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Vortex Care & Safety


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PLUMBING TIME LINE


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8000 B.C.: 6000 B.C 3000 B.C

2700 B.C2500 B.C2255 B.C

2100 B.C 1500 B.C800 B.C

710 B.C705 B.C

432 B.C

206 B.C

52 A.D



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600700 - 15001596

1775 1829 1870

18851915 - 1919

2010

2002



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Ancient Plumbing

Plumbing originated during the ancientcivilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian,

Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they

developed public baths and needed to provide

potable water, and drainage of wastes.

Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad

flanges making use of asphalt for preventing

leakages appeared in the urban settlements of

the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C. TheRomans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent

water theft

Improvement in plumbing systems was veryslow, with virtually no progress made from the

time of the Roman systems of aqueductsand lead

pipes until the growth of modern cities.

Water systems of ancient times relied on

gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or

channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo

wood or stone

Eventually the development of separate,

underground water and sewage systems

eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools

Modern Plumbing

Present-day water-supply systems use a

network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes arenow made of copper, brass, plastic, or other

nontoxic material. Due to leads toxicity, lead has

not been used in modern water-supply piping

since the 1930s in the United States, although

lead was used as a solder until 1986. Drain and

vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron,

and lead.The "straight" sections of plumbing systems are

pipes or tubes. A pipe is typically formed via

casting or welding, where a tube is made through

extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and

may be threaded or welded, where tubing is

thinner-walled and requires special joining

techniques such as brazing compression fitting

crimping or for plastics, solvent welding



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What is High riseStructure ???

A high-rise building is a structure whose architectural height is between 35and 100 meters. A structure is automatically listed as a high-rise when it

has a minimum of 12 floors, whether or not the height is known. If it has

fewer than 40 floors and the height is unknown, it is also classified

automatically as a high-rise.

A multi-storey structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building ofunknown height from 12-39 floors.

The six-member high rise committee Mumbai, consisting of officials from

the civic development plan department, fire department, private architects

and civil engineers, was formed five years ago to vet the proposals for high

rises. Under the definition, a high rise is any building over 70 meters inheight (approximately 20 storey's).



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The term High-Rise is very ambiguous, meaning one thing to one

person and something else to another. In search to overcome ever-

escalating cost of land, as well as the scarcity of appropriate sites, builders

have adopted the philosophy of building vertically rather than

horizontally. Some visionaries have already proposed vertical cities to

maintain our open spaces and halt the devastation of open spread.

Buildings are going higher rather then wider. During the 1930s and 40s a

six story was considered highrise , and few buildings which exceeded this

height were classified as SKY SCRAPERs. During the 50s, 20 and 30

storey became common place and during the 60s, the 100- storey building

was no longer oddity.



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Gravity feed System:

Tanks must be sufficiently elevated to achieve required pressure. For proper

operation of the system, the gravity tank is located at least 30 ft or 10 m above thehighest outlet or consumer. In tall buildings it's necessary to use pressure reducing

valves in the lowest floors before the fittings.

Advantages of gravity system:

Extreme simplicity : There are no complicated or sophisticated controls

Most Reliable : It is the only system which has a available in the event of the power

or water supply failure

Economical:Operating costs are much less and capital is usually no higher than

other systems.

Minimum maintenance: Only requirement beyond terms is periodic cleaning andpossible repainting of the tank.

Fewer pressure regulating valves are required for the control system

Provides additional reserve capacity for fire protection while domestic water is

available in addition to the fire reserve



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Gravity

Tank

Suction

TankCity Main

Pump

PG

PG

Gravity Feed System

Pressure is to be

controlled with the

help of prv stations

where ever it exceedsmax. pressure limits

Break pressure

tanks to be

provided at

regular intervals



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Use less energy: Pump head, therefore horse power is less then required

in other systems. The pumps operate to replenish the tank and then shut offso that a high horse power pump is not requires to satisfy light demands as is

required for the tank less booster pump system. The pumps operate on

optimum duty point on the pump curve for the greater efficiency and less

energy wastage.

