All Hands Naval Bulletin - Jan 1943

8/6/2019 All Hands Naval Bulletin - Jan 1943

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~JANUARY 1943 0 NUMBER 310REAR AD MIRAL RANDALL JACOBS, USNTh e Chief of Naval Persortltel

REAR ADMIRAL L.E. DENFELD, USNTh e Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel

Table of Contents .Page

Bureau of Naval Personnel Reorganized, . . . 2First Account of KiskaBombing. . . . . . . . . . 6An Appendectomy by Amateurs . . . . . . . . . . 10

-Tax Facts for Navy Me n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Tribute o Texas and Houston. . . . . . . . . . . . 16The Coast Guard on the Seven Seas.. . . . . . 18SPECIAL SECTION * E N D OF Y E A RNew Year's Greeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Report on Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Rationing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Reports o heService. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Pacific Area Mortality Rate Low. . . . . . . . . 33Womenand Military Etiquette. . . . . . . . . . . 35A Captain Speaks on Shore Liberty. . . . . . . . 37Studies by the Hundreds of Thousands. . . . . 39Rest Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41The Action n North Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Echoes of an Earlier African Campaign. . . . 45WarCollege Graduates 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Training Specialists inCollege. . . . . . . . . . . 50Casualties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55DecorationsandCitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Promotions,Commendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

. TheNavalAirTransportService. . . . . . . . . 47

This magazine is publis hed monthly n Washin g-ton, D. C., by he Publ ic Rela tions Division of theBureau of Naval Personnel for the information andinterest of the Naval Service as a whole. Becausecopies cannot be furnished all personnel indiviauallyat present, it is requested t ha t each copy be given aswide acirculation as passible. It is suggested thatreaders pass along theircopies when they areinished.To further publicize the contents, shipan dstationpaper,s may desire to reprint pertinent material fromthe Bulletin. All activities shou ldkeep heBureauinformed of how many copies are re quired . Whilethe Bulletin is published for theguidance of theService, the authority for all information containedherein is the particular order or directive on whichthe information is based. Articles of general interestmay be forwarded to th e Editor via official channels.


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DMIRALANDALL JACOBS, U. . N. REARDMIRAL L. E . DENFELD, U.S. N .Th e Chief of Naual Personnel Th e Assistant Chief of Naual Personnel

Bureau of Naval Personnel R eorganizedManpower problems of Navy expandingatun-paralled rate prompts survey and change of set-up

ACED with the manpower problemsFof the Navy expanding at a rate un-paralleled in history, the Bureau ofNaval Personnel has undertaken acompletemrg.anizationwithin thepast few months.

In peacetime the Bureau was di-vided into 13 divisions, w ith the di-rector of each division reporting di-rectly to the Chief of Naval Personneland the Assistant Chief of Naval Per-sonnel. The necesisty o f some realign-ment was indicated by the tremend-ously magnified war task, and a sur-Page 2

vey was undertaken to determine howthe situation could best be met. As aresultchanges were instituted grad-ually. But by the end of the year anentirely new plan was in practical op-eration. While minor changes ar estill contemplated, t~he eneral scopeand outline of the new organizationhave been established.The organization as now establishedcomprises a system of 14divisions, withthe directors of all exceptwo di-visions reporting directly o one of fourDirectors of Activities. The Directorsof Activities in turn report to the As-. ,

sistant Chief of Naval Personnel, whois responsible to the Chief of NavalPersonnel.Under Rear Admiral RandallJacobs, USN, the Chief of Naval Per-sonnel, and Rear Admiral L. E. Den-feld, USN, the Assistant Chief of NavalPersonnel, th- four Directors of Activ-ities are Capt. H. G. Hopwood, USN,Planningand Control; Capt. W. M.Fechteler, USN, Officer Personnel;Capt. A. M. Bledsoe, USN, Enlisted Per-sonnel; and Capt. C. C.- Baughman,USN, Special Activities:.The Directors of Planfiing and Con-


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trol, Officer Personnel, and EnlistedPersonnel have jurisdiction over mat-ters indicated generallyby these titles.All other activities, except the Chap-lains and Womens Reserve Divisionsare placed under the Director of Spe-cial Activities. Such activities, eachcomprising a division, are raining,welfare, public relations, the adminis-trative functions of the Bureau itself,and all activities related t o the recordsand statistics of Naval Personnel.Under the Director of Flanning andControl is adivision bearing the samename; under he Director of OfficerPersonnel are the Divisions of OfficerProcurement, Officer Distribution,and Officer Performance;under heDirector of Enlisted Personnel are theDivisions of Recruiting, Enlisted Dis-tribution, and EMisted Performance.

The Directors of the 14 divisions in-to which the work of the Bureau hasbeendivided are:Planning and Control, Capt. H.G.Hopwood, USN; Officer Procurement,Capt. A. P. Lawton, USN; Officer Dis-tribution,Capt. T. R. Cooley, USN;Officer Performance, Capt.B. B. Biggs,

USN; Recruiting,Capt. W. C. Hayes,USN; Enlisted Distribution, Command-

er J. W. McColl, Jr ., USN; Enlisted Per-formance, Capt. H. G. Shonerd, USN;Training,Capt. B. L. Canaga, USN(Ret.) ; Welfare,Commander J. L.Reynolds, USN; PublicRelations, Lt.Comdr. P. . Brannen, USNR; Recordsand Statistics, Commander E. A. Sol-emons, USN; Administrative, Capt.J. B. Rutter, USN; Chaplains,Capt.R. D. Workman, USN; Womens Re-serve, Lt. Comdr. Mildred H.McAfee,USNR.

EACH division has beensubdividedinto various sections to performthe specific tasksassigned to t,asindicated by thechart accompany-ing this article.

The functions of the different di-visions are as follows:PLANNING ANDCONTROL

This division is the central coordi-natina office for the work of the entireBureau. It most directly assists theChief and Assistant Chief of NavalPersonnel in determination of policyand in coordinating the activities ofthis Bureau with the other bureausand offices f the Navy. The divi-The Four Directors of Activities

sion is also responsible for legislativematters in which the Bureau is con-cerned.OFFICE PROCUREMENTDIVISION

All functions andprocesses involvedin the section, procurement and ini-tial ppointment of officers of allsources, enlisted as well as civilian, arethe responsibilities of the Procure-ment Division, including the procure-ment of officer candidates.

OFFICER DISTRIBUTION DIVISIONThis division is respons:ble for thedetailing of all officers, including thosenewly ommissioned. It is also re-sponsible for the functions collateralto detailing, including hose of theclassification of officersby their quali-fications, theestablishmentand re-finement of complements and allow-ances, and the preparation of orders.

OFFICER PERFORMANCEDIVISIONThis division is responsible for thepromotion, retirement,discharge, anddiscipline of officers of the Navy; forall cases of resignation or revocationof commissions; forall ransfers ofofficers from class t o class except those

Oflcicial U. . N a o y phC . C . BAUGHMAN, U. . N,, CAPT.W .M . FECHTELER,U. . N . CAPT. A. M . BLEDSOE, U. . N. CAPT. H.G.HOPWOODSpecial Activities OfficerPersonnelnlistedersonnel Planning and Con

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from probationary class to special orgeneral; and for the functions of theBure au of Naval Personnel in connec-tion with special awards, medals, andcitatio ns for officers.RECRUITING D I V I S I O N

Th!s division is responsible fo r th eprocurement of all enlisted personnelexcep t for hose n officer-candidateprograms.

ENLISTED DISTRIBUTION D IV IS IO NTh is division is responsible fo r th eassignment to duty of all nlistedme n, and f or the collateral functionsof classification of enlisted menalready assigned to duty by theirqualifications, the establishment andrefinement of complements andal-lowances, and the issuance of ordersand quota letters assigning enlisted

men t o duty.ENLISTED PERFORMANCEDIVISIONPromotions, transfer,etirement,discipline, anddischarge o f enlistedmen and he functionsnecessary nconnection with the issuance ofmedals, awards, and citatio ns to en-listed men are t.he responsibilities ofthis division.

TRAINING DIVISIONThe purpose of the Training Divi-sion i s to tra in the individuals com-

prising the manpower of the Navy inorder to render them more useful inthe jobs o which the y are assigned.The immense size ofhe Navymakes this a tremendous tas k, n-volving the determinationof stand-ards which trainees must have at th ebeginning and tandards they mustattain through their trainin g; the de-veloping of curricula for all scho ols;handling the administration of llschools; providing the schools them-selves and he necessary equipmentand developing and administeringspecial training programs.

WELFARE DMS IONAll responsibility forhe welfareand recreation of theNavy's personnelis delegated to hi s division. I n ad-dition to these broad fields, the divi-sion has acasualties and allotmentssection, ,which assumes all responsi-

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C H A R T O F B U R E A UOF N A V A LP E R S O N N E L

I I----A N N I N G a CONTROL DIRECTOR O F OFFICERERSONNELC I P T W M TECHTELER ClRECiOR - C O P T W C C I L H O U N . A S S T DIRECTOR OF E NL I S TC A P T I\ M B L E O S O E . D I R E C I O R - CI I

bilities of heBureau inconnectionwith casualties, both officer anden-listed,and all responsibilities of theBure au in connection with money pay-able to th e families and dependents ofNavy personnel. Casua ltyctivitiesinclude the notificationof thenextof kin ncasualtycasesand the au-thorization of the payment of deathgratuities. Allotment activities in -clude the authorization of dependents'allotments payable to officers and theauthorization of dependents' allot-men ts and amily allowances toen-listed men. I n addition, theWelfareDivision is the official channel of liai-son on welfare matters with all otheragencies outside the Bur eau , such a sthe Bureau of M edicine and Surgery,the Public Health Service, the Inte r-nationalRed Cross, th e Navy ReliefSociety, the Federal Security Agency,

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and the Welfare and Recreation Unitsof the Army.PUBLIC RELATIONS D I V I S I O N

