-elected with enormous majorities every election, the last being 25 October

2009,[52]until he fled the country amid popular unrest in January 2011.
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Tunis on 14 January 2011 during the

Tunisian Revolution.

Ben Ali and his family were accused of corruption[53]and plundering the country's money. Corrupt members of theTrabelsi family, most notably in the cases of Imed Trabelsi and Belhassen Trabelsi, controlled much of the busines

sector in the country.[54]The First Lady Leila Ben Ali was described as an "unabashed shopaholic" who used the

state airplane to make frequent unofficial trips to Europe's fashion capitals.[55]Tunisia refused a French request forthe extradition of two of the President's nephews, from Leila's side, who were accused by the French State

prosecutor of having stolen two mega-yachts from a French marina.[56]Ben Ali's son-in-law Sakher El Materi was

rumoured as being primed to eventually take over the country.[57]

Independent human rights groups, such as Amnesty International, Freedom House, and Protection International,

documented that basic human and political rights were not respected.[58][59]The regime obstructed in any way

possible the work of local human rights organizations.[60]In 2008, in terms of Press freedom, Tunisia was ranked

143rd out of 173.[61]

Revolution

The Tunisian Revolution[62][63]

was an intensive campaign of civilresistance that was precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation,

corruption,[64]a lack of freedom of speech and other political

freedoms[65]and poor living conditions. Labour unions were said to be

an integral part of the protests.[66]The protests inspired the Arab Spring,a wave of similar actions throughout the Arab world.

The catalyst for mass demonstrations was the death of MohamedBouazizi, a 26-year-old Tunisian street vendor, who set himself afire on17 December 2010 in protest at the confiscation of his wares and thehumiliation inflicted on him by a municipal official. Anger and violenceintensified following Bouazizi's death on 4 January 2011, ultimatelyleading longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to step down on 14 January 2011, after 23 years in power.

Protests continued for banning of the ruling party and the eviction of all its members from the transitionalgovernment formed by Mohammed Ghannouchi. Eventually the new government gave in to the demands. A Tuniscourt banned the ex-ruling party RCD and confiscated all its resources. A decree by the minister of the interior

banned the "political police", special forces which were used to intimidate and persecute political activists.[67]

On 3 March 2011, the president announced that elections to a Constituent Assembly would be held on 23 Octob

2011. International and internal observers declared the vote free and fair. The Ennahda Movement, formerlybanned under the Ben Ali regime, won a plurality of 90 seats out of a total of 217.[68]On 12 December 2011,

former dissident and veteran human rights activist Moncef Marzouki was elected president. [69]

In March 2012, Ennahda declared it will not support making sharia the main source of legislation in the newconstitution, maintaining the secular nature of the state. Ennahda's stance on the issue was criticized by hardline

Islamists, who wanted strict sharia, but was welcomed by secular parties.[70]On 6 February 2013, Chokri Belaid,
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the leader of the leftist opposition and prominent critic of Ennahda, was assassinated.[71]Tunisia was hit by twoviolent terror attacks on foreign tourists in 2015, first killing 22 people at the Bardo National Museum, and laterkilling 38 people at the Sousse beachfront.

Geography

Tunisia is situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile

Delta. It is bordered by Algeria on the west and Libya on the south east. It lies between latitudes 30 and 38N,and longitudes 7 and 12E. An abrupt southward turn of the Mediterranean coast in northern Tunisia gives thecountry two distinctive Mediterranean coasts, west-east in the north, and north-south in the east.

Though it is relatively small in size, Tunisia has great environmental diversity due to its north-south extent. Its east-west extent is limited. Differences in Tunisia, like the rest of the Maghreb, are largely north-south environmentaldifferences defined by sharply decreasing rainfall southward from any point. The Dorsal, the eastern extension ofthe Atlas Mountains, runs across Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to theCape Bon peninsula in the east. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills andplains, again an extension of mountains to the west in Algeria. In the Khroumerie, the northwestern corner of the

Tunisian Tell, elevations reach 1,050 metres (3,440 ft) and snow occurs in winter.

The Sahel, a broadening coastal plain along Tunisia's eastern Mediterranean coast, is among the world's premierareas of olive cultivation. Inland from the Sahel, between the Dorsal and a range of hills south of Gafsa, are theSteppes. Much of the southern region is semi-arid and desert.

