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“All Men Are Created Equal”. 13 th Amendment - 1865 Bans Slavery 14 th Amendment - 1868...

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“All Men Are Created Equal” Civil Rights
Transcript

“All Men Are Created Equal”

Civil Rights

13th Amendment - 1865Bans Slavery

14th Amendment - 1868Citizenship for former slaves“Equal Protection under the Law”

15th Amendment – 1870Right to Vote regardless of race

Reconstruction – 1865-1877 Union troops enforce laws in the South

Results of the Civil War

1877 Reconstruction ends Southern whites regained power

Segregation laws required the separation of the racesJim Crow laws Black Codes

Every aspect of life was segregatedDiscrimination and racism existed in the

North as well

In the South it was the LAW

Segregation

Banned interracial marriageSegregated

SchoolsHospitalsLibrariesRestaurantsTheatersBeachesRestroomsDrinking FountainsEtc

Segregation

American Terrorist GroupKilled thousands of Americans

1865 formed by Confederate Vets6 men in Pulaski, TN, secret club“The Circle Club”“kuklos” – Greek for circle“Grand Cyclops”, “Grand Magi”, (Wizard), etc.Wore sheets and rode around town on their horsesBegan racial intimidation after adding more

members

Ku Klux Klan

Resistance to Reconstruction1867 – Nathan Bedford Forrest

Imperial WizardUntil WW I

KKK is primarily in the SouthAfter WW I membership increases to 5

MillionAnti-immigrant, anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic, etc. Large numbers in Ohio, Indiana, IllinoisScandals in late 20’s, lose members

Ku Klux Klan

By 1930’s back to the SouthAfter WW II – Civil Rights

Increase in violence

TodayPortrays itself as a religious organization less than 10,000 official membersAligned with neo-Nazi and other supremacist

groupsActively uses the internet to recruitAnti-Government

Ku Klux Klan

Homer Plessy – 1/8th black

Planned act of Civil DisobedienceChallenge Louisiana Law

segregated railroad carsLaw upheld by Louisiana courtAppealed ruling to US Supreme Court

14th AmendmentAppeal based on “Equal Protection Clause”

Plessy v Ferguson 1896

US Supreme Court upheld law 7-1 “Separate but Equal” will be the law for next

50+ yrs

Plessy v Ferguson

Louis Armstrong

Joe Louis

Jesse Owens

Famous Black Americans

1885-1951 Negro LeaguesJudge Kennesaw “Mountain” Landis

1st MLB Commissioner 1920-1944Established “Color Barrier”

Teams - Homestead Grays, Cleveland Buckeyes, Kansas City Monarchs

Famous Players“Cool Papa” Bell, Josh Gibson, Satchel PaigeHank Aaron, Willie Mays, Ernie Banks

Segregated Baseball

Branch RickeyOwned Brooklyn DodgersDetermined to integrate MLBScouts identify 3 playersRoy Campanella, Don Newcombe, Jackie

RobinsonAug 1945 – Rickey signs Robinson

Segregated Baseball

Grew up in Pasadena, CAOlder brother Mack won silver medal at 1936

OlympicsUCLA Star Athlete

Baseball, Football, Basketball, TrackCourt -Martialed

for refusing to move to the back of the bus at Fort Hood

1945 Signs with Dodgers, plays in minors1947 Brooklyn Dodger 2B

Jackie Robinson

OppositionMutiny from some teammatesSt. Louis threatened to strikeRacial insults from players, fans, etc.

Befriended by SS Pee Wee Reese1947 Rookie of the Year 1949 MVP, All Star1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 World

SeriesTraded to Giants in 1956 – retiredHall of Fame 1962, died at 53

Jackie Robinson

1946 Dodgers sign Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe

1947 Indians Bill Veeck signs Larry Doby1st black player in American League

1948 Indians sign Satchel Paige42 yr old RookieWin World Series1965 KC A’s –59 yrs old Pitched 3 shutout innings

1948 Truman integrates the military

After Jackie Robinson

Booker T. WashingtonEducation would lead to equalityTuskeegee InstituteGeorge Washington Carver

W.E.B. DuBoisNAACPChanging laws will lead to equality

Which path is the right one?