The responsibility of advising alldivision directors on the public rela-tions aspects of their policies and de-cisions ha s been delegated to the Pub -li cRelati ons Division. Th is divisionha s also keen given the task of cordi-nating t he content of all congressionalcorrespondence of the Bureau. Inaddition, it prepares and releases foruse by th e Navy Department Office ofPublic R elation s all news stories andmany ofhe press releases arisingfrom t he activities of th e Bureau. Aseparate section of th e division relatesto the naming of ships and the desig-nation of sponsors for them. Anothersection h as 'jurisdiction over the edit-ing, publication, and distribution of


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I CHI E F OF BUREAU IA FT E R R E O R G A N I ZA T I O N

I N 1942

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the Bureau of Naval Personnel Infor-mation Bulletin.RECORDS A N D STATISTICS DIVISION

The purpose of the Records andStatistics Division is to serve as thecentral agency in the Bureau f o r themaintenance of -records and for theissuance of statisticalnformationcompiled therefrom; to provide onecentral official source of statistical in-formation fo r the use of the Bureaumanagement and the Divisions of theBureau; and to provide greater effi-ciency in the keeping of records andreduction of duplication.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONThis division absorbs all functionsand personnel of the former Office ofthe Chief Clerk, constitutes a servicedivision for the rest f the Bureau. It

is responsible for all services otherthan record keeping which are usefulin common to all divisions of the Bu-reau. These services include provi-sion of the civilian personnel requiredto staff the Bureau, and responsibilityfor space, heat, light, equipment, sup-plies, andothernumerousneeds ofmodern office operation.In addition t o the responsibility forcivilian personnel, the BureauPer-

sonnel Section of this division is theoffice which checks n andout the offi-cer and enlisted personnel assigned otheBureau, endorsing theirordersand n general helping get the newarrivals settled in the Bureau.

CHAPLAINS' DIVISIONAllof the specialized functions of

the Chaplains' Corps of the Navy are

the responsibility of this division.The division determines the policiesunder which the Chaplains' Corpswillfunction and is responsible for assist-ing in the selection, training, and ad-ministration of chaplains of the Navy.WOMEN'S RESERVE

In general, the Director of th eWomen'sReserve is concernedwiththe policies affecting the Women'sReserve while the operating divisionsof the Bureau are responsible for theactual work of procurement, training,detailing, etc. The Director is re-sponsible for major policies governingth e activities of the Women's Reserveand for the coordination of the workof the operating divisions of the Bu-reau in connection with the Women'sReserve.


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Ofic ia l U.S . Navy photograph.An American cruiser blasts steel at the ememy lodged on Kiska Island.First Account of Kiska Bombing

ARLY in August, our force was or-E ered to bombard the Japanese in-stallations in the Harbor of Kiska atthe end of the Aleutian chain.We encountered severe fog difficul-ties in maneuvering for pxi tio n, butwhen it came, our first sight of theisland of Kiskawas a hrillinganddramatic experience, bursting out ofthe envelopingclouds and fog intothe sunlightand seeing th e mossy,tundra-cladmountain slcpes o f ourobjective ten miles away for the firsttime. There were low hanging cloudssurmounting hemountain tops ofKiska, but the sky was clear betweenusand he is!and. When we cameout into the open there was no signof offensive or defensive action on theisland tself. The destroyers a t th.P q e 6

Cruiser which saw action proves Reservesarenecessaryand ntegralpart of Navy

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This account w as w ritten bya young lieutenant commanderwho has retu rned to W ashing-ton recently from action in thePacific. Neither his name northe name of his ship canbeprinted for reasons of security.

shortest range, were the first to openfire, followed a few minutes later bythe tremendous volume of firefromthe cruisers at the ntermediate range.We opened fire after we were well outof t he fog and on our firing course.Almost fifteenminutes afterourforce commenced firingpon theisland the enemy tcok retaliatory steps

and heir guns long the coastlinewereobserved to beArfng. Shortlythereafter a alvo of shell plasheserupted just head of the leadingcruiser, at perfect rangebutahesd.S o close, however, that bits of shrap-nel landedon the forecastle of thatcruiser and on the fantail f the mine-sweeper in column ahead of her. Oneof the cruisers had specific orders, incase of such eventualities, o obliterateany shore batteries. This was imme-diately and effectively done andnomorehots werebserved landingaround the vessels of our force.

While this action was going on twoJapaneseloat-type Zero fighterplaneswere ighted flying over theforce, one apparently trying to attack


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any other orders o r any orders to thecontrary, until hat afternoon whenwe were directed to turn back to an-other port to await further orders.Thenext few days were anight-mare of erroneous reports, tragic radioaccounts of damage done, continuousalertsagainst supposed torpedo at-tacks, and ironically humorous ac-counts from the Tokio broadcast tell-ing of the sinking of ours and otherships. These latter reports were funnyonly because we knew tha t we and ourtwo escorts were very much afloat, butit worried us to thinkof the effect tha tsuch reports would have on our fam-ilies at home.The day that we were t o arrive inport we received indications of a largeJapanese force in hat vicinity. In-stead of going in, the captain eversed

course to return to Pearl, eeling that,by the time of our arrival there, ourforces would have control of the seaand air around Hawaii. Our ship wasa month and a half overdue for hermajor overhaul eriod at that time anddid not boast the newer antiaircraftguns anddetector devices that she nowhas. Consequently, the rip t.o Pearlwas conductednderonsiderablestrain and tension and we had manyfalse alarms about submarine attacksas well as plane spotting, and cvery-one was very much on the qui vive a tall times. Naturally all daylight hourswere spent nconstant drills at theguns and for any emergencies whichmight arise. and .all hands were readyfor anything.

FLATHER humorous ncident oc-*curred one day when e were hold-

ingAbandonShip Drill, which e-leased the tension and which was veryfunny o everyoneexcept the ship'sdoctor. The doctor, being aman offoresightand wisdom, had acquiredan extra life jacket which he had al-tered slightly by sewing in pocketsand containers and caches untilt wasasuperde uxe edition of an ordi-nary kapok preserver. Into this fancymodel hehad carefully stowed hismost important surgical instruments,dozens of candy bars, and all sorts oflittle odds and ends whiche thoughtwouldbe useful to him if he foundhimself bobbing around on a life raft .Unfortunately, the morning of theAbandon Ship Drill the first l ieuten-anthad given orders o he chiefboatswain to make an inventory oflife jackets.in all officer's rooms to be

"Oncia1 U. . Navy photograph.The scenery in theAlez&ns is beuuti fuGi f the fo gver lifts.Page 8


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sure that therewas one, and only one,for each officer. The chief boatswaindiscovered that there were two in thedoctors room and took the first oneat hand and stowed it in one of thecrews life jacket stowages. A t drillthat afternoon one of theaviationgang, while standing in ranks duringthe muster, feltha t his life jacket wasa little bi t bulkier than normal andproceeded to investigate-much tothe happiness of all his life raft crew,for he candywhichhedistributedwas like manna from Heaven (theships canteen had run out of candytendays previously and here wasnone to be hadaboard). A t aboutthe ame- nstant, he good doctorrealized that his drill acket was inhis room but his de luxe edition wasmissing. In utmost consternation hestarted a search and presently foundh i s depleted life jacket snugly aroundthe middle of a little seaman, secondclass, minus the provender which hehad so carefully installed for futureuse. ..

The hree hips arrived inPearlHarbor nine days after the dkbacle ofthe eventhand,after fueling andprovisioning, departed fo r the main-land six days ater. New Yearsevewas spent n drydock painting heships bottom. After eaving drydockthe ship joinedAdmiral FletchersTaskForce w ith the Y o r k t w n as anucleus. The purpose of this forcewas to convoy a large group of Ma-rines, supplies, equipment, planes, etc.,for the strengtheningof our fortifica-tions at an island outpost. The longtrip to our objective was made withvery little ncident other han twosubmarineeports and subsequentdepth charging by destroyers in thoseareas. While the Marines were beinglanded,our orce received orders tojoin with th e forces of Admiral Halsey.

N Januaxy 31,1942,our two forcesmade he now historic raidandattack on the Japanese-held Marshalland Gilbert Islands. Our Task Forcewas the southern one of the two at-tacking groups and we had consider-able squally, stormy weather in con-trast to theperfection of the weatherfarther north,where Admiral Halseysgroup was. This bad weather,l-though it contributed to he loss ofone of our own cruiser scouting planes,

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actually helpedcover our force and t oprevent detectionby the enemy. Con-sequently, we were notsubjected toany mass bombing attacks as was theother force. Our planes left the car-rier at 4:30 in he morningfor thefirst raidsupon enemy bases, hipping,andharbor installations. About woand a half hours ater hese planesreturned for newbomb and torpedoloads and were sent outagain.Thereports they madeof damage inflictedwerevery inspiring and encouragingto all of us.

HAT afternoon the Yorktounz re-ported an enemy plane forty milesaway, giving us its estimated course,speed, and altitude. We adjusted thisdata to our position in the formation.Shortly -after the Yorktown reportedthe plane nine miles away the targetappeared, flying out of a mass ofclouds ahead. It was a big, four-motoredapaneseeaplaneatrolbomber, and came into view exactlyon the cross wires.The crews at the gun stations wereso much on the alert and so eager toshoot a t any target that might ap-pear that th e sky control officer knewth at if he asked the capta in to un-mask the port battery the starboardbattery crewswould neverspeak tohim again. However, the target wasslightly on the port bow so the orderwasgiven to turn o starboard andtheortntiaircraftuns weretrained out on the plane. Before thecommand could e iven to com-mence iring, two protective fighterplanes from the carrier attacked theenemy bomber simultaneously. Therewas a spectacular explosion and theplane burst into lames-the left wingflew off into space, burning furiously,and the fuselage with right wing stillattached,a oaring mass of smokeand flame, plunged nto the ocean,leavingagiganticcolumn of blacksmoke to markheuneral pyre.The whole attack was so sudden andso spectacular that everyone wasbreathless at the sight of it . As theplaneexploded,a remendouscheerof exultationandpent-upemotioncame from all hands at their battlestations who witnessed the spectacle.A F T E R the successful completion of

the aid on the Marshalls andGilberts, the ships returned to PearlHarboragain to fuel and provision,

and thence went south to the CoralSea o join Admiral Brown on theLexington. EnroutesouthourTaskForce patrolled along a certain merid-ian while a large convoy was makingits way from the west coast to Aus-tralia. Our immediate duties were tocover the landing of troops on NewCaledonia and hen o prevent anyJapanese forces from comingdownthrough the Solomon Islands o at -tack those troops or o effect landingsat Port Moresby, New Guinea. Whilewe were in this area the planes fromour accompanying carriers made thefirst bombing raidsnapanesestrongholds in Lae and Salamua, ewGuinea.