Tunisia has a coastline 1,148 kilometres (713 mi) long. In maritime terms, the country claims a contiguous zone of

24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi), and a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi). [72]

Climate

Tunisia's climate is Mediterranean in the north, with mild rainy winters and hot, dry summers.[73]The south of thecountry is desert. The terrain in the north is mountainous, which, moving south, gives way to a hot, dry central plainThe south is semiarid, and merges into the Sahara. A series of salt lakes, known as chotts or shatts, lie in an east-west line at the northern edge of the Sahara, extending from the Gulf of Gabes into Algeria. The lowest point isChott el Djerid at 17 metres (56 ft) below sea level and the highest is Jebel ech Chambi at 1,544 metres

(5,066 ft).[74]

Politics

Tunisia is a representative democracy and a republic with a president serving as head of state, prime minister ashead of government, a unicameral parliament, and a civil law court system. The Constitution of Tunisia, adopted 2January 2014, guarantees rights for women and states that the President's religion "shall be Islam". In October 201

Tunisia held its first elections under the new constitution following the Arab Spring.[75]

The number of legalized political parties in Tunisia has grown considerably since the revolution. There are now ove100 legal parties, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only threefunctioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo_National_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chott_el_Djeridhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_parallel_northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gabeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khroumirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_meridian_easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel,_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_meridian_easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_milehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiaridhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soussehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_ech_Chambihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_salt_lakeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_(Tunisia)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Deltahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sousse_attackshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettajdid_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Forum_for_Labour_and_Liberties


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Beji Caid EssebsiPresident since 2014

Habib EssidPrime Minister since 2015

established and can draw on previous party structures, manyof the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are

small.[76]

Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of

seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament.[77]

In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24%

and 31% of all seats.[78][79]

Tunisia is included in the European Union's EuropeanNeighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EUand its neighbours closer. On 23 November 2014 Tunisiaheld its first Presidential Election following the Arab Spring in

2011.[80]

Law

The Tunisian legal system is heavily influenced by French civil law, while the Law of Personal Status is based on

Islamic law.[81]Sharia courts were abolished in 1956. [81]

A Code of Personal Status was adopted shortly after independence in 1956, which, among other things, gavewomen full legal status (allowing them to run and own businesses, have bank accounts, and seek passports undertheir own authority). The code outlawed the practices of polygamy and repudiation and a husband's right to

unilaterally divorce his wife.[82]Further reforms in 1993 included a provision to allow Tunisian women to transmit

citizenship even if they are married to a foreigner and living abroad. [83]The Law of Personal Status is applied to al

Tunisians regardless of their religion.[81]The Code of Personal Status remains one of the most progressive civil

codes in the North Africa and the Muslim world.[84]

Human rights

After the revolution, a number of Salafist groups emerged and in some occasions have violently repressed artistic

expression that is viewed to be hostile to Islam.[85]

Since the revolution, some non-governmental organizations have reconstituted themselves and hundreds of newones have emerged. For instance, the Tunisian Human Rights League, the first human rights organization in Africa

and the Arab world, operated under restrictions and state intrusion for over half of its existence, but is nowcompletely free to operate. Some independent organizations, such as the Tunisian Association of DemocraticWomen, the Association of Tunisian Women for Research and Development, and the Bar Association also remain

active.[76]

Military
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As of 2008, Tunisia had an army of 27,000 personnel equipped with 84 main battle tanks and 48 light tanks. Thenavy had 4,800 personnel operating 25 patrol boats and 6 other craft. The Tunisian Air Force has 154 aircraft an

4 UAVs. Paramilitary forces consisted of a 12,000-member national guard.[86]Tunisia's military spending was1.6% of GDP as of 2006. The army is responsible for national defence and also internal security. Tunisia has

participated in peacekeeping efforts in the DROC and Ethiopia/Eritrea.[87]United Nations peacekeepingdeployments for the Tunisian armed forces have been in Cambodia (UNTAC), Namibia (UNTAG), Somalia,Rwanda, Burundi, Western Sahara (MINURSO) and the 1960s mission in the Congo, ONUC.