Early Civil Rights Leaders

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1909

W.E.B. DuBois among the foundersDedicated to equal rightsTactics

ProtestsLawsuits

Looking for a case to overturn Plessy v Ferguson

NAACP

NAACP brings caseSupreme Court combined 5 cases

Brown Case (Kansas) 1951Linda Brown, 3rd GradeCouldn’t go to school closest her house

because it was for whites only

Briggs v Elliot (SC) 1951Started over a bus in Clarendon CountyResulted in challenge to segregated schools

Brown v Board of Education

Kenneth and Mamie Clark, psychologistsUsed Doll Experiments to prove segregation

hurt kids

Doll Experiments

SC lawyer John W. Davis1924 Dem Presidential CandidateCongressman, AmbassadorArgued 140 cases before Supreme Court

NAACP lawyer Thurgood MarshallWon 29 of 32 Supreme Court Cases1967 Appointed to Supreme Court

Brown v Board of Education

1952 Case argued before Court1953 Chief Justice Fred Vinson DiesEisenhower appoints replacementAppoints Earl Warren

Case Argued Again!

Brown v Board of Education

Chief Justice Earl Warren Governor of California

Helped Ike win electionSupported relocation of

Japanese-AmericansIke thought he supported Segregation

One of Greatest Judges in US HistoryMiranda v Arizona, Gideon v Wainwright,

Loving v VAIke called appointment

“The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made”

Brown v Board of Ed

1954 Warren convinces justices that it is time for Court to do the right thing

Rules 9-0 that segregation was unconstitutional

“Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does...”

Ruling

“We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.”

Brown Ruling

Virginia closed all public schoolsViolent Opposition to integration throughout

SouthBrown ruling will have to be enforced by

force

Results

1955 14 yr old from IllinoisMurdered in Mississippi

He flirted with a white woman

Beaten, shot in head, mutilated and dumped in a river

2 white men arrested All male/white jury

1 hr Not Guilty

Emmitt Till

Mother insisted on open casketPhoto published

Key event in Civil Rights Movement for Black Northerners

Segregation doesn’t just hurt African Americans living in the South, anyone can be a victim

Emmitt Till

Dexter Avenue Baptist ChurchRev. Vernon Johns 1947-1952Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1954-1960

First Baptist ChurchRev. Ralph Abernathy 1952-1961

Montgomery NAACPPresident - E.D. NixonSecretary – Rosa ParksNAACP wanted a case to test

the segregated bus law

Montgomery, AL

Civil Disobedience – refuse to give up your seatMarch 1955 Claudette Colvin

Arrested15 yr old unwed teenage mother

Dec 1955 Rosa ParksArrested42 yr old Department store clerkNAACP secretary

What’s the difference?

3 Days after her arrest the Bus Boycott begins

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Organized by King, Abernathy, Nixon, etc.Demand end to segregated busesBlack citizens boycott the busesHow did they get to work?White Citizens Council

Organized against themViolence and arrests

King, Abernathy and Nixon’s houses bombedKing arrested for drunk walking4 churches firebombed

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott lasts over 1 yrBus company on verge of bankruptcyUS Supreme Court ruled in

Nov 1956 that segregated local buses are unconstitutionalMontgomery changes the

law in DecemberDec 21, 1956 Rosa Parks rides

the bus and sits wherever shewants!

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Father – Martin Luther King, Sr.Minister of Ebenezer 1931-1975

Mother – Alberta KingHer father was minister of Ebenezer before

her husbandMLK Jr. was minister there 1960-68She was murdered there in 1974

Why did churches play a key role in Civil Rights

Why were most of the leaders ministers?

Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta

Education – DR. KING1948 Morehouse College

Bachelors degree at 19Started at 15 yrs old,

1951 Crozier Seminary Divinity degree

1953 Married Coretta Scott1954 Pastor of Dexter Avenue at age 251955 Boston College – Doctorate degree

Dr. MLK Jr. 1929-1968

BeliefsCivil Disobedience

1849 Henry David Thoreau

PacifistReligious upbringingMohandas Gandhi

Believed Equality could be achieved in America

Dr. MLK Jr. 1929-1968

Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceFounded after Bus Boycott by King,

Abernathy, etc.Involved in major Civil Rights eventsOrganized March on Washington 1963

Led by King until 1968Abernathy took overMLK III Today Bernice King

SCLC

1. Investigate2. Negotiate

MLK Strategy

3. Publicize4. Action

1957 - Local School Board decides to integrate 9 Black students chosen to integrate Central High

Ernest Green the only seniorThey are known as the “Little Rock 9”

Little Rock, Arkansas

1st Day of School – Angry crowd surrounds schoolMany from out of stateThreaten to lynch studentsPolice safely get students out

Little Rock 9

Governor Orval Faubus Opposed to integrationOrders the National Guard to

keep students out of school

President EisenhowerOrdered Faubus to uphold the SC rulingFaubus pulled out Guard leaving no security

Little Rock 9

Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas Natl Guard

Ike sent in the 101st Airborne

If Eisenhower opposed Brown, why did he enforce it?

Little Rock 9

101st guarded students the whole yearMinnijean Brown expelled

“1 down, 8 to go”America watched on TVErnest Green graduated

Worked for President CarterLittle Rock’s high schools closed the next

year

The “Little Rock 9” attended Pres. Obama’s inauguration in 2009

Little Rock 9

1960- New Orleans – NAACP recruits families to integrate elementary schools

6 children selected1 showed upRuby Bridges – 6 yrs old

Ruby Bridges

Parents withdrew all the white children from her class

Only 1 teacher was willing to teach herBarbara Henry from BostonRuby sat in a class all by herselfAte lunch in the classroom by herselfAll year long

Ruby Bridges

Everyday US Marshals walked her into the school

Protesters had a black doll in a coffinOne woman showed up everyday and

threatened to poison herHer father was fired from his jobHer grandparents were evictedShe now volunteers at the school

Ruby Bridges

Election of 1960John F. Kennedy – DemocratRichard Nixon – Republicans

NixonEisenhower sent troops to Little RockNixon was Ike’s VPJackie Robinson endorsed him

JFKSupported Civil RightsGot Dr. King out of jail

JFK –The New President

1962 James Meredith admitted to University of Miss.Because of NAACP lawsuit“Ole Miss”

Blocked by Governor Ross Barnett“No school in our state will be integrated

while I am your Governor”Robert Kennedy – Attorney General

Orders US Marshals to protect Meredith28 Marshals wounded

JFK order in US Army, 40+ wounded

James Meredith

Soldiers will guard him at the collegeGraduated in 1963Shot in 1967 during a Civil Rights marchLater worked for Senator

Jesse HelmsA RacistOpposed MLK holiday????

James Meredith

1963 University of AlabamaGovernor George Wallace

Blocks door to prevent the admission of 2 students

Promises ““Segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever“

JFK nationalizes Alabama National GuardWallace ordered to move by Nicholas

KatzenbachMoved when ordered by General

“Stand in the School House Door”

Wallace will become the most famous segregationist in the country

Runs for President 1964, 68, 72, 761968 runs for President as Independent

Wins 13.5% of voteWins 5 states, 46 Electoral votes12% in OhioShot while running in 1972Paralyzed but lived

George Wallace

Feb 1960 4 students stage Greensboro, NC sit-inWoolworth’s lunch counter wouldn’t serve blacks4 days later 300 students Non-violent

Next week sit-ins spread throughout stateBy end of year 70,000 students participating

throughout the southSome sit-ins resulted in violenceMany stores ended their segregated policies1960 11 African nations gain independence

Lunch Counter Sit-ins

SNCC - Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeYounger, wanted change NOW“Jail Not Bail”Marion Barry, Bob Moses