Detached, our ship proceeded to thenavy yard for her much-needed over-haul where her hull structure, arma-ment, and fire control equipmenteremodernizedorrenewed. Orders werereceived to make all preparations forgetting underway because of reportsof pending action with the Japanesefleet. This was the prelude to heBattle of Midway.owever, thecruiser was sentorthntoheAleutians to join with the Task Forcein the Northwest Pacific. This periodwas known among some of the juniorofficers of the mess as The Saga o fKiska, or Life Afioat in a Fog.

We left port late in May and joinedother unitsof a Task Force in Alaskanwaters. Fora longperiod this TaskForce was on endless patrol utysteaming and maneuvering in fogs sothick that it was often impossible tosee the ship ahead. During this time,naturally, we had daily drills perfect-ing our gunnery nd indoctrinating allhands in every type of drill possible.During one of these gun drills one ofthe junior turret offfcers,whowas anew Reserve officer on board, was putincharge of the urretand was toreport a simulated ttack by an enemyship. In reporting over the battle cir-cuitehoutedEnemy cruisersighted, range five double 0, nsteadof range flve o double 0. That wasthe occasion for the classic remark,MyGod! Stand by to repel board-ers. The young officer was chagrinedand sheepish over his own mistake, butno one else on board ever made sucharange error again.

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-0 f i c ia l U. . Navg photograFh.In the crampedwardroom o f a submarilze,a pharmacists mate operated.

An Appendectomy by Amateurs((THEY re giving him ether now,was what they said back in theaf t torpedo rooms.

Hes gone under and theyre get-ting ready to cut him open, the crewwhispered, sitting on thei r pipe bunkscramped between torpedoes.One man went forward and put hisarm quietly around the shoulders ofanother man whowas handling thebow diving planes. Keep her steady,Jake,he said. Theyve just madethe first cut. Theyre feeling aroundfor it now.They were a little group of anx-,ious-faced men with their arms thrust

int3 reversed white pajama coats.Gauze bandages hid all their expres-sions except the tensity in their eyes.It was an acute appendix insideDeanRector of Chautauqua,Kans.The stabbing pains had become un-endurab!e the day before, which wasRectors first birthday anniversary atsea. Hewas19.The bg depth gauge tha t looks likea factory clock and stands beside thePage 10

Using spoons and going by th e book, submarinecrewmeets emergency nd saves mans life

Christmas tree and red and greengauges regulating the flooding cham-bersshowedwhere they were. Theywere belomw the surfa.ce. Andabovethem-andelow them, too-wereenemy waters crossed and recrossedby the whirring propellers of Japdestroyers and transports.The nearest naval surgeon compe-te nt e operate on the 19-year-oldseaman was housands of miles andmany days away. There was just oneway to prevent the appendix frombursting and that was for the crew tooperate on their shipmate themselves.

And thats what they did; they op-erated on him. I t wasprobably one

Thisdramaticaccount of anepic incident at sea is reprintedby special ermission of TheChicagoailyewsoreignService and George Weller, thecorrespondentwho wot e hestory.

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of the largest operations in numberof participants tha t ever occurred.

He ays hes ready to akehischance, the sailors whispered frombulkhead to bulkhead.That guysegular-theordtraveled from bow planes to propellerand back again.They kept her steady.

HE chief surgeon was a 23-year-old pharmacists mate wearing ablueblouse w i t h white-taped collarand squashy white duckap. His namewas Wheller B. Lipes. He came fromNewcastle, near Roanoke, Va., and hadtaken the Navy hospital course in SanDiego, thereafter serving hree yearsin the Naval Hospital in Philadelphia,where his wife now ives. Lipes spe-cialty as laboratory technician was inoperatingmachine tha t registersheart beats. He was classified as elec-trocardiographer.But hehad seenNavy doctors take out one or two ap-pendixes and thought he could do it.Under the sea he was given his firstchance to operate.


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There was difficulty about the ether.When below the surface the Pressureinside a boat is above the atmosphericpressure. More ether is absorbed un-der pressure. The submariners didnot knowhow ong their operationwould last.They did not knowhowlong it would take to find the appen-dix. They did not know whether therewould be enough ether to keep the pa-tient under throughout the operation.They didnt want the patient wak-ing up before they were finished.

HEYdecided to operateon theTtable in the officers wardroom. Inthe newest and roomiestAmericansubmarines the wardroom is approxi-mately the size of a Pullman cardrawing room. It is flanked by benchseats, attached to the wall, and a tableoccupies th e whole room-you enterwith knees already crooked toitdown. The onlyway anyonecan beupright in the wardroom is by kneel-ing.enough so that the patients head andfeet eached the two endswithouthanging over.First, they got out a medical bookand read up on the appendix, whileRector, his face pale with pain, layin a narrowbunk. It was probablythe most democratic surgical opera-tion ever performed. Everybody fromthe box plane man to thecook in thegalley knew his role.The cook provided the ether mask.The ether mask was an inverted teastrainer. They covered it with gauze.The 23-year-old surgeon had, ashis staff of fellowphysicians, allmen his senior in age and rank. Hisanaesthetist was bt. Franz Hoskins,of Tacoma, Wash., the communica-tions officer.Before they carried Rector to thewardroom, the submarine captain, Lt.Comdr. W. B. Ferrall, of Pittsburgh,asked Lipes, as thesurgeon to havea talk with the patient.Look, Dean, I never did anythinglike this before, he said. You donthavemuchchance to pull throughanyhow. What doyou say?I know just how it is, doc, saidRector. Lets get going.

T WAS the irst time in his lifeI that anybody had called Lipesdoc. But here was in him, addedto the teadiness that goes with a sub-

The operating able was just long ,

Associated Press ghotograph.WHELLER B. LlPEST h e y called him Doc.

mariners profession, a new calmnessworthy of Aesculapius.The operating staff adjusted theirgauze masks while members of theengine room crew pulled tight theirreversed pajama coats over their ex-tended arms. The tools were laid out.They were fa r from perfect or com-plete for amajor peration. Thescalpel had no handle.But submariners are used to rig-ging things. The medicine chest hadplenty of hemostats, which are smallpincers used for closing blood vessels.The machinist rigged a handle forthe scalpel from a hemostat.

HEN you are going to have an op-weration you mustave somekind of antiseptic agent. Rummagingin the medicine chest they found sul-fanilamide tablets and ground themto powder. One thing was acking:There was no means of holding openthe wound after the ncision had beenmade. Surgical tools used for thisare called muscularetractors.What would they use for retractors?Therewasnothing in the medicinechest which gave the answer, so theywent as usual to the cooks galley.In th e galley they found tablespoonsmade of monel metal.Theyentthese at rightangles and had heirretractors.

Sterilizers? They went to one ofthe greasy,copper-colored orpedoeswaiting beside the tubes. They milked

alcohol from the torpedo mechanismand used it , as well as boiling water.The light in the wardroom seemedinsufficient; operating roomsalwayshave big lamps. So they brought onec?f the big floods used for night load-ings ahd rigged i t inside the ward-roomssloping ceiling.HE moment for the operation hadcome. Rector, very pale andstripped, stretched himself out on thewardroom table under the glare of thelamps. Rubber glovesdipped in tor-pedo alcohol were rawn on the youth-ful docs hands. The fingers weretoo long. The rubberends dribbledover limply.You look like Mickey Mouse, Doc,said one onlooker.Lipes grinned behind the gauze.Rector, on the wardroom t.able, wethis lips, glancing a sidelook at the te

strainer ether mask.With his uperior officers as his sub-ordinates, Lipesooked about intotheir eyes, nodded,and Lt. Hoskins putthe tea-strainer mask down over Rec-tors face. N o wordswere spoken;Lt. Hoskins already knew from hebook that he should watch Rectorseye pupils dilate.The 23-year-old surgeon, follow-ing the ancienthand rule, put hislittleingern Rectorsubsidingumbilicus, his thumb on the point, ofthe hip bone and, .by dropping hisindex finger straight down, found thepointwhere he ntended ocut. Athis side stood Lt. Norvell Ward, ofIndian Head, Md., who was his assist-an t surgeon.

I chose him for his coolness anddependability, said the doc after-ward of his superior officer.Heacted as my third and fourth hands.Lt. Wards job was to place table-spoons in Rectors side as Lipes cutthrough successive layers of muscles.Engineering Officer Lt.Charles S.Manning, of Cheraw, S. -C., took thejob which in a formal operating roomis known as circulating nurse. Hisjob was to see tha t packets of sterileCarlisle dressings kept coming andthat the torpedo alcohol and boilingwaterrrivedegularlyrom thegalley.They had what is called an instru-ment passer in ChiefYeoman H. F.Wieg, of Sheldon, N. Dak., whose jobwas to keep the tablespoonscomingand coming clean.Submarine Skip-

Page 11


14/72

per Ferrall, oo,had his part. Theymade him recorder. It was his jobto keep count of the sponges that wentinto Rector. A double count of th etablespoonsused as retractors waskept: one by the skipper and one byth e cook who was himself passinghemout from the galley.