Minimum pressure variations in the distribution systems.

Disadvantages of Gravity System

The tank must be elevated. Provision must be made on the roof of the

building to support the tank. A tank on the roof is unslightly and if it is

enclosed and dressed up, there is additional architectural expense. The weight of the water and the tank can increase the structural costs.

Tanks require maintenance, periodic cleaning and painting Is required.

If the tank ruptures. A large quantity of water is released which may

cause damage.



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Hydro-pneumatic pressure system

Is a modernization of the older gravity tank method of water supply. Its main

purpose is to control or boost a limited supply pressure to a higher or more uniform

value so that a continuous and satisfactory water supply will be available at all

fixtures within the system.

A suitable pump, a pressure tank and essential control devices for making the system

operate automatically with the least amount of supervision. The pump is used for

supplying the required amount of water into the tank at the proper pressure whilethe tank acts as a storage vessel for the proper ratios of water and air within the

pressures and levels maintained by the control devices.

The expansion of air under reducing pressures regulates the amount of water which

can be used by the system before the pump is again called upon to replenish the

reserve that is desired to be maintained in the tank. This pressure and volumerelationship is a well known law of physics which states that at constant

temperature the volume of a given weight of gas varies inversely as the absolute

pressure.



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Hydro pneumatic pressure boosting

Suction

Tank

Pressure Vessel

City

Main

PG

Pressure to controlled

with the help of prv

stations where ever it

crosses the Max.pressure limit



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Advantages:

Does not have to be elevated

Can be located anywhere in the building.

Can save valuable space by being located outside the building

It is not exposed to the outer elements.

Disadvantages:

Inside corrosion of tank and piping is danger due to addition of air in the tank.

A pressure variation of 20 psi is normal in the system pressure.

Pumps of higher head are required.

Higher initial and operating costs than gravity system due to pressure vesseltype tank, higher head pumps and more sophisticated controls.

May take valuable space in the basement or other area.



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Pressure requirements in Plumbing Hydraulics

Model plumbing codes limit the pressure supplied to a fixture to 80 psi

One feet head equates to pressure of 0.433 psi1(feet) = 0.433 psi (pound per square inch)

Any Building Over 100 ft tall will require more then one water Distribution

- 104 x 0.433 = 45 psi

- 45 + 25 = 70 psi

- 10% safety factor and friction.

- Say 80 psi, there fore a system should never be designed above 80 psi. The most demanding fixtures are:

e.g W.C = 25 psi , Shower = 20 psi

Pressure Zoning

Building Over 10 storeys in height requires multiple water piping zone



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Pressure and velocity effects on plumbing system

Excessive pressures and velocities do present some very real dangers:

Excessive wear or erosion of piping. Wire drawing of valve seats with resultant maintenance problems.

Hydraulic shock and the resulting stresses that could rupture pipes or

damage equipments.

Damage to fixtures or equipment which are not designs for high pressureor velocity.

Wasted water at outlets due to high rates of flow in excess of required flow.

The nuisance of splashing that wets the walls and floors or the users.

Reduced life expectancy of the system and equipment.Increased costs of equipment which require special construction for

operation at the higher working pressures



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Hydro Pneumatic System



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Hot water System

Solar Heating System Local Heating System



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Swimming Pools


D i


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W.C

W.B

Sink

Shower

Floor Finish

Drainage Line

CombinedSo

il&WastePipe

V

entPipe

Connections Typical for all floors

One Pipe SystemExternal Drainage Line

Drainage



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W.C

W.B

Sink

Shower

Floor Finish

Drainage Line

VentPipe

Connections Typical for all floors

Two Pipe System

VentPip

e

SoilPipe

WastePipe

Gulley

Trap External Drainage LineVortex Care & Safety


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DrainageFlow conditions in plumbing Drainage:

The flow in the stack tends to cling to the wall of the pipe. There is a slight

spiral motion as the water flows down the pipe.