Lunch counter sit-ins Nashville, TNBeatings and arrestsTV News

CORE – Congress of Racial EqualityJames FarmerTaught non-violence

Younger Civil Rights Groups

Dec. 1960 Supreme Court integrates buses, terminals

Jan. 1961 JFK takes office1961 - Freedom Rides

Plan for white and black riders to travel south on buses

Sit integratedGo to wrong waiting roomsSNCC and COREJohn Lewis

Freedom Rides

Anniston, ALBus burnedRiders beaten

Birmingham, ALRiders beaten by KKK

Governor promised RFK protection for busesIn Montgomery, riders beaten and arrestedRFK sends in Federal MarshalsRiders arrested again in Mississippi

Miss. Senator broke deal with RFK

Freedom Rides

1963 - Campaign against segregation led by MLKProtestsBoycottsSit-ins

Bull Connor - Police ChiefArrest MLK, Abernathy, etc.

Letter from a Birmingham jail

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"

Birmingham

Children ProtestDogs, fire hosesArrest thousands

Fill jails“Jail Not Bail”

May 1963 Businesses give in to demandsSept 1963 16 St. Church bombed

KKK planted 22 sticks of dynamite4 girls killed2 bombers convicted in 2001, 2002

Birmingham

June 1963 Civil Rights Act proposed by JFKTelevised SpeechIn response to Birmingham1 law to end all segregation

Medgar Evers – NAACP MississippiMurdered the night of JFK speechMurderer finally punished in 1994

Civil Rights Act

Aug 1963 – 250,000 attend – Lincoln MemorialSCLC, NAACP, CORE, SNCC, etcCrowd mix of races/religionsNation of Islam securitySpeakers, Singers, etc

Dr. King – “I have a Dream”

1964 Nobel Peace Prize

Nov 22, 1963 JFK killed

March On Washington

15th Amendment – 1870 – Grants voting rights regardless of race

South used various tactics to deny the right to votePoll Taxes (outlawed by 24th Amendment Jan 1964)Grandfather clauseLiteracy Tests

Feb 4, 2010 Former Congressman Tom Tancredo at the “Tea Party Convention” said that Obama was elected because

“we do not have a civics, literacy test before people can vote in this country.”

Voting Discrimination

Summer 1964 MississippiGoal was to register black voters

COFO and SNCCVolunteers

Northern College students90% white, many JewishTraining at Miami University

Voter Education ProjectWorkshops to teach literacy, registration

Freedom Summer

KKK burned 37 churchesOver 1000 arrests3 Civil Rights workers missing June 21, 1964

James ChaneyMickey SchwernerAndrew Goodman

Biggest FBI investigation in history

Bodies found 6 weeks later near Philadelphia, Miss

Murder in Mississippi

Supported by LBJ (President Johnson)Nov. 27, 1963 (5 days after JFK’s assassination)

LBJ said to a joint session of Congress“No memorial oration or eulogy could more

eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long.“

Passed House 290-130Filibustered for 54 days in Senate, Passed 73-27

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Signed July 2, 1964 by LBJ (188 yrs after Declaring Independence )

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin in:Public AccommodationsGovernment and schoolsVoter Registration

Creates EEOC – Equal Employment Opportunity Com

Basis of all anti-discrimination laws that follow

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Protests for Voting Rights

March 7, 1965 – “Bloody Sunday”Planned march from Selma to Montgomery 600 protestors beaten by police and state

troopers as the cross the Edmund Pettis BridgeDr. King and 2500 march 2 days later (only

across bridge)White Minister murdered later that day

Selma, AL 1965

March 15, 1965 LBJ proposes the Voting Rights Act

March 21, 300 Civil Rights leaders/celebrities march

Guarded by nearly 4,000 soldiers25,000 join them in Montgomery at the State

CapitolViola Luizzo (Detroit) murdered by KKK along

road later that night

Selma to Montgomery March

Proposed after the murders in Mississippi and Selma

Outlawed literacy testsGave federal government power to monitor

and enforce voting rights in areas with a history of voting discrimination

Filibustered in Senate

Signed Aug 6, 1965

Voting Rights Act of 1965

What’s the legacy of Civil Rights?How would your life be different without it?

Legacy of Civil Rights


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