T TOOKLipes in his flapfingeredI rubber gloves nearly 20 minutes tofind the appendix.I have tried one Sideof the cae-cum, he whispered af ter he flrstminutes. Now Im trying the other.Whispered bulletins seepedackintohe engine room and crewsquarters.The doc has triedone side of some-thingand now is trying heotherside.Aftermore search Lipes finallywhispered, I think Ivegot it. Itscurled way up into the blind gut.Lipeswasusing the classical Mc-Burneys incision. Nowwas the timewhen his hipmates life wascom-pletely in his hands.Two more poons.Theypassedthe word to Lt. Ward.Two spoons at 14 :45 hours (2:45p. m.) , wrote Skipper Ferrall on hisnotepad.More flashlights. And anotherbattle lantern, demanded Lipes.The patients ace, atheredwithwhite petrolatum, began to grimace.Give him more ether, ordered thedoc.Lt. Hoskins looked doubtfully at th eoriginal five ounds o f ether nowshrunk to hardly three-quartersf onecan, but once again the teastrainerwasoaked in ether.heumes

Page 12

mounted up, thickeninghe wardroomairand making the operating staffgiddy.Want those blowers speeded up?the captainasked.the doc.SUDDENLY came the moment whenthe doc reached outhis hand, point-ing toward the needle threaded with20-day chromic catgut.One by one the sponges came out.One by one the tablespoons, bent intoright angles, were withdrawn and re-turned o he galley. A t theend itwas th e skipper who nudged Lipes ndpointed to the tally of bent table-spoons. One wasissing.ipesreached in he incision for the lasttime and withdrew the wishbonedspoon and closed the incision.They even had the tool ready tocut off the hread. It was a Pair offingernail scissors, well-scalded in wa-ter and torpedo juice.A t that moment the last canof etherwent dry. They lifted up Rector andcarried im intohe bunk of Lt.Charles K. Miller, of Williamsport,Pa. Lt. Miller alone had had controlof the ship as divingofficer duringthe operation.It was half an hour after the lasttablespoon had been withdrawn thatRector opened his eyes.His firstwordsere,Im still inherepitching.By that time the sweat-drenchedofficerswere hangingup heirpa-jamas to dry. It had taken the ama-teurs about 2% hours for an operationordinarily requiring 45 minutes.It wasntne of thosesnappyvalveappendices, murmured Lipesapologetically as he felt theirst hand-claps on his shoulder.

ITHIN a few hours, the bow andstern planesmen who under Mil-lers direction, had kept he submarinefrom varying more than half a degreevertically in 15 0 minutes below thestormysea, came around to receiveRectors winks of thanks. They wereC. R. Weekley, Dover,N. H., and WestUnion, W.Va.; L.L. Rose, St. Louis,Mich.; E. W. Grismore, Pandora, Ohio,and W. J. Hilburn, Foley, Ala.

And Rector does not forget also thethree shipmates who did the messen-ger work for torpedo alcohol and gal-ley spoons; s. D. Lang, Baltimore; A.A. Boehme, Geneva, Idaho, and A. E.Daniels, Sugarland, Tex.His onlyremark was gee, wish Earl were hereto see this job. His brother, Earl, aseaman on the Navy submarine tenderPigeon, is among the list of missing a tCorregidor, probably captured.When the submarine surfawd thatnight, all hands ho had been near thewardroom found themselves fre-quently grabbing the sides of the con-ning tower and slightly unsteady onthe black, vertical ladders. It was be-cause of the ether they had breathed,which came out again at the esseningof surface pressure.Butall heir ntoxication was notether ; some was joy.The ubmarine again began pa-trolling as usual. And 13 days laterRector was manning the battlephones.And the submarine was again launch-ing her torpedoes.

And in one of the bottles vibratingon the submarines shelves swayed hefirst appendix verknown tohavebeen removed below enemy waters.


15/72

Tax Factsfor Navy M enAn authoritative resume of how federal leviesthisyearwillaffectmen ntheService

HE figurative Federal income taxman, carrying outhe order of Con-gress, comes around tomembers of thearmed forces just as he does toallother Americans. But when he payshis 1943 visit, to see about collectingtaxes on 1942 earnings, fighting menand women will find that several dis-tinct income-taxdvantagesavebeen conferred upon them.For an unmarried civilian wi th nodependents,ncome taxationtartswhen gross earnings reach $525.01, a twhich level the income tax collectorsbill is a modest $1 . But a member ofthe military or naval forces, also un-married and with no dependents,deesnt owe the $1 until his total earn-ings for ayear reach $775.01-providedas much as $250 of theseearningscome fromwartime pay foractiveservice.Theres just $250 difference between$525.01 and $775 . 01 , youwill notice.Members of the armed forces servingbelow the grade of commissioned of-ficer were authorized by the Seventy-seventh Congress to exclude thatamount of active service pay, if single,or $300 if married or he head of a

S i x t a in t he Great Lakes Bulletin.All right, ldy-Ma ybe ou DIDhave to collect it every tw o weeks f o r

this islzt where he USED o work!yearsand ears, but just remembw -

The accompanying article hasbeen prepared by the TreasuryDepartmentat he equest oft h e INFORMATIONULLETINespecially for thenformationof tlte Naval Service. It consti-tutes the latest oficial word cmthe ubject of Federal ncometaxes.family, when reporting their incomesfor income-tax purposes.Under the $300 exclusion for a mar-ried person in the ervices, ncome tax-ation in his or her case starts at $1 , -575.01 instead of the civilians $1 , -275.01, still assuming that here areno dependents, and assuming furtherthat the marriedperson is living withhisorher spouse, and hat a ointreturn is msde covering the income ofboth, o r else that one of them had noincome.At the level of $1,275.01 for a mar-ried civilian or $1,575.01 fora mar-ried fighter, as the case may be, theincome tax collectors bill is $1.

N both instances, it is assumed theincome tax return s madeon theshort or simplified form of return des-ignated by the Treasury DepartmentsInternal RevenueService asForm1040 A. This form may be used onlywhen .the income of the taxpayer-including the total incomes of a manand wife making a joint return-doesnot exceed $3,000, and when there areno sources of incomeexcept salary,wages,dividends, interest, andan-nuities. It s use alsosimited tocash basis returns, which means,generally speaking, that the taxpayerdoes not keep a set of books.Useof the simplified form elimi-nates all but a very few calculationsfor he income-tax payer, and heform is self-explanatory as to thesefew.After determiningrom themthe amount of income subject to tax,the taxpayerascertains a t a glance,

fromablesseeext page),heamount of taxe owes. , ,The tables make allowance for per-sonal exemption, earned incomecredit, and deductions aggregating 6percent of gross ncome. This per-centage is used as an average of thedeductions whichwouldbeclaimedwere the simplified formnot avail-able.I f the taxpayers 1942 gross incomeexceeded $3,000 or came in whole orin mrt from sources other than salarwages, dividends, interest, and annui-ties, it is necessary to use Form 1040in making a return. This form callsfor detailed statements on income andalsoonallexpenditures which areclaimed as deductions. WhenForm1040 is used, the gross ncome evelscited above as hose at which taxationstar ts do not apply. The ax calcu-lations on Form 1040 depend on netincome rather han gross, and hetotal of deductionsclaimedbecomesa variable factor.EVELS named as those at whichtaxation starts should not be con-fused with those at which it becomesnecessary to file an income-tax returnThese are fixed at $500 of gross in-come for single persons and $1,200 formarried Persons.Members of themilitary or naval orces below thegrade of commissioned officer on De-cember 31, 1942, should not include n1942 gross income the first $250 ifsingle on such date or the first $300

if married or headof a family on suchdate received as compensation foractive service. These are he specialallowancespreviously referred to.For ncome-tax purposes, marriedPersons living apart as the result ofact of law or by mutual agreementwillbe regarded as single persons; on theother hand, a single person may bethehead of a family, and hus beentitled to an allowance as head of ahousehold such as is allowed to amarried personwho heads a family,i f the single person maintains

Page 13


16/72

household and suppbrts in it "one ormore individuals who are closely con-nected with him by blocd relationship,relationship by marriage or by adop-tion, and whose righto exercisefamily control and provide for thesedependent ndividuals is baseduponsome moral or legal obligation."Variousprovisions of Federal lawauthorizz the relaxing, for membersof the armed forces, of the Usuallystrict income-tax law requirementswhennecessaryon ccount of warconditions..The ordinary due date for individ-ual income tax returns is March 15.

Thus, onorbefore March 15,1943,returns are due on ncomesreceivedin 1942. Payments are due either nfull on March 15 o r in our equalquarterlynstallments beginningMarch 15.Congress decreed early in the wartha t for members of the armed forceswho are on sea dutyor are outside thecontinental United States on the duedates for income-tax returns or pay-ments, these due dates may be post-poned. Continental United States, ashere eferred o, includesonly theStates of the Union and the Districto f Columbia. It does co t include

Hawaii rAlaska. Now due dates,pursuant to postponements, are fixedas he 15th day of the third monthfollowing the month in hich the firstof these three events occurs: (1) re-turn of the taxpayer-to the continentalUnited States; (2 ) termination of thewar; ( 3 ) appointment of an adminis-trator, executor,or onservator forthe taxpayer's estate.Under the Soldiers' and Sailors' Re-liefAct, payment of various obliga-tions, ncluding income tax, may bedeferred if ability to pay has been ma-terially impaired by reason of servicein the armed forces. Formsor

TABLE FOR SIMPLIFIED TAX RETURNS UP TO $3,000(Optional tax schedule o r zcse with Form 1040-A)

Tross income Gross income -I. Tax under Revenue Act of 1942ax under Revenue Act of 1942 ""lingle per-son (nothead offamily)

$210214223218227231236240244249253257262266270275' 279288283292296301305309314318322327331335340344348353357361366371376381386391396401406411416421426431

Demon whose(1) Marriedperson whose(1) Marriedgross income orspouse has no(2) married

MarriedpersonmakineMarried

(2) marriedaking person makingeparategross income orerson spouse ha s no3ingle per-son (nothead offamily) 0ver N o t

oversenarafe 1 nerson makinareturn joint return or(3) head offamilyreturn joint return or(3) head offamily"

$5255505756006256.506757007257507758008258758509009259509751,0001,0251,0501,0751,1001,1251,1501,175

1,225I, 2501,2751,300I, 3251,3501,4001,4251,450

1,200

1,375

1,4751,5001,5751,5251,5501,6001,6251,6501,6751,7001,7251,750

$0 $0000n036914182227313540444852576170657478838791

10096104109t13A 7122126130135139143148152156161165169174178182187

$000000000000000000000000000000014710141721252934384247516055646873

$1,7751,8251,8001,8501,8751,9251,950I, goo

2,0001,9752,0252,0502,0752,1252,1002,1502.1752,2252,2002,2502,2752,3002,3252,3752,3502,4002,4252,4502,5002, 5252,5502,5752,6002,6252,6502,6752,7002,7252,7502,7752,8002,8252,8502,8752,9002,9252,9502,9753,000

2,475

$1911951992042082122172212252302342382432472512 5626 0264269273277282286290295299303308312316321325329334338342317351355359364369374379384389394404399409

$1,750.. ..................$1,775.. ..................$1,825....................$1,850. ...................$1,875....................$1.900....................