The military has historically played a professional, apolitical role in defending the country from external threats.Since January 2011 and at the direction of the executive branch, the military has taken on increasing responsibility

for domestic security and humanitarian crisis response.[76]

Administrative divisions

Tunisia is subdivided into 24 governorates, which are further divided into 264 "delegations" or "districts"(mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (shaykhats)[88]and sectors ( imadats).[89]

Economy

Tunisia now finds itself as an export-oriented country in the process of liberalizing and privatizing an economy thatwhile averaging 5% GDP growth since the early 1990s, has suffered from corruption benefiting politically

connected elites.[90]Tunisia's Penal Code criminalises several forms of corruption, including active and passivebribery, abuse of office, extortion and conflicts of interest, but the anti-corruption framework is not effectively

Mediterranean sea

Djerba

Kerkennah

Jendouba

Bizerte

Kef

Bja

Kasserine

Gafsa

Tozeur

Kebili

Tataouine

Medenine

Gabs

Sfax

MahdiaMonastir

Sousse

Nabeul

Sidi Bouzid

Kairouan

SilianaZaghouan

Manouba

Ben Arous

Ariana

Tunis
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Graphical depiction of Tunisia'sproduct exports in 28 color-codedcategories.

enforced.[91]Tunisia has a diverse economy, ranging from agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and petroleumproducts, to tourism. In 2008 it had a GDP of US$41 billion (official exchange rates), or $82 billion (purchasing

power parity).[92]The agricultural sector stands for 11.6% of the GDP, industry 25.7%, and services 62.8%. Theindustrial sector is mainly made up of clothing and footwear manufacturing, production of car parts, and electricmachinery. Although Tunisia managed an average 5% growth over thelast decade it continues to suffer from a high unemployment especiallyamong youth.

Tunisia was in 2009 ranked the most competitive economy in Africa and

the 40th in the world by the World Economic Forum.[93]Tunisia has

managed to attract many international companies such as Airbus[94]and

Hewlett-Packard.[95]

Tourism accounted for 7% of GDP and 370,000 jobs in 2009.[96]

The European Union remains Tunisia's first trading partner, currentlyaccounting for 72.5% of Tunisian imports and 75% of Tunisian exports.Tunisia is one of the European Union's most established trading partnersin the Mediterranean region and ranks as the EU's 30th largest trading partner. Tunisia was the first Mediterraneancountry to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union, in July 1995, although even before the date oentry came into force, Tunisia started dismantling tariffs on bilateral EU trade. Tunisia finalised the tariffs dismantlinfor industrial products in 2008 and therefore was the first Mediterranean country to enter in a free trade area with

EU.[97]

Tunis Sports City is an entire sports city currently being constructed in Tunis, Tunisia. The city that will consist of

apartment buildings as well as several sports facilities will be built by the Bukhatir Group at a cost of $5 Billion.[98

The Tunis Financial harbour will deliver North Africa's first offshore financial centre at Tunis Bay in a project withan end development value of US$3 billion.[99]The Tunis Telecom City is a US$3 billion project to create an IT hu

in Tunis.[100]

Tunisia Economic City is a city being constructed near Tunis in Enfidha. The city will consist of residential, medicalfinancial, industrial, entertainment and touristic buildings as well as a port zone for a total cost of US$80 Billion. Th

project is financed by Tunisian and foreign enterprises.[101]

Tourism

Among Tunisia's tourist attractions are its cosmopolitan capital city of Tunis, the ancient ruins of Carthage, theMuslim and Jewish quarters of Jerba, and coastal resorts outside of Monastir. According to The New York Time

Tunisia is "known for its golden beaches, sunny weather and affordable luxuries." [102]

Energy

The majority of the electricity used in Tunisia is produced locally, by state-owned company STEG (Socit

Tunisienne de l'Electricit et du Gaz). In 2008, a total of 13,747 GWh was produced in the country.[104]
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Sources of electricity

production in Tunisia[103]

Thermal steam (44%)

Combined Cycle (43%)

Gas turbine (11%) Wind, Hydroelectric, Solar

(2%)

Oil production of Tunisia is about 97,600 barrels per day (15,520 m3/d).

The main field is El Bourma.[105]

Oil production began in 1966 in Tunisia. Currently there are 12 oil

fields.[106]

Tunisia had plans for two nuclear power stations, to be operational by 2019.

