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13th Amendment - 1865Bans Slavery
14th Amendment - 1868Citizenship for former slaves“Equal Protection under the Law”
15th Amendment – 1870Right to Vote regardless of race
Reconstruction – 1865-1877 Union troops enforce laws in the South
Results of the Civil War
1877 Reconstruction ends Southern whites regained power
Segregation laws required the separation of the racesJim Crow laws Black Codes
Every aspect of life was segregatedDiscrimination and racism existed in the
North as well
In the South it was the LAW
Segregation
Banned interracial marriageSegregated
SchoolsHospitalsLibrariesRestaurantsTheatersBeachesRestroomsDrinking FountainsEtc
Segregation
American Terrorist GroupKilled thousands of Americans
1865 formed by Confederate Vets6 men in Pulaski, TN, secret club“The Circle Club”“kuklos” – Greek for circle“Grand Cyclops”, “Grand Magi”, (Wizard), etc.Wore sheets and rode around town on their horsesBegan racial intimidation after adding more
members
Ku Klux Klan
Resistance to Reconstruction1867 – Nathan Bedford Forrest
Imperial WizardUntil WW I
KKK is primarily in the SouthAfter WW I membership increases to 5
MillionAnti-immigrant, anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic, etc. Large numbers in Ohio, Indiana, IllinoisScandals in late 20’s, lose members
Ku Klux Klan
By 1930’s back to the SouthAfter WW II – Civil Rights
Increase in violence
TodayPortrays itself as a religious organization less than 10,000 official membersAligned with neo-Nazi and other supremacist
groupsActively uses the internet to recruitAnti-Government
Ku Klux Klan
Homer Plessy – 1/8th black
Planned act of Civil DisobedienceChallenge Louisiana Law
segregated railroad carsLaw upheld by Louisiana courtAppealed ruling to US Supreme Court
14th AmendmentAppeal based on “Equal Protection Clause”
Plessy v Ferguson 1896
US Supreme Court upheld law 7-1 “Separate but Equal” will be the law for next
50+ yrs
Plessy v Ferguson
1885-1951 Negro LeaguesJudge Kennesaw “Mountain” Landis
1st MLB Commissioner 1920-1944Established “Color Barrier”
Teams - Homestead Grays, Cleveland Buckeyes, Kansas City Monarchs
Famous Players“Cool Papa” Bell, Josh Gibson, Satchel PaigeHank Aaron, Willie Mays, Ernie Banks
Segregated Baseball
Branch RickeyOwned Brooklyn DodgersDetermined to integrate MLBScouts identify 3 playersRoy Campanella, Don Newcombe, Jackie
RobinsonAug 1945 – Rickey signs Robinson
Segregated Baseball
Grew up in Pasadena, CAOlder brother Mack won silver medal at 1936
OlympicsUCLA Star Athlete
Baseball, Football, Basketball, TrackCourt -Martialed
for refusing to move to the back of the bus at Fort Hood
1945 Signs with Dodgers, plays in minors1947 Brooklyn Dodger 2B
Jackie Robinson
OppositionMutiny from some teammatesSt. Louis threatened to strikeRacial insults from players, fans, etc.
Befriended by SS Pee Wee Reese1947 Rookie of the Year 1949 MVP, All Star1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 World
SeriesTraded to Giants in 1956 – retiredHall of Fame 1962, died at 53
Jackie Robinson
1946 Dodgers sign Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe
1947 Indians Bill Veeck signs Larry Doby1st black player in American League
1948 Indians sign Satchel Paige42 yr old RookieWin World Series1965 KC A’s –59 yrs old Pitched 3 shutout innings
1948 Truman integrates the military
After Jackie Robinson
Booker T. WashingtonEducation would lead to equalityTuskeegee InstituteGeorge Washington Carver
W.E.B. DuBoisNAACPChanging laws will lead to equality
Which path is the right one?