$1,800....................$0." .....................$550".$525$575......................$600.""" ...............$G50..$625$675". ...................$700.. ....................$725". ...................$750". ...................8775"""""" ..........

.........................................

..........................................

1411715202428333741465054596367717680848993

10297106110115119123128132136141145149154158162167171175180184188193197201206

85909498103107111116120124129133137142146150155159163168172176181185189194198202207211215220224228233237241245250254258263267271276280284289

$1,925$1,950.....................$1,975..................... , ....................$2.000.. .................$2,025....................$2,075". .................$2.125.. ..................$2,150....................$2,175....................$2,225....................$2,250....................$2,275.. .................$2.325."

$2,050.". ~ . " ~""""~.$2,100.. ..................

$2,200.. ..................

$2,300....... ............................

$800~-...................$825~". ..................$850-.-. ..................$875......................$900......................$925.". ..................$950......................~ 9 7 5.....................$l,ooo....................$1,025.... .~..........~$1,050....................$1,075....................$1,125.. ..................$1,150....................$1,175....................$1,225....................$1.250- ...................

$1,100." .................

$1,200....................

$2,350....................$2,375....................$2,400". .................$2,425.- ..................$2,450....................$2,475....................$2,500.. ..................$2.525....................1,275..$1,325....................$1,350....................$1,375....................$1.400. ...................

.~ ..................$ l , ~ O................... $2,550...................$2,575.. ..................$2,600....................$2,625....................$2,1350.. ..................$2,675. ...................$OO ..................$2,725...................$1;425- ...................$1,475....................$1,500....................$1,525....................$1,550.. ..................$1,575. ...................$1,600.- ..................$1,625....................$1,650". .................$1,675....................$1,700....................$1,725.. ..................

$1,450- ...................$2,750.. ..................$2,775....................$2,800....................$2,825....................$2,850....................$2,875....................$2,900....................$2.950.. ..................$2,975.. ..................$2,925.. ..................


17/72

claimingdeferment willbesuppliedupon request by the Collector of In-ternal Revenue with whom the tax-payer files, or intends to file, his re-turn.HERE are other relief provisionsTi n th e Revenue Act of 1942.The effect of one of them is that anindividual,whether in he Army orNavy o r a civilian, who has been con-tinuouslyoutside the Americas forany period longer than 90 days sinceDecember 6 , 1941, s granted 90 daysafter he or she returns o the Ameri-cas, or until the 15th day of the thirdmonth after he ermination of thewar, whichever is earlier, as a graceperiod before it is necessary to com-ply with the income-taxaws on filinga return , paying tax, or performing

various other acts which the income-tax laws require or permit.Under a second Revenue Act pro-vision, furtherdefermentauthorityis vested in the Commissioner of In-ternal Revenue. It is provided, in ef -fect, thathe Commissioner maywaive f o r so long a time as he deemsnecessary th e filing of returns, pay-ment of taxes, and other income-taxactions when t is found impossible orimpracticable for a taxpayer to per-form them by reason of an individualbeing utside the Americas, or byreason of any locality (withinor with-out the Americas) being an area ofenemy action or being a n ar ea underthe control of the enemy, as de-termined by the Commissioner or byreason of an individual in the mili-taryornaval forces of the UnitedSta tes being outside the States of theUnion and the Distr ict of Columbia."Detailed regulations by the Commis-sioner of Internal Revenue are neces-sary to place this provision in effect.For its purposes, "the Americas" areNorth and Centr.al and South Amer-ica (including the West Indies but notGreenland) and theHawaiian Islands.

It is not necessary to report as in-come amounts received as a pension,annuity, or similar allowance for per-sonal njuries or sickness resultingfrom ctive service inhe rmedforces of any country.Amounts received as commutationof rations or quarters also need notbe reported.Mileage payments received fortravel should be reported as income,

and the expenses of the travel shownon he axpayer'sreturn as deduc-tions.There is no authority for deductingfrom income, in making tax calcula-tions, the cost of Army or-Navy uni-forms paid for out of the taxpayer's

own pocket.Under new legislation, periodicalalimony paymentsmade in accord-ance with a decree may now be de-ducted by the person making t,hem.They must now be reported as incomeby the person receiving them.

MOUNTS contributed by the Gov-A ernment tohe service man's"monthly family allowance" are nthe natureof gifts by the Governmentan d need not be included in incomereported by the members of the fam-ilyeceiving thesemounts. Con-tributions to the family allowance bythe service man himself, through de-ductions from his pay, also need notbe reported as income by the recipi-ent. The amounts of such contribu-tions by the service man should beincluded in his gross ncome to thesame extent asf paid directly by him,and may notbe deducted by him fromhis income in calculating his taxes.

Amounts received from theGovern-ment by officers as uniform allow-ances need not be reported as income.Under the regular income tax,there is a personal exemption of $500for single persons and $1,200 or mar-ried persons, with $350 for each de-pendent. The exemption s proratedin the case of persons marrying dur-ing a tax year and making a jointreturn on Form 1040. If theymakea return on Form 1040 A, their mar-italstatus is determined as of July1 of the tax year.A different rule applies to the addi-tional allowances of $250 single and$300 if married orpersons n thearmed forces. In those cases the tax-payer's status in the armedorces andalso his family status are determinedas of the last day of the tax year.Spouses making separate individ-ual income tax returns may split th e$1,200 exemptionbetween themasthey desire.

HE discussion so far relates to theTold or "regular" individual incometax, which dates back to 1913.(ContLzced 012 page 65)

AMOUNT O F INDIVIDUALINCOME TAX UNDERREVENUEACT OF 1942~ ~

SINGLE PERSON-NO DEPE NDEN TSPersonal exemption: $500

236181273RR5"4726859201 , l i 41,7424.3662, 3w6; 8169,62625,81164,641

I

MARRIED PERSON-TWO DEPE NDEN TSPersonal exemption: $1,200; dependent credit: $350

Nrt income before personalexemption 1

44628119199

378

Net income before personalexemption 1

poses of the earned income credit.1 Maximum earned net income assumed for pur-

Page 15


18/72

-March of T ime photograph.Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox

Tribute to Texas and HoustonS ecretary K n o x gets. assurance thatState will not sign eparatepeace

AM glad to be in Texas, and I amglad to be in Houston. Everyonehas memorabledays n his life. Wecall them red letter days. This hasbeen one of mine; this has been oneofmy mostexhilarating days. Thismorning I sawseven fightingshipslaunched at th e Brown ShipbuildingCo. yard. Two of them were smalldestroyers. One was named for FredKenneth Moore, Seaman First Class;the other for Ellis Judson Keith, Jr.,Seaman Second Class. Both wereTexas boys and both died far awayfighting like Texans for you and forme.This fternoon I saw thegreatHouston Shipbuilding Co. yard where15,000 men are building merchantships-are forging our bridge to thecitadels of the enemy.Everywhere and all the time I sawand I sensed and I felt an ardor, andPage 16

This is the ext of the ad-dress by Secretary Knox inHouston, Texas, on Decem-I ber 21 -a physical andspiritualdetermina-tion thatha s reinvigorated me. Ihave not felt so well since the warstarted. Back in Washington Im go-ing to tell the first downhearted manI see to come to Texas. For Texas isa tonic. It all reminds me of what aTexas boy said out in the SouthwestPaciflc: Everything is going to be allright now, he said, because at lastthe Americans and heAustraliansare fighting shoulder to shoulder withTexas. I understand that betternow.Everything I have seen and hearddown here has comforted me. I am

even taking back to hePresident,your Commander in Chief, the assur-ances of GovernorStevenson thatundernocircumstances will Texasmakea separate peace. In fact,hetells me you may have to go on fight-ing orawhileafter he est of ushave toppedbecauseTexans cantstop fighting all at once and mayhave to taper off gradually.But my most nspiring experienceis hisvast meeting onight.Herearegathered he epresentatives ofmany of the United Nations and hereis a great panorama of all America atwar; abor, ndustry, officers, sailors,soldiers, school children, nurses, de-fense organizations, colored people,and white people.And I am re-minded that the first Texan to shedhis blood in the war for Texas in-dependence was a Negro.There has, I daresay, been no moreeloquent, nomore dramatic demon-strationhroughoutheand of aunited community dedicated to win-ning he war and of our nationalsolidarity in hehour of ourgreattrial , han his meeting tonight nHouston-this meeting near BuffaloBayou andhe battlefield of SanJacinto, where the destiny of Texas-and indeed of all the West-became arealityunderhebravemen whofought with Sam Houston.Texas understandswar ndhas

seen a lot of it. The Texas talent forcombat was never better expressedthan by Jefferson Davis, when he re-viewed in Richmond in1861 the TexasBrigadewhichwas aised in heseparts. The soldiers of other states,saidJefferson Davis, have a repu-tationo establish. The sons ofTexashave a reputation omain-tain.Nor shall I forget tha t theRepublicof Texas had a Navy and even horsemarines who capturedhipsnhorseback. (Confidentially, I havenever quite understood that, but evi-dently most anything can happen inTexas.) I like to hink hat n heTexas Navy of long ago and in SamHoustons horse marines one sees thespirit,hemagination,ndhecourage of the American pioneer onland and sea-and the American in-genuity of today th at converted pas-tures into those shipyards overnight!Three of those ittleships of theTexas Navy were named Invincible,


19/72


20/72

Ofic ia l U. . Navy photograph.This is the traditional pictureo f the Coast Guad-but the picture has enlarged.