Both facilities are projected to produce 9001000 MW. France is set tobecome an important partner in Tunisia's nuclear power plans, having signedan agreement, along with other partners, to deliver training and

technology.[107][108]As of 2015, Tunisia has abandoned these plans.Instead, Tunisia is considering other options to diversify its energy mix, suchas renewable energies, coal, shale gas, liquified natural gas and constructing

a submarine power interconnection with Italy.[109]

According to the Tunisian Solar Plan (which is Tunisia's Renewable EnergyStrategy not limited to solar, contrary to what its title may suggest, proposed

by the National Agency for Energy Conservation(http://www.anme.nat.tn/index.php?id=3)), Tunisia's objective is to reach ashare of 30% of renewable energies in the electricity mix by 2030, most of

which should be accounted for by wind power and photovoltaics.[110]As of2015, Tunisia had a total renewable capacity of 312 MW (245 MW wind, 62 MW hydropower, 15 MW

photovoltaics.)[111][112]

Transport

The country maintains 19,232 kilometres (11,950 mi) of roads,[92]with three highways: A1 Tunis-Sfax (worksongoing for Sfax-Libya), A3 Tunis-Beja (works ongoing Beja Boussalem, studies ongoing Boussalem Algeriaand A4 Tunis Bizerte. There are 29 airports in Tunisia, with Tunis Carthage International Airport and DjerbaZarzis International Airport being the most important ones. A new airport, Enfidha Hammamet InternationalAirport, was completed at the end of October 2009 but was delayed in opening and did not open fully until 2011.The airport is located north of Sousse at Enfidha and is to mainly serve the resorts of Hamammet and Port ElKantaoui, together with inland cities such as Kairouan. Five airlines are headquartered in Tunisia: Tunisair, Syphaxairlines, Karthago Airlines, Nouvelair, and Tunisair Express. The railway network is operated by SNCFT and

amounts to 2,135 kilometres (1,327 mi) in total.[92]The Tunis area is served by a Light rail network named MetroLegerwhich is managed by Transtu.

Water supply and sanitation

Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation services among the Middle East andNorth Africa. As of 2011, access to safe drinking water became close to universal approaching 100% in urban

areas and 90% in rural areas.[113]Tunisia provides good quality drinking water throughout the year. [114]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_railhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisair_Expresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerba%E2%80%93Zarzis_International_Airporthttp://www.anme.nat.tn/index.php?id=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfidha_%E2%80%93_Hammamet_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthago_Airlineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syphax_airlines&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_Carthage_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCFT


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Young Berber woman of

Tunisia (early 1900s)

Responsibility for the water supply systems in urban areas and large rural centres is assigned to the SociteNationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux (SONEDE), a national water supply authority that is anautonomous public entity under the Ministry of Agriculture. Planning, design and supervision of small and mediumwater supplies in the remaining rural areas are the responsibility of theDirection Gnrale du Gnie Rurale(DGGR).

In 1974, ONAS was established to manage the sanitation sector. Since 1993, ONAS got the status of a mainoperator for protection of water environment and combating pollution.

The rate of non-revenue water is the lowest in the region at 21% in 2012.[115]

emographics

The population of Tunisia, from a sociological, historical and genealogicalstandpoint, is made up of people of mainly distinct and mixed Arab, Berber, and

Turkish descent.[116]By 1870 the distinction between the Arab mass and the

Turkish elite had blurred[117]and today the overwhelming majority, of about

98%,[92][118]simply identify themselves as Arabs., [119]despite the fact thataround 25% of the population is of Turkish/Ottoman descent while another 15%

is of Andalusian heritage.[120]There is also a small purely Berber (1% at

most)[121]population located in the Dahar mountains and on the island of Djerbain the south-east and in the Khroumire mountainous region in the north-west.

