EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LANTANA CAMARA ON SEED GERMINATION IN BLACK GRAM-VIGNA

MUNGO(L)

Nadirsha P S Nawab.

ALLELOPATHY Allelopathy, originated from the Greek word `allelon‘(each other‘)and

`pathos' `suffering' and was coined by plant physiologist, Hans Molisch, University of Vienna, Austria.

effect(s) of one plant on other plants through the release of chemical compounds in the environment. This definition is largely accepted and includes both positive (growth promoting) and negative (growth inhibiting) effects. Elroy L. Rice(1984)

Site of action:-cell division, pollen germination, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and specific enzyme function, seed germination and seedling growth.Present in flowers, leaves, leaf litter ,leaf mulch, stems, bark, roots,soil leachates and their derived compounds

Hence, an attempt has been made to determine the allelopathic influence of leaf extracts of Lantana camara L. an invasive species belonging to verbenaceae tested against the seed germination and seedling growth of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.).

OBJECTIVES

TO ASSESS THE ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LANTANA CAMARA ON RADICLE LENGTH AND GROWTH PARAMETERS.

TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF EXTRACT OF LANTANA CAMARA ON TOTAL FREE AMINO ACID CONTENT OF BLACK GRAM.

TO FIND OUT GERMINATION INDEX,TOLERANCE INDEX,PHYTOTOXICITY IN BLACK GRAM.

Materials

L.Camara Leaf Black Gram Seed sowed in Sodium Hypochlorite solution.

ESTIMATION OF TOTAL FREE AMINO ACID - MOORE AND STEIN METHOD(1948).

Tolerance Index:formula suggested by Turner and Marshal (1972).

Tolerance Index (TI) = Longest root in treatment

Longest Root in control x100

Percentage of Toxicity:formula suggested by Chiou and Muller(1972) as follows.

PHytotoxicity(%) = Radicle length of the control-Radicle length of the treated sample Radicle length of the control x 100

Germination Index: formula from Association of official Seed Analysis (AOSA, 1990).

GI = Number of days after sowing x Number of seed Germinated

Total Number of seed planted

INDEX

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

100% concentration CONTROL

RESULTSMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES

Seed coat shedding was found to be decreases with increasing the concentration. And the maximum seed shedding were observed in control and minimum at 40,80 and 100% concentration.

Other observed changes inhibited or retarded germination rate; seeds darkened and swollen; reduced radicle ; swelling or necrosis of root tips; curling of the root axis; discoloration, lack of root hairs; increased number of seminal roots.

CONTROL

100% CONC

Seeds Control 100%% 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 1st day 2nd day 3rd day1 0.8 1.4 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.8 1.5 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.33 0.7 1.4 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.34 0.9 1.5 1.8 0.4 0.4 0.45 0.8 1.6 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.56 0.8 1.4 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.37 0.7 1.6 1.9 0.4 0.4 0.48 0.8 1.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.9 1.3 2.1 0.3 0.3 0.3

10 0.9 1.5 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.3Mean 0.81 1.45 1.88 0.35 0.35 0.35

SD 0.07379 0.10801 0.11353 0.09718 0.09718 0.09718GI 3 3 3 0.9 0.9 0.9TI 55.5 31.25 23.80PT 56.79 75.86 81.38

EFFECT ON LENGTH OF RADICLE

SD-STANDARD DEVIATION;GI-GERMINATION INDEX;TI-TOLERANCE INDEX;PT-PYTOTOXICITY

Maximum length of the radicle was found in seed treated with Control and minimum radicle length was found in seed treated with higher concentration (100%).

Germination Index of the seed reduced by increasing concentration and maximum in control(3) and minimum at 100% concentration.

Tolerance index was found to be decrease with increasing the concentration. Maximum germination index was found in control(3) and the minimum found in 100% concentration.

Phtotoxicity of the seed was found to be increased with higher concentration. Maximum level of phytotoxicity was found in seed treated with 100% concentration and minimum found in control.

TOTAL FREE AMINO ACID

Total free amino acid content of the seed of first two replication of GGIC increased and then it was reduced in replication 3.

The total free amino acid was found to be increased in first two replication of GGI and the third replication there is a reduction in total free amino acid.

Comparing the mean value of GGIC(control) and GGI(100%) concentration, the synthesizing of amino acid is high in seed treated with higher concentration.

FINDINGS/CONCLUSION

The overall result shows that increasing the concentration of the extract ,the rate of germination found to be decrease.

The inhibition of seed germination is due to the presence of Phenols. (Hamed et.al 2015),Alkaloids(Eman et.al 2013),Lantadene A (Penta cyclic triterterpinoids) and Lantadene B.(Abiyu et.al 2015) , coumarins, benzoquinones,terpenoids,glucosinolates, and tannins Kavitha et.al(2012) .

Increasing trends of total free amino acid in Vigna mungo seed is due respond by osmotic adjustment, stabilization of subcellular structure, scavenging free radicle and buffering cellular redox potential by synthesizing variety of amino acids.(Zita et.al 2012).

Germination index maximum in seed treated with Conrol (3) and minumum observed in 100% concentration(0.9).

Tolerance index also followed the same pattern of germination index.Maximum tolerance index in control and minimum found in 100 %

Pytotoxicity is maximum at 100%(81.38) and Minimum in control(56.1).

Meanwhile, further studies under field conditions are necessary to evaluate the possible use of L. camara aqueous extract or as bio herbicides against certain weeds that resistant to available pesticides

HamedM.El-Shora, Abdel-Aal and Faaz F;Ibrahim International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences;4;9; pp. 941-951;2015

Eman T. El-Kenany; Salama M. El-Darier; Suppression effects of Lantana camara L. aqueous extracts on germination efficiency of Phalaris minor Retz. and Sorghum bicolor (Moench);Journal of Taibah University for Science 7;64-71; 2013.

D.Kavitha,J.Prabhakaran ,K.Arumugam; Allelopathic influence of Vitex negundoL. On germination and growth of Greengram (Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek) and Blackgram(Vigna mungo(L.) Hepper). International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2:1 ;163;170;2012

Zita Kovács,Livia Simon-Sarkadi,Ildikó Vashegyi;Different Accumulation of Free Amino Acids during Short- and Long-Term Osmotic Stress in Wheat; The Scientific World Journal;1-10;2012

AbiyuEnyew and NagappanRaja ;Allelopathic Effect of Lantana camara L leaf Powder on Germination and Growth Behaviour of Maize, Zea mays Linn. and Wheat, Triticum turgidum Linn. Cultivars Journal of Agricultural Science 7(1): 4-10, 2015

REFERENCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to,

Dr. A.Yogamoorthi,Assosiate Professor,Dept of Ecology and Env.science,Pondicherry university.

Prof K.V.Devi Prasad,Head of the department,Pondicherry university

Pondicherry centre for Biological science (PCBS)

All the teaching and non-teaching staffs of my department

All my friends and classmates