Early Civil Rights Leaders
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1909
W.E.B. DuBois among the foundersDedicated to equal rightsTactics
ProtestsLawsuits
Looking for a case to overturn Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP
NAACP brings caseSupreme Court combined 5 cases
Brown Case (Kansas) 1951Linda Brown, 3rd GradeCouldn’t go to school closest her house
because it was for whites only
Briggs v Elliot (SC) 1951Started over a bus in Clarendon CountyResulted in challenge to segregated schools
Brown v Board of Education
Kenneth and Mamie Clark, psychologistsUsed Doll Experiments to prove segregation
hurt kids
Doll Experiments
SC lawyer John W. Davis1924 Dem Presidential CandidateCongressman, AmbassadorArgued 140 cases before Supreme Court
NAACP lawyer Thurgood MarshallWon 29 of 32 Supreme Court Cases1967 Appointed to Supreme Court
Brown v Board of Education
1952 Case argued before Court1953 Chief Justice Fred Vinson DiesEisenhower appoints replacementAppoints Earl Warren
Case Argued Again!
Brown v Board of Education
Chief Justice Earl Warren Governor of California
Helped Ike win electionSupported relocation of
Japanese-AmericansIke thought he supported Segregation
One of Greatest Judges in US HistoryMiranda v Arizona, Gideon v Wainwright,
Loving v VAIke called appointment
“The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made”
Brown v Board of Ed
1954 Warren convinces justices that it is time for Court to do the right thing
Rules 9-0 that segregation was unconstitutional
“Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does...”
Ruling
“We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.”
Brown Ruling
Virginia closed all public schoolsViolent Opposition to integration throughout
SouthBrown ruling will have to be enforced by
force
Results
1955 14 yr old from IllinoisMurdered in Mississippi
He flirted with a white woman
Beaten, shot in head, mutilated and dumped in a river
2 white men arrested All male/white jury
1 hr Not Guilty
Emmitt Till
Mother insisted on open casketPhoto published
Key event in Civil Rights Movement for Black Northerners
Segregation doesn’t just hurt African Americans living in the South, anyone can be a victim
Emmitt Till
Dexter Avenue Baptist ChurchRev. Vernon Johns 1947-1952Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1954-1960
First Baptist ChurchRev. Ralph Abernathy 1952-1961
Montgomery NAACPPresident - E.D. NixonSecretary – Rosa ParksNAACP wanted a case to test
the segregated bus law
Montgomery, AL
Civil Disobedience – refuse to give up your seatMarch 1955 Claudette Colvin
Arrested15 yr old unwed teenage mother
Dec 1955 Rosa ParksArrested42 yr old Department store clerkNAACP secretary
What’s the difference?
3 Days after her arrest the Bus Boycott begins
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Organized by King, Abernathy, Nixon, etc.Demand end to segregated busesBlack citizens boycott the busesHow did they get to work?White Citizens Council
Organized against themViolence and arrests
King, Abernathy and Nixon’s houses bombedKing arrested for drunk walking4 churches firebombed
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott lasts over 1 yrBus company on verge of bankruptcyUS Supreme Court ruled in
Nov 1956 that segregated local buses are unconstitutionalMontgomery changes the
law in DecemberDec 21, 1956 Rosa Parks rides
the bus and sits wherever shewants!
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Father – Martin Luther King, Sr.Minister of Ebenezer 1931-1975
Mother – Alberta KingHer father was minister of Ebenezer before
her husbandMLK Jr. was minister there 1960-68She was murdered there in 1974
Why did churches play a key role in Civil Rights
Why were most of the leaders ministers?
Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta
Education – DR. KING1948 Morehouse College
Bachelors degree at 19Started at 15 yrs old,
1951 Crozier Seminary Divinity degree
1953 Married Coretta Scott1954 Pastor of Dexter Avenue at age 251955 Boston College – Doctorate degree
Dr. MLK Jr. 1929-1968
BeliefsCivil Disobedience
1849 Henry David Thoreau
PacifistReligious upbringingMohandas Gandhi
Believed Equality could be achieved in America
Dr. MLK Jr. 1929-1968
Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceFounded after Bus Boycott by King,
Abernathy, etc.Involved in major Civil Rights eventsOrganized March on Washington 1963
Led by King until 1968Abernathy took overMLK III Today Bernice King
SCLC
1957 - Local School Board decides to integrate 9 Black students chosen to integrate Central High
Ernest Green the only seniorThey are known as the “Little Rock 9”
Little Rock, Arkansas
1st Day of School – Angry crowd surrounds schoolMany from out of stateThreaten to lynch studentsPolice safely get students out
Little Rock 9
Governor Orval Faubus Opposed to integrationOrders the National Guard to
keep students out of school
President EisenhowerOrdered Faubus to uphold the SC rulingFaubus pulled out Guard leaving no security
Little Rock 9
Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas Natl Guard
Ike sent in the 101st Airborne
If Eisenhower opposed Brown, why did he enforce it?
Little Rock 9
101st guarded students the whole yearMinnijean Brown expelled
“1 down, 8 to go”America watched on TVErnest Green graduated
Worked for President CarterLittle Rock’s high schools closed the next
year
The “Little Rock 9” attended Pres. Obama’s inauguration in 2009
Little Rock 9
1960- New Orleans – NAACP recruits families to integrate elementary schools
6 children selected1 showed upRuby Bridges – 6 yrs old
Ruby Bridges
Parents withdrew all the white children from her class
Only 1 teacher was willing to teach herBarbara Henry from BostonRuby sat in a class all by herselfAte lunch in the classroom by herselfAll year long
Ruby Bridges
Everyday US Marshals walked her into the school
Protesters had a black doll in a coffinOne woman showed up everyday and
threatened to poison herHer father was fired from his jobHer grandparents were evictedShe now volunteers at the school
Ruby Bridges
Election of 1960John F. Kennedy – DemocratRichard Nixon – Republicans
NixonEisenhower sent troops to Little RockNixon was Ike’s VPJackie Robinson endorsed him
JFKSupported Civil RightsGot Dr. King out of jail
JFK –The New President
1962 James Meredith admitted to University of Miss.Because of NAACP lawsuit“Ole Miss”
Blocked by Governor Ross Barnett“No school in our state will be integrated
while I am your Governor”Robert Kennedy – Attorney General
Orders US Marshals to protect Meredith28 Marshals wounded
JFK order in US Army, 40+ wounded
James Meredith
Soldiers will guard him at the collegeGraduated in 1963Shot in 1967 during a Civil Rights marchLater worked for Senator
Jesse HelmsA RacistOpposed MLK holiday????
James Meredith
1963 University of AlabamaGovernor George Wallace
Blocks door to prevent the admission of 2 students
Promises ““Segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever“
JFK nationalizes Alabama National GuardWallace ordered to move by Nicholas
KatzenbachMoved when ordered by General
“Stand in the School House Door”
Wallace will become the most famous segregationist in the country
Runs for President 1964, 68, 72, 761968 runs for President as Independent
Wins 13.5% of voteWins 5 states, 46 Electoral votes12% in OhioShot while running in 1972Paralyzed but lived
George Wallace
Feb 1960 4 students stage Greensboro, NC sit-inWoolworth’s lunch counter wouldn’t serve blacks4 days later 300 students Non-violent
Next week sit-ins spread throughout stateBy end of year 70,000 students participating
throughout the southSome sit-ins resulted in violenceMany stores ended their segregated policies1960 11 African nations gain independence
Lunch Counter Sit-ins
SNCC - Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeYounger, wanted change NOW“Jail Not Bail”Marion Barry, Bob Moses
Lunch counter sit-ins Nashville, TNBeatings and arrestsTV News
CORE – Congress of Racial EqualityJames FarmerTaught non-violence
Younger Civil Rights Groups
Dec. 1960 Supreme Court integrates buses, terminals
Jan. 1961 JFK takes office1961 - Freedom Rides
Plan for white and black riders to travel south on buses
Sit integratedGo to wrong waiting roomsSNCC and COREJohn Lewis
Freedom Rides
Anniston, ALBus burnedRiders beaten
Birmingham, ALRiders beaten by KKK
Governor promised RFK protection for busesIn Montgomery, riders beaten and arrestedRFK sends in Federal MarshalsRiders arrested again in Mississippi
Miss. Senator broke deal with RFK
Freedom Rides
1963 - Campaign against segregation led by MLKProtestsBoycottsSit-ins
Bull Connor - Police ChiefArrest MLK, Abernathy, etc.
