Alteration and Fluid Inclusion (Arif m)

7/24/2019 Alteration and Fluid Inclusion (Arif m)

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PUSAT SUMBER DAYA GEOLOGI, BADAN GEOLOGI

KEMENTERIAN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL

Malaysia, December 2014


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HYDROTHERMAL

ALTERATION

1. Principles

2. What are the mainhyr!thermal minerals

". #$r%ace alterati!n

&. #$'s$r%ace alterati!n

O(TLINE )


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An initial fuid o composition A1 reacts with primary minerals inthe parent rock R1. The water rock interaction alters the fuidto A2 and orms alteration minerals o composition R2.

Hydrothermal alteration is a process that occurs due to areaction between the rocks with the geothermal fuid.

Hydrothermal alteration depend on Temperature! pressure! type

o rock! fuid composition "especially pH# and duration o thereaction "$rowne! 1%&'#.

The c!ncept !%hyr!thermal

alterati!n


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The alterati!n mineral!*y can tell y!$in%!rmati!n a'!$t)

(luid typeTemperature

)ermeability"Relati*e# +,2! ,2 and H2- contents o

fuid

+hanges in hydrology "e.g. shits in T!location o steamwater interace!cooling#


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/ethods to use

)etrography.To identify minerals anddetermine their textural relations.

PIMA(Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer

Spectrometer

0Ray i3raction. To identify minerals,such as clays, zeolites group.

(luid 4nclusion geothermometryTodetermine temperatures and uidsalinities


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PRO+E##E# IN ,EOTHERMAL

#Y#TEM (a!ecting minerals inroc"#

5eaching and mineral dissolution.

$$$Tells us about uid%mineral relations

irect deposition o minerals in *eins. $$$Tells us about processes that a!ect uids

Replacement o older minerals.$$$Tells us about uid%mineral relations


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Leaching


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Direct deposition from a cooling fluid.


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Albite replacing andesine


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#$r%ace Alterati!n


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#$'s$r%ace Alterati!n


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#$'s$r%ace Alterati!n


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6hat are some geothermalminerals7

i.e. &'ATI)*+ 'P)SITI)* P&)-TS

#ilicate ,r!$p 8uart9

Adularia "-Al-i:, Albite "NaAl-i:,

6airakite "+aAl2-i',12.2H2O#

5aumontite "+aAl2-i',12.&H2O#

;pidote "+a"Al!(e#:-i:,12"OH# )rehnite "+a2"Al!(e#"OH#2 Titanite "+aTi-i,?#


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+lay Minerals

+hlorite "/g!(e#@Al-i:,1="OH#

4llite Al2-i',1="OH#

-mectites

"+a!Ba#=.C"Al!/g!(e#'&,2=>,H'.nH2O 4nterlayered clays " illitesmectites#

aolins Al2-i2,?"OH#'


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#$lphates #$lphies /

+ar'!nates )yrite "(e-2# )yrrhotite "D(e-#

-phalerite and other basemetal sulphides

Anydrite "+a-,'# $arite "$a-,'#

Alunite "Ba!#Al:"-,'#2",H#

+alcite "+a+,:#

-iderite "(e+,:#

Aragonite


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Others 0 min!r

Apatite

(luorite

Tourmaline

$iotite

Actinolite

5eucoEene

Hematite Titanite"sphene#


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Temperat$re

+an 'e inicate 'y)

+lay /inerals

+alcsilicates -ome other minerals

And also by

(luid inclusion geothermometry


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+lays an Temperat$re

/ontmorillonite is stable to D1'==

iscrete illite is stable abo*e D21==

4nterlayered illitesmectites are stable in

the range 1'= 21== "the hotter the more the illite# +rystallinity o clays increases with

increasing T.


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+alcsilicates

;.F mordenite is stable up to 12==

5aumontite is stable rom 12= to21==6airakite is stable rom 21=

to G :===

;pidoteis stable abo*e 2?==

+agarnet is stable abo*e D 2%==

)rehnite is stable abo*e D22==

Actinolite is stable abo*e D2%==


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Tempcalc3silicate mineralrelati!ns

Apply in many geothermal elds

Are independent o rock type

Ieolites are *ery thermally sensiti*ein the range &= to 1?= =+


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Aci 4aters 0l!4 pH anclays

Halloysite stable to D %==7

aolinite stable to D1?==

ickite is stable rom D1?= to D2'==

)yrophyllite is stable abo*e D2?==


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/inerals with no temperaturesignicance

Adularia

+alcite

)yrite

Anhydrite

Titanite "sphene#

Hematite


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Ran5in* !% %elsparalterati!n

+an be used to

etermine depth o productioncasing

Recognising permeable ormations

)redicting well outputs "Jualitati*e#

5ocating permeable 9ones (eldspars are sensiti*e to o*erprints

"e.g. pH changes#


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Permea'ility Ran5in* !%%elspars

Replacement occurs

4/);R/;A$5; )rimary andesine

5,6 albite! pyrrhotite

/,;RAT; albite K adularia

H4FH adularia


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Minerals an 6$i type

Acid steam condensate kaolins! sulates"alunite and natroalunite#! ,palA

Hot acid alunite! diaspore! pyrophylitte!

dickite! marcasite7. $icarbonate+,2rich montmorillonite! siderite

Beutral pH thermal calcsilicates! adulariaetc

Heated ground waters clinoptilolite!mordenite!smectites


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7!ilin* an Minerals

$oiling 9ones may be recognised by*eins with

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Adularia

$laded calcite

4nclusions with di3erent liJuid to*apour ratios "$y (5L4 4B+5L-4,B/;TH,;#


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$oiling and minerals

+alcitedeposits because o loss o +,2

" +a2K H+,: +a+,:K+,2KH2,#

Adulariadeposits because o a pHincrease caused by +,2loss

HKKH+,: +,2 KH2,

8uart9 deposits because o cooling.