The Coast Guard on the Seven Seasis nowPart of the Navy during wartime, the serviceseeingaction al l overthe world

SNGAPORE, Reykjavik,ulagi,Fedala.These are a few of theports where CoastGuardsmenhavebeen during he past year. But thegeneralmpression that he C o a s tGuardhas he one job of guardingAmericas continental coasts has beenso widespread that, more likely thannot, when the news of these overseasactions comes in, the surprised readerwants to know what the Coast Guardis doingso far from home.

The answer is that it is now doingwhat it has alwaysdone in time ofwar or nationalemergency-it has be-come part of the.Navy and is helpingit as best it can. We are proud t o bepart of the Navy in this war,saysViceAdmiral R. R. Waesche,com-mandant of the CoastGuard, andeager-to do well the tasks ssigned us.Page 18

In he ast war, the Coast Guardsuffered the greatest roportionate lossof life among the commissioned per-sonnel of th e various Services when3.14 percent of its officers were killed.Considering all officers and enlistedmen, the percentage of battle losses inthe Coast Guard was 1.74 percent incomparison with that of 1.42 percentin the Army. In addition, the CoastGuard suffered the second greatestsingle loss when the cutterTampawassunk with all hands. It fought the warhard. Although it had only 128 lineofficers a t the outbreak of war, 24 com-manded combatant ships of the Navyoperating in Europeanwaters, 5 com-manded combatant ships assigned tothe Caribbean, and 23 commandedcombatant ships attached to the NavalDistricts. Five CoastGuard officers

commanded large trainingampswhile six were assigned to aviationduty, two of them being in commandof important air stations,f which onewas in France.N THIS war the Coast Guard hasI more than carried on ts fightingtraditions. Already three vessels havebeen lost by enemy action. The cut-ter Alexander Hamilton was torpedoedoff Iceland, he Acacia was sunk inthe Caribbean and the Muskeget dis-appeared without a trace somewherein he North Atlantic. Perhaps hereason tha t the Coast Guard is nowfighting in so many distant corners fthe globe is hat,although it hasalways fought side by side with, theNavy, the United States has never be-fore engaged in a war of such widescope.


21/72

A number of Navy troop transportsare nowompletely CoastGuardmanned and officered.One of theseis the Wakefield, which was damagedby bombs near Singapore and aterswept by fire in the Atlantic. Thereare others-others who have andedmen in the South acific atolls in oneocean and on the Moroccan shores ofanother. For the Coast Guard, too, isgrowing in leaps and bounds, so thatit can be better able t o carry out itsmissions. Its growth has been sorapid that , before the close of volun-tary enlistments, as many men werebeing shipped in 1 month as were en-rolled in the whole Service less than2 years earlier.A SKILL that has stood the CoastGuard n good stead s its pro-ficiency with small boats, backed byits fai th- in the old motto tha t guidesthe Coast Guardsmen manning all thesurf stations. You have t o go out,but youdont have to comeback.Their experience and habit of couragefit them for one of the latestwar timeassignments given our Coast Guard-

the manning of many of the landingbarges tha t land our soldiers and ma-rines on hostile beaches. Transportsunder the jurisdiction of otherbranches of the service often haveCoast Guardsmen as coxwains andcrews on their landing barges.Their usefulness is not restricted t olanding perations alone. RecentlyTechnical Sergeant Hurlburt, a Ma-rineCombat orrespondent,wrote:There is not a marine in theSolomonIslands who will not pay tribute othe gallantry of the Navy and CoastGuard units that took part in the at-tack.During the torpedo bombingthat occurred Saturday morning, Au-gust 8, Navy and Coast Guard gunnersmanipulated their pieces with devas-tating effect, scoring hit after hit onthe low fiying Nipponese. Few, if any,o f the bombers lived to report back toTokyo.

LL the larger Coast Guard cuttersA of the 327 foot class are now as-signed torans-Atlanticor Pacificescort operations. Theseeaworthyvessels are especially useful in heavy

weather when taking an a tow or onlong convoy routes, when destroyersand corvettes may become unable topatrol their stations because of lackof fuel. The smaller seagoing cutters-of the 165 and 125 foo t classes are allengaged with the Navy on coastal andanti-submarine patrol. CoastGuardaircraft, together withNavy and Armyplanes, are helping cover our offshoreconvoy routes. Although the aviationbranch of the Service is limited, withjust enough pilots to man them, it isan integral unit of the Service. Thislittle band of CoastGuard aviatorsearned five DistinguishedlyingCrossesbefore th e outbreak of hos-tilities.

While theGreenlandand AlaskaPatrols no onger unction as such,Coast Guardsmen andWeir vesselsstilloperate n hose areas. In fact,the present Commandero f the Green-land patrol w as in command of theNorthland when shemade he irstNaval capture of the war in this hemi-sphere when she seized a vessel off theshores of Greenland and destroyed thepro-Nazi radio station t had estab-

Ofic ia l C o a s t Guard photograph.Now the Coast Guard f inds itself om frozen Greenland shores-and im Africa oo.

Page 19


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O f i c i a l U. . Navy photograph .Once stately yachts, ow they serve as Corsairs.

lished. The Bering Sea, likewise, stillhas sleek Coast Guard hulls slicingthrough its murky waters. Now, how-ever, they have more to do than pro-tect the seals against he apanesepoachers that formerly infested thatarea.

HE historical origins of the presentTCoast Guarddate back to Alex-ander Hamiltons Tariff Act of 1790,establishing a Revenue Cutter Service.The United States was then a youngcountry,inancially insolvent, andwithout a Navy; she needed the pro-tection against pirates and other ma-rauders as well as the increased na-tional revenue that would result fromthe establishment of such a service.Mr. Hamilton had a difficult timehavinghis legislation approved, butall went well, and the building of 10vesselswas authorized. Hamilton as-signed-the 10 boats: 2 for the Coastsof Massachusetts and New Hampshire;1 for Long Island Sound; 1 for NewYork; 1 for he Bay of Delaware; 2for the Chesapeake (these, of course,to ply along the neighboring coasts) ;1 or North Carolina; or SouthCaro-lina; and l for Georgia. These boatswere each to be manned by 1 master,Page 20

notmore than 3 mates, 4 mariners,and 2 boys. Themasters received$3 0 a month, first mates $20, secondmates $16, third mates $.14,mariners$8, and boys $4.From that time on the Coast Guardhas remained under the Treasury De-partment, performing its regular du-ties, except for the periods during thequasi-war withFrance of 1798-1801,the War of 1812, the Spanish-Ameri-can War, the World War, and specialinstances, whenvariousvessels andmen of the service were detached forspecific tasks.NOTHER example occurred whenA the whaling fleet was frozen n thearctic ice near Point Barrow, Alaska,in November 1897. President McKin-

ley assigned their relief to the Rev-enue Cutter Service of the Secretaryof t he Treasury,Lyman Gage.Mr.Gageordered the Bear , commandedby Capt. Francis Tuttle, to be imme-diately refitted and dispatched north.After manyrials,CaptainTuttleeventually succeeded in landing theoverland relief expedition a t CapeVancouver, although his ship had justreturned from ts summercruise toPoint Barrow, where t barely escapedbecoming ice-bound.

HE Coast Guard takes pride in i t-self. But it takes an even greaterpride in the tasks thatave been givenit and tha t it has accomplished. Nomatter whether it is peace or war, o rwhether the job is o sink a submarine,or and a force on a beachhead, ithas done the job silently and effi-ciently. It has not asked for awardsand has made few recommendations.Of the hundreds of decorations th athave so far been awarded in the Navalservice, fivehavegone to he CoastGuard. Sailors in peacetime, they areready for war. Theirs is a custom ofcourage and fortitude.

Typical of their spirit is the storyrevealed in the following extract of aletter from Lt. Comdr. D. H. Dexter,United States Coast Guard, to heparents of youngDouglas Munro,signalman first class, who was underhis command in the Solomons:On Sunday the 27th of Septemberan expedition was sent into an areawhereroublewas to be expected.Douglas was in chargeof the tenboatswhichook the men down. In helatter part of the af ternoon, the situ-ation had not developed as had beenanticipated and in order to save theexpedition it became necessary to sendthe boats back to evacuate the expedi-tion. Volunteerswere called forandtrue to the highest traditions of t heCoast Guard,and also to raditionswith which you had imbued your son,he was among the first to volunteerand was put in charge of the detail.The evacuation was as successful ascouldbehoped forunder fire. Butas always happens, the ast men toleave the beach areheardestpressed because they have been actingas the covering agents for the with-drawal of theothermen,and Yourson, knowing this, so placedhimselfandhis boats that he could act a s ,the covering agent for the last men,and by hisction and successfulmaneuvers brought back a fa r greaternumber of men than had beenevenhoped for. Heeceived his woundjust as the last men were getting inthe boats and clearing the beach.Upon regaining consciousness his onlyquestion was, Did they get off? andso died with a smile on his face andthe full knowledge tha t he had suc-cessfully accomplished a dangerousmission.


