Date post: | 05-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | amna-fazlibegovic-fejzic |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 22
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
1/22
Dr. Tarkan KAMAZ
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
2/22
Within a given language, some sounds areconsidered to be the same sound, even
though they are phonetically distinct. Same or different?
pool [phul] spool [spul]
phonetically different (aspirated vs. unaspirated)
native speakers perceive the same sound
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
3/22
A phoneme can be pronounced in different waysaccording to its context.
Compare:The difference between /t/ in : tea, eat, writer, eighth, twoThe difference between /i:/ in: see, seed, seat, seen
Therefore, a phoneme may have more than one
realization.
The different realizations of a phoneme are calledallophones of that phoneme. The allophone is a variant
of a phoneme.
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
4/22
Try saying these two words: carand keys Whats different about the initial sound in
each word? Phonetically: [k: ci:z] ( = aspiration
c=palatal stop;) [k] and [c] are allophones of the / k /
phoneme.
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
5/22
English
pu: poolspu: spoolk killsk skill Complementary distribution Predictable (no minimal pairs)
[ p ] and [ p ] are allophones of the / p / phoneme
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
6/22
Two or more sounds are allophones of the samephoneme if:
a) they have a predictable, complementary distribution;b) they do not create a semantic contrast; andc) they are phonetically similar.
(E.g. [l] and [] in English: [l] never occurs beforeconsonants or word-finally, [] never occurs beforevowels)
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
7/22
Contrastive distribution: Two sounds are saidto be contrastive if replacing one with theother results in a change of meaning.
Example:
cat [khQt] and hat [hQt]
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
8/22
Complementary distribution: phones appearin differing environments; are allophones of
the same phoneme Example:
top [thap] and stop [stap]
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
9/22
Free Variation: phones appear in exactly thesame environments; no difference in
meaning; are allophones of the samephoneme. Example:
economics [i] or [E] initially
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
10/22
The mental conceptof supermanhood
(phoneme)
In complementary distribution: never seen in the same placeat the same time. Allophones!
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
11/22
NOT in complementary distribution: can both be present at the same time:allophones of differentphonemes
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
12/22
/t/ phonemic (abstract/mental) category
[t] [th] allophonic (phonetic) realizations
in your mind
what you actually say
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
13/22
slashes enclose phonemes: /t/ square brackets enclose allophones: [t]
This is an important distinction!
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
14/22
Say the following words: top, stop, metal, and right
What is the difference between the four ts? top [thap] the t is aspirated [th]
stop [stap] the t is unaspirated [t]
metal [mERl] the t is a flap [R] right [rat] the t is unreleased [t]
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
15/22
The sound we perceive as t actually has fourphonetic realizations
Since in our mind, the abstract sound is still at we call t a PHONEME.
Phones go in brackets [t], phonemes go inslashes /t/
Every language has phonemes and variants ofthat phoneme, which we call ALLOPHONES
Appearance of allophones depends on rules
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
16/22
What are the rules for the differentallophones of /t/?
/t/
[th] [t] [t] [R]
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
17/22
/t/ [th] word-initally and in front of stressed syllables table, treat, attend, until, attack
/t/ [R] intervocalically, when second vowel is
unstressed better, Betty, butter, cutie, buttocks
/t/ [t] word-finally set, right, caught, pit
/t/ [t] elsewhere stop, street, antics, Baltic
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
18/22
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
19/22
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
20/22
Are these sounds in complementary or similardistribution?
bat, pat only in similar distribution,dun, ton these are different phonemes
p
h
in, spin only in complementary distributionthon, stun these are the same phoneme
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
21/22
Are these sounds in complementary or overlappingdistribution?
bat, pat overlapping distribution,dun, ton these are different phonemes
phin, spin complimentary distributionthon, stun these are the same phoneme
8/2/2019 All Op Hones
22/22
Recognized by speakers asseparate sounds
Differentiate between
words (kill/dill/will), sothey appear inoverlapping distributionwith each other (all at thesame place in a word)
Phonemes are theseparate sounds of alanguage
Speakers hear them as thesame sound
Allophones are different
versions of the samephoneme, so they neverappear in the same place in aword: thun, but not sthun.sthun and stun arent
different words. That means allophones of asingle phoneme appear incomplementary distribution.