Letter from a Birmingham jail
"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"
Birmingham
Children ProtestDogs, fire hosesArrest thousands
Fill jails“Jail Not Bail”
May 1963 Businesses give in to demandsSept 1963 16 St. Church bombed
KKK planted 22 sticks of dynamite4 girls killed2 bombers convicted in 2001, 2002
Birmingham
June 1963 Civil Rights Act proposed by JFKTelevised SpeechIn response to Birmingham1 law to end all segregation
Medgar Evers – NAACP MississippiMurdered the night of JFK speechMurderer finally punished in 1994
Civil Rights Act
Aug 1963 – 250,000 attend – Lincoln MemorialSCLC, NAACP, CORE, SNCC, etcCrowd mix of races/religionsNation of Islam securitySpeakers, Singers, etc
Dr. King – “I have a Dream”
1964 Nobel Peace Prize
Nov 22, 1963 JFK killed
March On Washington
15th Amendment – 1870 – Grants voting rights regardless of race
South used various tactics to deny the right to votePoll Taxes (outlawed by 24th Amendment Jan 1964)Grandfather clauseLiteracy Tests
Feb 4, 2010 Former Congressman Tom Tancredo at the “Tea Party Convention” said that Obama was elected because
“we do not have a civics, literacy test before people can vote in this country.”
Voting Discrimination
Summer 1964 MississippiGoal was to register black voters
COFO and SNCCVolunteers
Northern College students90% white, many JewishTraining at Miami University
Voter Education ProjectWorkshops to teach literacy, registration
Freedom Summer
KKK burned 37 churchesOver 1000 arrests3 Civil Rights workers missing June 21, 1964
James ChaneyMickey SchwernerAndrew Goodman
Biggest FBI investigation in history
Bodies found 6 weeks later near Philadelphia, Miss
Murder in Mississippi
Supported by LBJ (President Johnson)Nov. 27, 1963 (5 days after JFK’s assassination)
LBJ said to a joint session of Congress“No memorial oration or eulogy could more
eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long.“
Passed House 290-130Filibustered for 54 days in Senate, Passed 73-27
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Signed July 2, 1964 by LBJ (188 yrs after Declaring Independence )
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin in:Public AccommodationsGovernment and schoolsVoter Registration
Creates EEOC – Equal Employment Opportunity Com
Basis of all anti-discrimination laws that follow
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Protests for Voting Rights
March 7, 1965 – “Bloody Sunday”Planned march from Selma to Montgomery 600 protestors beaten by police and state
troopers as the cross the Edmund Pettis BridgeDr. King and 2500 march 2 days later (only
across bridge)White Minister murdered later that day
Selma, AL 1965
March 15, 1965 LBJ proposes the Voting Rights Act
March 21, 300 Civil Rights leaders/celebrities march
Guarded by nearly 4,000 soldiers25,000 join them in Montgomery at the State
CapitolViola Luizzo (Detroit) murdered by KKK along
road later that night
Selma to Montgomery March
Proposed after the murders in Mississippi and Selma
Outlawed literacy testsGave federal government power to monitor
and enforce voting rights in areas with a history of voting discrimination
Filibustered in Senate
Signed Aug 6, 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965
What’s the legacy of Civil Rights?How would your life be different without it?
Legacy of Civil Rights