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Cell BiologyAll you ever wanted to know about cell biology and then
some!
1665 –Robert Hooke coins the term "cell" after first viewing cork cells under a microscope
Born: 1635 ADDied: 1703 AD, at 67 years of age.
1668 – Newton's telescope1682 – Halley's comet 1671 – 1st calculator machine1712 – Steam engine1776 – Declaration of Indepedence1793 – Whitney's cotton gin
1831 – Robert Brown finds the nucleus of plant cells
born Montrose, Scotland 21 December 1773 died at Soho Square, London, 10 June 1858
1836 – Morse telegraph1841 – first stapler1834 – Braille alphabet
1838 – Matthias Schleiden determines that all plant tissue is comprised of cells1839 – Theodor Schwann reveals that all animal tissue is made up of cells too
b. Hamburg (Germany), April 5, 1804, d. Frankfurt, June 23, 1881]
b. Neuss (Germany), December 7, 1810, d. Cologne, Germany, January 11, 1882
1846 – War with Mexico1849 – Safety pins1851 – Singer sewing machine1855 – first plastic
1858 – Rudolf Virchow finds that all cells arise from pre-existing cells
b. Schivelbein, Pomerania (Poland), October 13, 1821, d. Berlin, September 5, 1902
1861 – Civil War begins1864 – Red Cross begins by Barton1865 – antiseptic by Lister
1873 – Anton Schnieder witnesses and tells of cell reproduction - mitosis
1873 – first zipper1876 – Bell telephone/NBL begins1893 – first gas automobile1903 – Wright brother's flight1914-1918 – WWI1930 – first analog computer1937 – Golden Gate Bridge opens
1941 – George Beadle and Edward Tatumrealize genes control cells and direct protein production
1958 Nobel Prize winners!
1941-1945 – WWII1947 – Polaroid Camera1951 – flourinated water
1952 – Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey illustrate that DNA is inherited material from sex cells
Hershey won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in discovering the properties of DNA. But Chase, who served as Hershey's lab assistant during his experiments and whose name appears on the paper, was snubbed.
1957 – USSR in space1965-75 – Vietnam Conflict1968 – first heart transplant1969- US man on the moon1977 – first Apple computer1981 – identified AIDS virus
1997 – Dolly the sheep is the first successfully cloned animal from a single cell
Dolly died 2-14-03 at age 6.
Robert Hooke (1665 cork tree bark) and Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673 pond scum = protists) viewed the first cells under microscopes but did not understand the dynamics of these “mini factories.”
Centuries later Theodor Schwann wrote parts one and two of the widely accepted cell theory.
A few decades later Rudolf Virchow made the addition of part three of the cell theory.
How the cell story begins:
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit (smallest building block) of all living things.
3. All cells come from an existing cell.
Cell Theory
A relatively simple sketch of Redi's experiment
regarding spontaneous generation. Starting from the left, the first flask is capped, and no maggots grow
within it, then in the second flask flies are kept out, but the mesh allows maggots to grow within, and finally flies are allowed into the third flash where maggots
grow.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://micro.digitalproteus.com/pics/spontaneousgeneration.jpg&imgrefurl=http://micro.digitalproteus.com/history1.php&usg=__njcykTnwzVnsquTpXfHQOuK5qDA=&h=209&w=590&sz=12&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=u4oKA8Bt57iXXM:&tbnh=48&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dredi%2Band%2Bspontaneous%2Bgeneration%2Bimage%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address%26rlz%3D1I7TSHA%26sa%3DX
Life begins how? Spontaneous Generation
Definition: cell = smallest unit that can perform the processes of life.
Size: A type letter “i’s” dot holds up to 50+ human cells.
Cells range from the incredibly microscopic to nearly the size of a football – the ostrich egg is one of the largest single cells!
The surface area to volume ratio of a cell is critical to its survival.
Cell Facts
Surface area to volume ratio improtance
Cells are limited in how large they can be. This is because the surface area and volume ratio does not stay the same as their size increases. Because of this, it is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the membrane, and to move materials through the cell.
http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_size.htm
DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison
Cell Dimensions(cm)
Surface Area(cm2)
LXWX6
Volume(cm3)
LXWXH
RatioSurface area to Volume
R=SA/V
1 2 X 2 X 2
24X4X4
3 8X8X8
QUESTIONS: 1. Which model has the largest surface area?
2. Which model has the largest volume?
3. Which model has the largest ratio?
4. To maintain life, and carry-out cellular functions, materials must be able to move into and out of the cell. Also, material needs to be able to move within the cell. What might be the advantage of having a large surface area?
How many different kinds of cells are in existence?
Prokaryotes*Have NO nucleus*single-celled*no organelles
Eukaryotes*Have a nucleus*multicellular*organelles
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Plants Animals
-no nucleus-no organelles-circular DNA strand-ribosomes-cell wall & cell membrane-world’s smallest cell
Same except live in more extreme environments and called extremophiles:1. Salt lovers2. Heat lovers3. Methane
makers
-many multicellular organisms-many are up to 10 times larger-have a nucleus & organelles
*-have a cell wall & chloroplasts
Same
*-have NO cell wall or chloroplasts
How are living things organized?
*Your average cell is smaller than the period ending this sentence.
10+ bacteria could fit on here!*Therefore cells must often combine to create a larger organism.*Bacteria, some fungi and protists have remained successful being microscopic and unicellular.
Advantage = hidden & less energy needed
Disadvantage = cell damage = death
How are living things organized? continued
*Being multicellular is beneficial though:
Benefits include:1. Larger size means an organism is higher up on
the food pyramid. Bigger animals are less likely to be prey, have more variety in diet, and ensure longevity.
2. Longer life span occur when an organism is made of more than one cell. Cells wear out and need to be replaced often. Unicellular organisms have short life spans when life revolves around one cell.
3. Specialization gives each cell type a particular job to focus on and thus helps make the whole organism more efficient.
Cells specialize first to perform a specific job and make tissues
Two or more tissue types unite to create an organ.
Several organs working to do a particular function are an organ system.
These systems cooperate and combine to create an organism.
Structure = means the shape, make-up and the look of something
Function = means the special job the part does
Structure vs. Function
Golden Gate Bridge over the San Francisco Bay
What are all the systems of the human body?
Digestive RespiratoryCirculatory SkeletalMuscular NervousReproductive ExcretoryEndocrine LymphaticIntegumentary