Terminal velocity occurs after 3 stories of flow.VT = 3.0 (q/d)2/5

where :

q = flow rate in gpm

VT= terminal velocity in stack,

d = diameter in inches

Terminal velocity in drainage is same from 4thto 100 th storey. Drainage in the stack is the same for a hotel or an office building.

Venting:It is important to understand that the sole purpose of venting is to relieve

the pressure fluctuations in the soil or waste stack it serves

A vent stack must connect to the base of the drainage stack. The connection must be at or below the lowest horizontal branch.

The lowest floor would connect to the horizontal building drain

after the hydraulic jump.

when more ten 10 storeys in height the relief vent is to be the same

size of the vent.



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Air movement is within the conventional stack, which pressures attempt

to balance between the floors

Relief vent must be located every 10 ten branch intervals down from

the top of stack for conventional systems

Storm Water Drainage

Storm water piping is probably subjected to the most frequent

movement of any plumbing system, but not necessarily the maximum

expansion . the movement is due to the frequently changing difference in theoutside temperature relative to the inside temperature. Low temperature flow

in the storm water piping will cause condensation to form on the outside of the

piping in the building. It is therefore advisable to insulate all storm water

offsets to prevent condensation from staining ceilings. The higher the buiding

the more economical its use becomes, but even far importance than the

economies realized, controlled flow roof drainage is one of the best way tocombat water flooding during heavy rainfalls.


Rain Water Harvesting Storm Water Harvesting


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Terrace Lvl

Filtration

Harvesting

Tank To Non Potable water Tanks For Flushing & Irrigation Purpose

Rain Water Harvesting

Storm Water run off is collected

in filtration (silt remover)

through Channels

Over Flow is

connected

to the Bore well

Water is pumped back for non potable use

Storm Water Harvesting



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Pre-

Treatment

Primary

Treatment

Secondary

Treatment

Tertiary

Treatment

Pre-treatment removes

materials that can be

easily collected from the

raw waste water beforethey damage or clog the

pumps and skimmers of

primary treatment

clarifiers (trash, tree

limbs, leaves, etc.). It

Includes

Screening

Grit removal Flow equalization

Fat and grease

removal

Primary treatment

consists of temporarily

holding the sewage in a

quiescent basin whereheavy solids can settle to

the bottom while oil,

grease and lighter solids

float to the surface. The

settled and floating

materials are removed

and the remaining liquid

may be discharged orsubjected to secondary

treatment.

Secondary treatment

removes dissolved

and suspended

biological matter.

Secondary treatment

is typically performed

by indigneous, water-

borne micro-

organisms in a

managed habitat.

Secondary treatmentmay require a

separation process to

remove the micro-

organisms from the

treated water prior to

discharge or tertiary

treatment

Tertiary treatment is

sometimes defined as

anything more than primary

and secondary treatment inorder to allow rejection into

a highly sensitive or fragile

ecosystem (estuaries, low-

flow rivers, coral reefs,...).

Treated water is sometimes

disinfected chemically or

physically (for example, by

lagoons and microfiltration)prior to discharge into a

stream, river, bay, lagoon

or wetland, or it can beused for the irrigation of a

golf course, green way or

park. If it is sufficiently

clean, it can also be used

for ground water recharge

or agricultural purposes.

Sewage Treatment Plant

Treated Water

Tank

Non Potable water Tankfor

Fishing & Irrigation

Over Flow to

Municipal Sewer



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Plumbing fixtures are divided in to following classes:

Water Closets

Urinals

Lavatories

SinksService Sinks

Bath tubs

Showers

Drinking Fountains

Bidets.

A Water Closet is a Closet that disposes of human waste by using

water to flush it through a drainpipe to the main sewer stack

A Urinalis a specialized toilet for urinating into. It has the form of a

container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual

flushing.