From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large

populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956),[122]althoughnearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became

independent. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about

900 remained.[123]

The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peopleshave invaded, migrated to, or have been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with influences ofpopulation from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Spaniards, Ottoman Turks and Janissaries,

and French. There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia.[35]

Additionally, after the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many SpanishMuslims and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled inTunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, o

Andalusia Alley."[124]

The government has supported a remarkably successful family planning program that has reduced the population

growth rate to just over 1% per annum, contributing to Tunisia's economic and social stability. [76]

Religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquistahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tunisianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lehnert_Landrock_-_Ouled_Na%C3%AFl_Girl_-_Algeria_-_1905.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khroumirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerbahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriscohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia


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Al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis

The majority of Tunisia's population (around 98%) are Muslims while

about 2% follow Christianity and Judaism or other religions.[92]The bulkof Tunisians belong to the Maliki School of Sunni Islam and theirmosques are easily recognizable by square minarets. However, the Turksbrought with them the teaching of the Hanafi School during the Ottomanrule, which still survives among the Turkish descended families today, and

their mosques traditionally have octagonal minarets.[125]Sunnis form the

majority with non-denominational Muslims being the second largestgroup of Muslims,[126]followed by Ibadite Amazighs. [127][128]

Tunisia has a sizable Christian community of around over 25,000adherents, mainly Catholics (22,000) and to a lesser degree Protestants. Berber Christians continued to live in

Tunisia up until the early 15th century.[129]International Religious Freedom Report for 2007 estimates thousands o

Tunisian Muslims who convert to Christianity.[130][131]Judaism is the country's third largest religion with 900members. One-third of the Jewish population lives in and around the capital. The remainder lives on the island of

Djerba with 39 synagogues where the Jewish community dates back 2,500 years, on Sfax and Hammam-Lif.[132]

Djerba, an island in the Gulf of Gabs, is home to El Ghriba synagogue, which is one of the oldest synagogues in thworld and the oldest uninterruptedly used. Many Jews consider it a pilgrimage site, with celebrations taking placethere once every year due to its age and the legend that the synagogue was built using stones from Solomon's

temple.[133]In fact, Tunisia along with Morocco has been said to be the Arab countries most accepting of their

Jewish populations.[134]

The constitution declares Islam as the official state religion and requires the President to be Muslim. Aside from thepresident, Tunisians enjoy a significant degree of religious freedom, a right enshrined and protected in its

constitution, which guarantees the freedom of thoughts, beliefs and to practice one's religion.[132]

The country has a secular culture where religion is separated from not only political, but in public life. During thepre-revolution era there were at some point restrictions in the wearing of Islamic head scarves (hijab) in governmeoffices and on public streets and public gatherings. The government believed the hijab is a "garment of foreign orighaving a partisan connotation". There were reports that the Tunisian police harassed men with "Islamic" appearanc

(such as those with beards), detained them, and sometimes compelled men to shave their beards off.[135]In 2006,

the former Tunisian president declared that he would "fight" the hijab, which he refers to as "ethnic clothing".[136]

Mosques were restricted from holding communal prayers or classes. After the revolution however, a moderateIslamist government was elected leading to more freedom in the practice of religion. It has also made room for the

rise of fundamentalist groups such as the Salafists, who call for a strict interpretation of Sharia law.[137]

The fall infavour of the moderate Islamist government of Ennahdha was partly due to that, modern Tunisian governmentsintelligence objectives are to suppress fundamentalist groups before they can pass to act.

Individual Tunisians are tolerant of religious freedom and generally do not inquire about a person's personal

beliefs.[132]

Language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaditehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijabhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerbahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_Kassus-2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convert_to_Christianityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazighhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ghriba_synagoguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_templehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian


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Tunisian painting

Arabic is the official language, and Tunisian Arabic, known as Derja, is the national, vernacular variety of Arabic

and is used by the public.[138]There is also a small minority of speakers of Berber languages known collectively as

Shelha.[139]

French also plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status. It is widely used in education(e.g., as the language of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business. In 2010, there

were 6,639,000 French-speakers in Tunisia, or about 64% of the population.[140]Italian is understood and spoken

by a small part of the Tunisian population.[141]Shop signs, menus and road signs in Tunisia are generally written inboth Arabic and French.[142]

Major cities

Culture

The culture of Tunisia is mixed due to their long established history of outside influence from people such asPhoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, Italians, Spaniards, and the French who all left their

mark on the country.