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Lattice Bladed texture : Boili! Idicatio


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Preictin* #calin*

4s there much -i,27 4 Mes......7a Ne4s

4s there much calcite 7 4 Mes......7a Ne4s

o calcsilicates occur 7 4 so which ones7

"epidote is a good signN +agarnet e*en better#


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Preictin* +!rr!si!n

$eware o cores and cuttings with

Alunite

iaspore ickite

)yrophyllite

-ideritehematiteOarositemarcasite


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FLUID INCLUSION


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What are fluid inclusions ?

(luid inclusions are samples o fuid "liJuid!gas! melt# trapped in minerals during orollowing ormation o the mineral.

6hen obser*ed at room temperature! fuidinclusions oten contain multiple phases.


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Assumptions upon which fluid inclusionAssumptions upon which fluid inclusiongeothermobarometry is basedgeothermobarometry is based

1. The fuid trapped upon sealing o theinclusion was a single! homogeneous phase.

2. The ca*ity in which the fuid is trapped does

not change in *olume ater sealing.:. ,nce sealed! nothing is added to or

remo*ed rom the inclusion.

'. The e3ect o pressure are insignicant

?. The origin o the inclusion is known


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Data available from fluid inclusions

Temperat$re

Press$re 0epth

8l$i c!mp!siti!n

8l$i ensity

E9!l$ti!n !% all !% the a'!9e 4ithtime


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Temporal classification offluid inclusions

Primary

#ec!nary

Pse$!sec!nary

+!mm!nly !cc$rs in trasparant minerals ):$art; calcite anhyrite 6$!rite Halite

etc.


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8l$i incl$si!ns classi


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How big are fluid inclusions ?How big are fluid inclusions ?

= mm are rare 0m$se$m specimens

> 2 m are n!t $sa'le %!r micr!

therm!metry

" ? @ m m!st c!mm!n si;e ran*e %!rmicr! therm!metry


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Fluid Inclusion MicroscopeLiB$i

Nitr!*enc!ntaine

r

Heater (nit

+amerat!

M!nit!r


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Classification of inclusions based onroom temperature phase ratios

-inglephase inclusions

Twophase inclusions 5iJuidrich

Paporrich Halitebearing inclusions

+,2bearing inclusions

Hydrocarbon inclusions /elt inclusions

/ultiphase inclusions


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Inclusion terminology

H!me*eni;ati!n temperat$re 0Th

Is!ch!re

E$tectic 0


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Tm

Th


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"o#e!ei$atio te#%erature &T'(


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Eutectic &)ir*t+#elti!( te#%erature &Te( ad ree$i! elti!( te#%erature &T#(


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Photograph of Fluid Inclusion

1 0 0

T E M P E R A T U R E ! "#

$ 0 1 $ 0 2 0 0 2 $ 0 % 0 0 % $ 0


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1 0 0 2 0 0 % 0 0 # !

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D o - ' o l e # e a * u r e d t e # % e r a t u r eo ) - e l l D R . S + /

n & 1 4

n & 4 %

n & 1 $

n & % 4n & 1 $

n & % '

n & % (

n & 4

n & 1 $

n & 1 0

n & 1 %

n & 2 0

n & ) '

n & % (

" i * t o ! r a # * :

P r i m a r yf l * i+ i n c l * s i n s

E a r ly + e p s i t e +

A n h y + r i t e

! a l c i te

- * a r t .

P r e h n i t e

" o * t # i e r a l* :

K e 0 * :

/ * m b e r f m e a s * r e m e n t s

e c n + a r yf l * i+ i n c l * s i n s

a t e + e p s i te +

n & % 0

D n h l e m e a s * r e + t e m p e r a t * re f D R 3 1t a 5 e n n 2 4 6 c t b e r 1 ( ( ) , i 7 e 7 2 + a y s a f te r + r i ll in 8 c m p l e t i n

9 i l in 8 p i n t c * r : e f r p * r e a t e r

1 u r 2 e * :

D n h l e m e a s * r e + t e m p e r a t * re f D R 3 1t a 5 e n n 2 4 / : e m b e r 1 ( ( ) , i 7 e 7 1 m n t h a f te r + r i ll in 8 c m p l e t i n


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Re%erence)imbingan te"nis pengembangan sumber daya panasbumi, PS/ 01203luid Inclusions 4or"shop5M3& 01264ater$&oc" Interaction, Alteration Minerals and Mineral/eothermometry, olin . 7ar8ey9ebsite di internet.


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Alteration and Fluid Inclusion (Arif m)

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