Asink(also basin, hand basinand wash basin) is a bowl-shaped

plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for dishwashing or other

purposes.



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Sinks generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include

a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove

used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an

overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser

Service Sink is a Deep fixed basin, supplied with hot and cold water, which is used

for rinsing of mops, disposal of cleaning water, or washing clothes and other

household items.

A bath tubor tub(informal) is a large container for holding water in which a

person may bathe (take a bath). Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic orfiberglass, but alternatives are available in enamel over steel or cast iron, and

occasionally waterproof finished wood. A bathtub is usually placed in a bathroom

either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with a shower

Ashower(orshower-bath, walk-in shower,steam shower) is an area in which

one bathes underneath a spray of water

A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide drinking water and

has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. The

drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the

stream

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(valve)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(valve)


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Bidetsare primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia, perimeum, inner

buttocks, and anus. They may also be used to clean any other part of the body such

as feet. Despite appearing similar to a toilet, it would be more accurate to

compare it to the wash basin or bathtub.

TrapsTrap plays an very important part where drainage is concerned, it is a part of

sanitary appliance which is designed to hold a quantity of water. This part of

water is called a trap seal, trap seal acts as a barrier to prevent air from passing

out from water and in to the room

The primary purpose of the trap is to prevent the passage of air, odours or vermin

through it from the sewer in to the buildings. The require of the ideal trap is as

follows.

It must be able to pass used water freely without mechanical help.

It must be self cleansing.

It must have seal,prefarably more then 50 mm deep.It must have strong and proof against leakage from it of gas or liquid.

It must have no moving parts

It must be provided with a clean out to access to the interior in the event of

chocking



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It must have no recess or cavities or pockets.

It must have no internal projections to catch hold hair, lint, bits of matches.

Bottle Traps:

This device is provided that recieves wastes from washbasins, kitchen sinks andother appliances where the appliances do not have built in traps in it.

Nahani/ Floors Traps:

The waste water from floors, wash basins and sinks are often taken to waste pipe

through floor traps. The depth of water seal provided is about 50 mm .

Gully traps

The function of this trap is to form an obstacle to the passage of foul gases from the

interior of the drain or waste to the outside and thus to prevent the surrounding

air being polluted by sewage gas.

Grease TrapsIt is the device installed in the waste pipe from one or more fixtures for the purpose

of separating grease from the liquid and retaining the grease. A grease trap is

required in the waste pipe from sinks and other fixtures in which greasy and oily

foods are prepared and dishes are washed. Such as hotels, restaurants, food courts

etcVortex Care & Safety


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Sewer Trap

This trap is installed where internal sewer line connects to the main (city sewer)

sewer line. So that the odor in the mains do not enter the internal sewer of the

building.



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Galvanised Iron Pipes:

Although GI pipes are widely used in india , GI pipes are more prone to

corrosion. Corrosion in pipes reduces the bore diameter and subsequent water

flow in the pipe and shortens its life span. GI pipes usually give service not more

then 20 years.

Copper Pipes

Use of copper pipes is as old as our civilization, they are easy to assemble ,they do

not rust and do not require painting, which in case of hot water pipes avoids the

unpleasant smell of warm paint. The very smooth internal surface offers a very

low frictional resistance to flow of water. The joints commonly used arecompression joints and capillary joint. Both these joints can be safely used for

higher temperatures and pressures of water.

Plastic Pipes

Now a days plastic pipes are becoming more and more common, due to their

properties of corrosion resistance, light weight and economy.



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LDPE

Low density poly ethylene pipes are flexible and this material is used up to

63mm diameter pipes. These pipes are recommended for usage in long runs.

These pipes require supports at closer intervals due to flexibility. These are not

suitable for internal supply system.