Painting

The birth of Tunisian contemporary painting is strongly linked to theSchool of Tunis, established by a group of artists from Tunisia with unitedby the desire to incorporate native themes and rejecting the influence ofOrientalist colonial painting. It was founded in 1949 and brings togetherFrench and Tunisian Muslims, Christians and Jews. Pierre Boucherle wasits main instigator, along with Yahia Turki, Abdelaziz Gorgi, Moses Levy,Ammar Farhat, and Jules Lellouche. Given its doctrine, some membershave therefore turned to the sources of aesthetic Arab-Muslim art: suchas miniature Islamic architecture, etc. Expressionist paintings by AmaraDebbache, Jellal Ben Abdallah, and Ali Ben Salem are recognized whileabstract art captures the imagination of painters like Edgar Naccache,

Nello Levy, and Hedi Turki.[144]

After independence in 1956, the art movement in Tunisia was propelled by the dynamics of nation building and byartists serving the state. A Ministry of Culture was established, under the leadership of ministers such as Habib

Boulars who saw art and education and power.[144]

Artists gained international recognition such as Hatem ElMekki or Zoubeir Turki and influenced a generation of new young painters. Sadok Gmech draws his inspirationfrom national wealth while Moncef Ben Amor turns to fantasy. In another development, Youssef Rekik reused the

technique of painting on glass and founded Nja Mahdaoui calligraphy with its mystical dimension. [144]

There are currently fifty art galleries housing exhibitions of Tunisian and international artists.[145]These galleries

include Gallery Yahia in Tunis and Carthage Essaadi gallery.[145]

Literature
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nja_Mahdaouihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedi_Turkihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Boular%C3%A8shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatem_El_Mekkihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Gorgihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariana_par_Catania.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoubeir_Turkihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahia_Turkihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derjahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Levy


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Rachidia orchestra playing traditionalmusic in Tunis Theater

Ya laimi azzineby Saliha (19141958)

Tunisian literature exists in two forms: Arabic and French. Arabic literature dates back to the 7th century with thearrival of Arab civilization in the region. It is more important in both volume and value than French literature,

introduced during the French protectorate from 1881.[146]

Among the literary figures include Ali Douagi, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems an

folk songs and nearly 15 plays,[147]Khraief Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the

1930s and which caused a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect,[147]and others such as

Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad, or Mahmoud Messaadi.

As for poetry, Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such as Aboul-QacemEchebbi.

As for literature in French, it is characterized by its critical approach. Contrary to the pessimism of Albert Memmi,

who predicted that Tunisian literature was sentenced to die young,[148]a high number of Tunisian writers areabroad including Abdelwahab Meddeb, Bakri Tahar, Mustapha Tlili, Hele Beji, or Mellah Fawzi. The themes ofwandering, exile and heartbreak are the focus of their creative writing.

The national bibliography lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic.[149]In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007.[150]Nearly a third of the books are published forchildren.

Music

At the beginning of 20th century, musical activity was dominated by theliturgical repertoire associated with different religious brotherhoods andsecular repertoire which consisted of instrumental pieces and songs indifferent Andalusian forms and styles of origins, essentially borrowingcharacteristics of musical language. In 1930 "The Rachidia" was foundedwell known thanks to artists from the Jewish community. The founding in1934 of a musical school help revive Arab Andalusian music largely to asocial and cultural revival led by the elite of the time who became awareof the risks of loss of the musical heritage and which they believedthreatened the foundations of Tunisian national identity. The institution didnot take long to assemble an elite group of musicians and poets andscholars. The creation of Radio Tunis in 1938 allowed musicians agreater opportunity to disseminate their works.

Among the major Tunisian contemporary artists include Saber Rebai,Dhafer Youssef, Belgacem Bouguenna, Sonia M'Barek and Latifa. Othernotable musicians include Salah El Mahdi, Anouar Brahem, and LotfiBouchnak.