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T heyre M aking the W eapon s of W arPresidents con cept of Arsenal of Democracybein g realized in staggering totals of cold steel

RIENDS and foes of the UnitedFStates learned during the days andmonths of 1942 that PresidentRoosevelts concept of America as theArsenalofDemocracywasbeingrealized in cold steel.In 1942 the UnitedStates trans-formed itself from theworlds greatestproducer of peacetime goods to a pro-ducer of the machines and equipmentof war at a rate unequaled by anyother nation. At the end of the yea,rthe United States wasroducingshooting equipment a t a rate morethan four imes faster han n No-vember 1941.The Nation amento 1942-theyear of crisi-arrying a substantialwar program on op of the greatestvolume of civilian production ever at-tained in one year. But at years endthe civilian economy was getting littlemore than it needed to support theincreasing weight of a prodigious warprogram.In. 1941 the United States boostedtank production romvirtually zerotomanyhundreds a month, and atthe same timeproduced 3,700,000 elec-tric refrigerators.Some 50,000 ma-chineguns wereproduced, as weremore than 1,500,000 typewriters.Plane production of about 2,000 amonth was achieved in the same yearthat saw production of an all-timehigh of 5,000,000 motor vehicles, deco-rated with chrome and stainless steel bright work. Millions of tons of steelwent into bedsprings, farm machinery,eggbeaters, washing machines, schoolbuildings, railroad locomotives, andhundreds of other civilian products,and there was enough steel besides to

You of the Navy are entitledto a report on the progress ofproduction in our first year ofwar.Today we are making as manycombat weapons-tanks, planes,guns, ships-as the entire Axis.Today the UnitedNations o-gether are turning out twice asmany weapons as the nemy.But we cannot win a war sim-.ply by equaling or even outpro-ducingour enemies.We musthave a smashing superiorityan dkeep it that way to he end.And we must remember th at wecannot win by production alone.Victory will be won n the ieldsof bloodybattle-by you , thesailors,marines, an d soldiers,the best and bravest ightingmen in the world.The people at home are wellaware that the cost of keepingour freedom will bemeasurednot in money, in time, or pro-duction, but in American lives.You who are fighting ur battleswill win more quickly and withless loss of life if the men on heproduction front give you everypossible advantage in combatweapons-if we accept willinglyand quickly t he changes in ourlives that make such productionpossible. I assure you this factis fully understood in America.

DONALD. NELSON,Chairman, WarProduction Board.

achieveproduction of125,000 dead- burdenwith a tremendous oad o fweight tons of maritime shipping in produce for a trip to a marketa single month. thronged with eager buyers-not for-, America in 1941 loaded its industry getting to include in he bulging packwith orders for civilian goods like a a few things he had promised to lendtrader packing his willing beast of a friend in town.P q e 22

. ,.T H E N the shock 6f Pearl Harbor.But even so, it wasnt until amonth laterJanuary 6, 1942-whenthe Presidentet production goalswhich staxtled the world, that heUnited States, like a sluggish cham-pion prize fighter, fully realized itcouldnt do the job unless it got leanand tough and threw all its strengthinto the effort.The Officeof Production Manage-ment, designed to direct and control adefenseroduction program, wasabolished, and on January 16,1942, theWarProduction Boardwas estab-lished. Its chairman, Donald M. Nel-son, wasgiven supreme authority toassure maximum production and pro-curement for war.. As total appropriations forwar pur-poses bounded from 60 billion dollarsto 100 billion, 200 billion, and 238 bil-lion, the primary task of convertingindustry towarproduction was rushed.The pressure wak on, and there wasnot time o lose. Singapore ell othe Japs and with it went the rubbersource of a Nation whose more than30,000,000 cars and trucks rolled onrubber. With it, too, went the normalsource of tin, cobalt, hemp, and othermaterials.WhileAmericans fought and fellback and died on Wake Island, Bataan.and Corregidor,Americans at homecried for production. Hitler wasmassing hispower for a death blow atRussia. The Ja p was striking towardAustralia. .The Hun was pounding inthe Near East. Many millions of hu-man beings with all but hope beatenout of them prayed in occupied coun-tries and in concentration camps forthe roar of American bombers.

HE pressure was on, and therewasT o time to ose. m e r e was no timetoplan a nicely balancedprogram.There was only time to start produc-


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other 3.5 billion. In relation to e-sources, the program was too big.It takes time to build a special pur-

pose plantand get into production.It takes ime o eadya peacetimeplant or production of wargoods.The American people were impatient,and ndustry responded with one ofthe most remarkable achievements inhistory.Hundreds of plantsameinto production ahead of schedule andthey produced faster han schedule.Onemanufacturer of machineguns,for example,couldboast he was 60percent ahead of schedule.The production curve climbed tead-ily. In March he ra te of munitions

production was twicewhat it had beenin November 1941. By June it wasthree timesgreater. ThePresidentannounced that nearly 4,000 Planeswere produced in May.T H E N productionbegan to alter ,and the answer was, in part, ma-terialsshortagesand he problems ofscheduling th at these hortages n-creased.More steel, copper, andaluminum were Wing produced thanever before, but not enough. Americalearned, for example, that it couldntget all the synthetic rubber it wantedbecause it takes, among other things,a lot of copper to build asyntheticrubber plant , and some ammunitionplants were tempora,rily shut downand others were running at less thancapacity for lackof copper. Steel wasshort. Aluminumwas short. Rubberwas short, and silk; and all the -goodsubstitutes for themwere short.

Conservation measures,lreadywelldeveloped,were intensified. In -dustry cooperated with government incutting down industrial waste. Pro-duction fo r civilian purposes was Cutfurther. roductsor civilian andsoldier were simplified. Specificationswere changed: steel treads instead ofrubberreads nanks, a Victorybicycle model, no 3-inch pipes wherea 2-inch pipe would do.

m e American people were asked toalleviate thematerials ituation bygetting back into production millionsof tons of scrap metal that had ac-cumulated in junkpiles, cellars, attics,Page 24

Makimg major caliber g um f or he 1Nauy-and farm yards during the years ofunlimited supply when the Americanhabit had been to throw away the oldand call for he new. In he earlymonths of the year as many as 45steel-making furnaces had been shutdown fomr lack of scrap. After Julynot one was shut down for that rea-son. Chairma,n Nelson called uponthe newspapers for a whirlwind scrapcollection campaign,and the news-papersndheireaders camethrough. Before snow flew more than5,000,000 additionalons of scrapmetal were collected, and he millswere assured of enough to see themthrough the winter.

CRAP campaigns and other conser-vation measures alleviated the sit-uation, but the troubles of the ailingproduction program had o be at-tacked at their roots. Theprogramhad growing pains. It had grown sofast it was out of balance; more con-tractshad been l e t formunitions,construction,equipment, transporta-tion, and other military and civilian

items than there was material to fillthem.The first big job had been done, anddone well: American industry was inproduction for war. The W. P. B.went on to the next big job: achieving.maximumustained production byhelping to get every plant on an ap-provedchedule within precjselybalanced over-all program.Mate-rialsandother resources had o bebudgeted and allocated to produce thegreatest possible amount of the thingsneeded most by the United Nations a tany given time.The normal laws o f supply and de-mand had long since become inopera-tive, because there was no ceiling todemand, and he nations ability toproduce, which had never before beentested, was definitely limited. Thepreference rating system, designed toinsure that urgent production got ma-terialsahead of less urgent, boggeddownbecause there weremore ur-gent calls than there was material.Rating in the A-1 class progressivelybecame less valuable.


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" O p e of Wa r I n f o r m a t i o n photograph."Alzd thoassands of anks for he Army.

The Production Requirements Plan,a big improvement, was set up as ameans of allocating materials on thebasis of thequarterly needs of thevarious manufacturers. I t proved in-adequate principally because t did notcompel that the total program wouldbe kept within ability to produce andbecause it didn't make sure hat somecomponents wouldn'te manufac-tured at he expense of others.Thepatriotic manufacturer, for example,whoboasted his production of ma-chine guns was 60 percent ahead ofschedule had unwittingly caused someother manufacturer of an equally im-portant product to be behind schedule.Further, some manufacturers, deter-mined to keep their plants on sched-ule, ordered more materials than theyneeded before they neded them.

ITH the cooperation and adviceof the Armed Services and othergovernment procurement agencies andwith management and labor, the WarProduction Boardworked out a newsystem to control and implement pro-602496-42-"1

duction inan economy of scarcity;the Controlled Materials Plan was an-nounced early in November.Under C. M. P. the War ProductionBoard divides available steel, copper,and aluminum among the governmentagencies responsible for filling the es-sential military and civilian needs ofthe United States and the othernitedNations. Each agency, in turn, cuts tsprograms to fit its share of materialsand divides the steel, copper, andaluminum llottedo it among itsmanufacturers. Thus, each manufac-turer is assured of just enough mate-rial, when he needs it, toproduce pre-cisely what is asked of him. C. M. P.goes into effect graduallyntilJuly 1, 1943,hen it becomes the onlysystem under whichControlled Ma-terials are a1lo:ated.

In the meantime, in spite of someclogged channels and bottlenecks, thera te of production continued to climbuntil t wasmore than our timesgreater than it hadeen a yearbefore.On the anniversary of Pearl Harborthe American people, their allies and

their enemieswere told that 194would see production of approximate49,000 planes, 32,000 anks, and selpropelled artillery, 17,000 antiaircraguns larger than 20mm., and 8,200,0deadweight tons of merchant shippingThere was the additional satisfactiothat most items-particularly planes-wereigger and moreomplicatedthan those contemplated when thgoals were set.Other figures and comparisons heto ell the story of productionac-complishments for 1942. In 1941 thUnited States spent 13,800,000,000odefense. In 1942, $52,500,000,000aspent forwar. In the irst World Wara te of expenditures hit apeak oabout wo- billion dollars a montBy the end of 1942, he ra te xceededbillion dollars a month.Three and one-half times as manaircraft-bombers, fighters, transports, observation and trainers-wereproduced in 1942 as in 1941. Production of guns, large and small, and otanks and ammunition, was six anone-quarterimes 1941 productioNaval vessel production was two anthree-quarters times andmerchantshipping five imes.

By the end of the year the monthrate of the United Statesmilitaryplane productionwas wice that Germany's. The United Statesandthe UnitedKingdom ogether weproducing two and one-half times amanyplanes as all ofAxis Enropcombined. United States war prodution at the end of 1942 was equal th at of all the Axis nations, and thUnitedNations were out-producinthe Axis almost 2 to 1.American-made weapons, howevecompared with what is coming, hadrelatively light effect on the fightinfronts of 1942. For one thing, mucof war production was for essentinonshootingquipment. Furthemuch shooting equipment had to bkept in this country to tra in Amercan soldiers. What equipment wavailable for the fighting fronts hato be scatteredwhere twasmostneeded on the various fronts. Finallymuch equipment that- s tarted to thfronts n 1942 was still on its wa

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The farmers did heir share-bumper crops insure food for h e United Nations.