HDPE

These are tougher compared to LDPE. These a pipes are not used in smaller

sizes due to practical difficulties.

cPVCChlorinated poly vinyl chloride pipes are made from speciality thermoplastics,

These pipes are useful for hot and cold water distribution. Pipes can withstand

temperature upt o 93 deg C without insulation. This material do not support

combustion increasing the fire safety of building

uPVC

unplasticized (Rigid) poly vinyl chloride pipes are widely used for cold water

services internal/external water supply system, water mains, rain water system,

soil /waste piping system and also in underground drainage piping.



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PPRC

Green polypropylene Random Copolymer pipes are green in colour and are

made as per DIN standards these pipes are reliable for hot and cold water

supply. The pipes are designed to last for 50 years at a pressure of 10kg/cm2 and temp. Of 60 deg. C.

PE-AL-PE

These re polyethylene aluminum composite pipes that combines the best

features of both material to form a pipe that is light, strong, and does not

support corrosion. These are designed for hot water reliability up to 95deg.C for 50 years. It is clean non corroding plastic interior, there will be

never a problem of odor, colour, taste, etc.

Sanitary fittingsSpouts, mixers, waste couplings valves, faucets and stop cocks are called

fittings and are used for controlling the flow into, through, and from thepipe.


d d l b h


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Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or

tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes,

such as regulating or measuring fluid flow.

Material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for

choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:Carbon Steel (CS)

Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS)

Stainless Steel (SS)

Non-Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoly Cupro - Nickel etc.)

Non-Metallic (ABS, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc. )

Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) Generally used for high temperature

service

Elbow: is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to

allow a change of direction, usually a 90 or 45 angle though 22.5 elbows are

also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding threaded (usually

female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a

reducing elbowor reducer elbow.

Couplingconnects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the

same , the fitting may be called a reducing couplingor reducer, or an

adapter Vortex Care & Safety


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Union :is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient

disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement.

Reducer:allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the

system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size.

Oletsare generally used Whenever branch connections are required in size where

reducing tees are not available .

Teeis the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all

solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with

female threads.

Cross fittings: are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely

through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, orvice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends

Cap:is a type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe.

A cap is used like plug

Plugcloses off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is

mated.

Nippleis defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threadsat each end, for connecting two other fittings.

Barbis used to connect flexible hoses to pipes.

Valveis equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas,

condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path.

Sweep elbows are usually long radius or sweep types, to reduce flow resistance and

solids deposition when the direction of flow is changedVortex Care & Safety


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Closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet (toilet) is

attached. It is a specialized type of flange connection designed to sit flush with

the floor.

Clean-outsare fittings with removable elements that allow access to drains

without requiring removal of plumbing fixtures.

Trap primersregularly inject water into traps so that "water seals" are

maintained, as necessary to keep sewer gases out of buildings.

Combination tee (combo tee) is a tee with a gradually curving center

connecting joint. It is used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually

curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs.

Sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section designed to minimize the

possibility of siphon action that could draw water out of a trap.

Double Sanitary tee differs from a standard cross in that two of the ports have

curved inlets. The fitting has been used in the past for connecting the drains of

back-to-back fixtures

Wyeis a "Y" shaped fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to another at a 45degree angle.

Double-tapped bushing is a fitting that has opposing threads on the inside

diameter of the bushing



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Fastening of pipesAfasteneris a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more

objects together.

A threaded pipeis a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly.

Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connectionsASolventis applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially dissolve

and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting.

To make aSolderconnection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a

sleeve type joint, and the pipe is inserted.

Brazingis a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are

joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillarygap between them.

Weldingis a fabrication that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by

causing coalescene.

Compression fittingsconsist of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-

shaped compression ring, and a compression nut which is threaded onto the body

of the fitting and tightened to make a leak proof connection.

Flared connections should not be confused with compression connectors, with

which they are generally not interchangeable. Flared connectors lack a

compression ring, but do use a threaded nut.

Flangesare generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-line

instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.Vortex Care & Safety


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Building Services, Building Relations

Contact queries

9819213266 / 9819804845

Thank You


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