Media

The TV media has long remained under the domination of the Establishment of the Broadcasting Authority Tunisia(ERTT) and its predecessor, the Tunisian Radio and Television, founded in 1957. On 7 November 2006, PresideZine el-Abidine Ben Ali announced the demerger of the business, which became effective on 31 August 2007. Un

0:00 MENU
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Olympique Rads Stadium

then, ERTT managed all public television stations (Tlvision Tunisienne 1 as well as Tlvision Tunisienne 2 whichhad replaced the defunct RTT 2) and four national radio stations (Radio Tunis, Tunisia Radio Culture, Youth andRadio RTCI) and five regional Sfax, Monastir, Gafsa, Le Kef and Tataouine. Most programs are in Arabic butsome are in French. Growth in private sector radio and television broadcasting has seen the creation of numerousoperations including Radio Mosaique FM, Jawhara FM, Zaytuna FM, Hannibal TV, Ettounsiya TV, and Nessma

TV.[151][152]

In 2007, some 245 newspapers and magazines (compared to only 91 in 1987) are 90% owned by private groups

and independents.[153]The Tunisian political parties have the right to publish their own newspapers, but those of thopposition parties have very limited editions (like Al Mawkif or Mouwatinoun). Before the recent democratictransition, although freedom of the press was formally guaranteed by the constitution, almost all newspapers have ipractice followed the government line report. Critical approach to the activities of the president, government and tConstitutional Democratic Rally Party (then in power) were suppressed. In essence, the media was dominated bystate authorities through the Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. This has changed since, as the media censorship by the

authorities have been largely abolished, and self-censorship has significantly decreased.[154]Nonetheless, thecurrent regulatory framework and social and political culture mean that the future of press and media freedom is st

unclear.[154]

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Tunisia. The Tunisia national footballteam, also known as "The Eagles of Carthage," won the 2004 African

Cup of Nations (ACN), which was held in Tunisia.[155][156]They alsorepresented Africa in the 2005 FIFA Cup of Confederations, which washeld in Germany, but they could not go beyond the first round.

The premier football league is the "Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1". Themain clubs are Esprance Sportive de Tunis, toile Sportive du Sahel,Club Africain, and Club Sportif Sfaxien.

The Tunisia national handball team has participated in several handballworld championships. In 2005, Tunisia came fourth. The national leagueconsists of about 12 teams, with ES. Sahel and Esperance S.Tunis dominating. The most famous Tunisian handbalplayer is Wissem Hmam. In the 2005 Handball Championship in Tunis, Wissem Hmam was ranked as the topscorer of the tournament. The Tunisian national handball team won the African Cup eight times, being the team

dominating this competition. The Tunisians won the 2010 African Cup in Egypt by defeating the host country.[157]

In boxing, Victor Perez ("Young") was world champion in the flyweight weight class in 1931 and 1932.[158]

In the 2008 Summer Olympics, Tunisian Oussama Mellouli won a gold medal in 1500m freestyle. [159]In the 2012Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the 1500m freestyle and a gold medal in the 15 km marathon.

In 2012, Tunisia participated for the seventh time in her history in the Summer Paralympic Games. She finished thecompetition with 19 medals; 9 golds, 5 silvers and 5 bronzes. Tunisia was classified 14th on the Paralympics medatable and 5th in Athletics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessma_TVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics_medal_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Sportif_Sfaxienhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_handball_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Africainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_Tunis_Afrique_Pressehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics_medal_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_Sportive_du_Sahelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_TVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CA_-_Rad%C3%A8s.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oussama_Melloulihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_Sportive_de_Tunishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_footballhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissem_Hmamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Ligue_Professionnelle_1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Tunisienne_1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_African_Cup_of_Nationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FIFA_Confederations_Cuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Perez


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Sadiki College in Tunis

Tunisia was suspended from Davis Cup play for the year 2014, because the Tunisian Tennis Federation was found

to have ordered Malek Jaziri not to compete against an Israeli tennis player, Amir Weintraub. [160]ITF presidentFrancesco Ricci Bitti said: "There is no room for prejudice of any kind in sport or in society. The ITF Boarddecided to send a strong message to the Tunisian Tennis Federation that this kind of action will not be

tolerated."[160]

Science and technology

Education

The total adult literacy rate in 2008 was 78%[161]and this rate goes up

to 97.3% when considering only people from 15 to 24 years old.[162]

Education is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP. A basiceducation for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has beencompulsory since 1991. Tunisia ranked 17th in the category of "quality ofthe [higher] educational system" and 21st in the category of "quality of

primary education" in The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-9,released by The World Economic Forum.[163]

While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when theyenter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic. From the age of 8, they are taughtFrench while English is introduced at the age of 10.