AGRICULTUKE production was 4,400,000,000 dozen.Milkroductionjumped from 52,400,000,000uarts in1941 o 54,300,000,000.By JOHNROVER Vegetableilropsaved theituation when Jap sue-cesses closed the East Indies. Nine million acres of SOY-T smashed to smithereens in 1942. It was the biggest beans and 4,100,000acres of peanuts, doublepreviousfarm year in history. acreage, replaced foreign oils.For 1943 production goals for many products, such aseggs, havebeenncreased. There's been ome shi ft ofEaredwell in advance, and the toil and sweat of United crop emphasis to meet war needs. The farmers face theStates bumper crops were the It the compositebstacle of.aborhortages,ertilizerhortages,United Nations out of what. could have been a dangerous and machinery shortages.hole. Farmers are asked to concentrate on ssential foods nextLate in 1941, he Department of Agriculture, faced with year, tocut outnonessentials like watermelons and cucum-lend-lease food needs, prepared estimated 1942 goals for bers. Pork productiongoals are 10 percenthigher than

OTAL United States arm production ecordswere

Thanks o idealweather,a production programpre-

United States farmers on acounty-by-county basis. After Pearl Harbor,these high goals were revised upward.Thefarmers came hrough.Their'42 output has been called equal to aa major victory in the war.The unprecedented goal of 22,197,-000,000 pounds of beef,veal,pork,lamb, andmutton was set.UnitedStates herdsmenmarketed 22,187,-000,000pounds. They were asked for3,80O,b00,000dozenggs. Total eggPage 28

Associated Press experts ontheifferent phases of theHome Front have preparedthese compact summaries fo rthe uear-end, and t he Associ-ated Press has made them avail-able tothe INFORM~TIONUL-LETIN especially f o r this Reportto the Service.

the '42 record. An addi.tiona1 200,-000,000meat chickens are on the 1943schedule.Military emands willmake forshort supplies of canned ruits andvegetables. Increasesn creage ofsuch essentials as carrots, lima beans,snap beans, and onions have beenordered. Vegetable .oil crops area,gain scheduled for increased pla,nt-ing.Some civilian shortages in dairy


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products are already evident. Rationing may be necessary.Fewer fats will be available to civilians. Bread grains areabundant. Analystsdo not expect thenutritional levelto fall below the United States 1935-36 average.The Department of Agriculture is doubtful that the 1942record production can be matched in the face of knownunfavorable factors in 1943, nd hence is stressing produc-tion o f vitally essential farm goods.

THE ARTSBy JOHNELBY

HE field of the arts inAmerica never has been strongerTthan in 1942,despite Hitler and the demands of mili-tary service. Therehave been ewernew mpulses-nonew movement and no new topflight talent emerged, per-haps because war and innovation both are the province ofyouth. But neither artistically nor commercially has thefield lost ground.In painting and sculpture there literally has been noth-ing new-even sofie of the winners o f the MetropolitanMuseum of Art's Artists for Victory show won on canvaseseight Years old. And actually the exhibition was assembledto enable the Met to make some purchases, a t good fees.

Some important shows of the masters brought to lightmany canvasesstored in America. The Carnegie Inter-national Was not held, however, and draining off thec

stimulus provided by the Federal Art Project was feltacutely in some quarters.Musicproved the hardy perennial. Onesymphony or-chestra was closed out, in Detroit, but another has beenborn in Baltimore. Commercially the music field has beenin better shape than in 1941, nd the democratizing influ-ence of the Federal Music Project, seconded by the normaltrend toward simplification in wartime, has made impor-tant contributions.Musical pogroms have been happily absent. Ita lian andGerman music is being heard in the usual proportions.No majorchange in he general balance of the bookworld has been effected, althoughmuch of the energyformerly given to biography and history has been trane-ferred to war books by correspondents and by others.The twomostwidely circulated warexperiencebooks,W. L. White's They Were Expendable, and Robert Trum-bull's The Raft, each had book club help. And in gen-eral the war book output has been a cut above the averagein former wars. BUSINESS

By CLAUDE. JAGGERHIS Nation, historically preoccupied with invention andTmanufacture o enhance he comforts of civilian life,has inone short year mastered and xcelled in the strangearts of Krupp, Skoda, and Mitsubishi.Americanbusiness-workers and bosses-has been or-

"- . " o f i c e o f W a r Inform ati on photographs.Scral, piles became vital-if we were o have things like planes.

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LABORBy JOHNROVER

HE irst war year fused American abor into a produc-tion .army, hit ting the ball with less work disruptionthan ina decade.Man-days lost through strikes inall industry in the firsteight months of 1942 totaled only 3,156,077, oughly, one-sixth of the days lost in the same period of 1941. All overthe country labor was keeping its no-strike pledge. Only.08 of one percent of warproduction was lost throughstrikes.Despite the inroadsof military service, more people wereat work in 1942 than at any time in U. S. history. Lastcomplete figures (for October) put the total of gainfullyemployed at 52,400,000.Unemployment dropped to 1,600,000, recent record. Inthe year between October 30, 1941,nd October 30, 1g42,the number of employedwomenrose from 12,300,000 o14,300,000.Manpower became the No. problem. Labor faced regi-mentation in 1943 as thedemands of war industry and themilitary increased. Some indication of the trend was theorder closing U. S. gold mines to force the miners intothe copper diggings. Under newly appointed ManpowerCzar Paul V.McNutt a start was made a t year-end toward,

gearingmen and jobs more closely to he war effoThe War Labor Board made several significant declartions of policy. Mandatory maintenance of membershiin return fora no-strike pledge, became a basic credo. ThW. L. B. also cracked down on unions violating the nostrike pledge, in withholding maintenance of membershrequirements.Migration of labor to munitionsenters increasePresident Roosevelt asked $1,620,000,000 or housing proects to shelter an estimated 1,600,000workers shifting tproduction areas.Wages remained at high peaks. The 1942 return to wagearners was 70 percent above the 1939 otal.The A.F:L. and C. I. 0. came no closer to healing theschism. Privately, leaders in both camps said there wlittle hope o f an accord. John L. Lewis in a bitter speecread Phil Murray, C. I.0.president, out of the United MinWorkers, and then led the U. M. W. out of C. I. 0.Lewis lost prestige politically. In Kentucky, Representtive Andrew J. May was elected despite his opposition. ThWestVirginia political machine th at dependedon thU. M. W. was soundly walloped.Restrictive labor legislation was effectivelyblocked badministration stalwarts in the Senate. It still smoldereand no analyst would risk a guess what augmented conservative elements in the '43 Congress would do.

"O f i ce of War Information photographWomen went n t o idus t ry . . , amd the tin can began leaving the home, too. Page 3


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SCIENCEBy H. W . BLAKESLEE

A N ACE-IN-THE-HOLEdiscovery of 1942 was a newform of the synthetic rubber neoprene, which makestiresas good asnatural rubberwithout equiringanynatural rubber to be added. This is the first time in allrubber history such a synthetic has appeared.A syntheticrubberforraincoats was madefrom thesafety.glass plastic, promising to save about 60,000 tons ofnatural rubber annually.Ragweed andpeanut oils weredeveloped to replaceshortages. Tapioca was made from midwestern sorghum.Glass fiberboards substituted for cork. Lily-of-the-vallevleaves became a source of digitalis. Menthol was producedfrom coal tars for anothershortage. Vanadium was foundin phosphate rock and alcohol made by solvents instead

of by distillation. Steel w%s hardenedwith bofon,newcutting and quenching oils were found, radio waves im-proved tin plating, sponge iron was developed to replacescrap for steel making.A new atomic power instrument, the betatron,was built

to produce00,000,000-volt electrons and X-rays. Woo1was mothproofed.A. L. Herrera, Mexico City biologist, reported that mix-tures of formaldehyde, ammonia, sulfur, nd cyanogen Pro-

duced 6,000 microscopic forms which showed signs of be-ing alive,a possible clue to theorigin of life.Nutrition, notably egg white and vitamins, gave promis-ing results in cancer. Stilbestrol, the female sex hormone,relieved male prostatic cancer. Artificial fever and X-rayscombinedided cancer. 0There were explosive anesthetic from the U. S. Bureauof Mines, dicoumarin to prevent blood clots, a fibrinogenspray to stop surface bleeding, a locator for bits of metalin living tissues, plastic bandages for wounds, sulfadiazinefor burns, a refrigeration ambulance for men with leg andarm wounds, albumen to replace plasma for transfusion,sulfapyrazine, a new sulfa drug-and a new dye to showwhether a cold is allergic.B-1 was found useful for some types of mental disorder,

C for hay fever, and C and B-1 for hot weather, A forhigh blood pressure, K for aid in inhibiting toothdecay.Astronomical studies indicated that clouds of dust andgas in interstellar space are condensing into stars.

SUMMARY OF SPORTS-THE 1942 W I N N E R S1043 BOWL GAME TEAMS

Rose,Bowl,Pasadena, Cali[.-Georgia vs .Sugar Bowl, New Orleans.-Tulsa vs . Ten-Cotton Bowl, bal las , Tex.-Georgia TechOrang e Bowl , Miam i, F1a.-Boston CollegeS un Bowl, El Paso. Tex.-Hardin-Simmons

U.C. L. A.nessee.vs . Texas.vs. Alabama.vs . 2d Air Force, Spokane, Wash.

Ii7cOTBALLCollege

Big 1 0 4 h i o State.Southeastern-Georgia.Southwestern-Texas.Missour i Valley-Tulsa.Southern-William an d Mary.Big 7-Utah an d Colorado.Big 6-Missouri.Ivy-Pennsylvania.Pacific Coast-U. C. L. .

Profe ss iona lEast-WashingtonRedsliins.West-

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All Hands Naval Bulletin - Jan 1943

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