The four years of secondary education are open to all holders of Diplme de Fin d'Etudes de l'Enseignement deBase where the students focus on entering university level or join the workforce after completion. The Enseignemesecondaire is divided into two stages: general academic and specialized. The higher education system in Tunisia ha

experienced a rapid expansion and the number of students has more than tripled over the past 10 years fromapproximately 102,000 in 1995 to 365,000 in 2005.The gross enrollment rate at the tertiary level in 2007 was 31

percent, with gender parity index of GER of 1.5.[163]

Health

In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.37% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 12.02 physician

and 33.12 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.[164]The life expectancy at birth was 74.60 years in 2010, or 72.60 year

for males and 76.70 years for females.[165]Infant mortality in 2004 was 25 per 1,000. [166]

See also

Index of Tunisia-related articlesOutline of TunisiaEU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Tunisia (http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=8)

References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Tunisia-related_articleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coll%C3%A8ge_Sadiki-Kassus.jpghttp://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Weintraubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Jazirihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Ricci_Bittihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Arabichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Competitiveness_Reporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiki_College


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1. "Tunisia Constitution, Article 4" (PDF). 26 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.2. "Tunisian Constitution, Article 1" (PDF). 26 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF)on 9 February 2014.

Retrieved 10 February 2014. Translation by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent andsovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic."

3. Arabic, Tunisian Spoken (http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb). Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrievedon 2015-09-05.

4. Frosini, Justin; Biagi, Francesco (2014).Political and Constitutional Transitions in North Africa: Actors andFactors. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9781317597452.

5. Choudhry, Sujit; Stacey, Richard (2014) "Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt"(http://www.idea.int/publications/constitution-building-a-global-review/upload/cbgr_c5.pdf). International Institutfor Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved 7 January 2016.

6. "National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia". National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia. 12 September 2014. Retrieved12 September 2014.

7. "Tunisia". International Monetary Fund.8. "GINI index". World Bank. Retrieved 19 January 2013.9. "2015 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2015. Retrieved 15 Decemb

2015.10. "Report on the Delegation of

.". Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. 2010. Retrieved8 November 2010.

11. http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-

2014.pdf12. Tunisie France-Diplomatie Ministre des Affaires trangres et du Dveloppement international

(http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/tunisie/). Diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.13. (French) Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe | JOL Journalism Online Press

(http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html). Jolpress.com (28 February 2014).Retrieved on 2015-09-05.

14. Ghanmi, Monia (12 September 2014) "La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie"(http://web.archive.org/web/20140914025940/http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02).Magharebia

15. "Tunisie : les lgislatives fixes au 26 octobre et la prsidentielle au 23 novembre".Jeune Afrique. 25 June 2014.16. "Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll". BBC News. 23 November 2014.

17. Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities,Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 385. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3.

18. Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980).Articles on the Middle East, 19471971: A Cumulation of theBibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press, University of Michigan. p. 132.

19. Taylor, Isaac (2008).Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and TopographicalNomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 281. ISBN 0-559-29668-1.

20. Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 19131936. Brill. p. 838. ISBN 9004-08265-4.

21. Livy, John Yardley and Hoyos, Dexter (2006). Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty. Oxford UniversityPress. p. 705. ISBN 0-19-283159-3. and others associated with the word " " (different from ) in Arabicwhich is a verb that means to socialize and to be friendly.

22. Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. 2012. Tunisia. Steven Danver (ed.),Native Peoples of the World: AnEncyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues, Vol. 3. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 688689.23. "Carthage and the Numidians". Hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com. Retrieved 28 October 2011.24. "LookLex / Tunisia / Dougga / Numidian Wall". Looklex.com. Retrieved 28 October 2011.25. "Numidians (DBA II/40) and Moors (DBA II/57)". Fanaticus.org. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 28 October 201126. "LookLex / Tunisia / Chemtou / Numidian Altar & Roman Temple". Looklex.com. Retrieved 28 October 2011.27. "Numidia (ancient region, Africa)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 October 2011.28. "The City of Carthage: From Dido to the Arab Conquest" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2013.29. "Donatist".Encyclopdia Britannica.30. Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002).Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : An Encyclopedi

ABC-CLIO. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-57607-004-8.

31. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities o the Islamic World. BRILL. . 264. ISBN 978-90-04-15388
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