Alternative Earthen Final Covers: A Regulatory Perspective

Alternative Earthen Final Covers:A Regulatory PerspectiveBill AlbrightDesert Research InstituteUniversity of NevadaforState of California Integrated Waste Management Boardand Water Resources Control Board

IntroductionPurpose of final coversRegulatory reviewLiner / cover configurationsAEFC issues: the regulatory perspectiveEquivalencyHow AEFCs workBasic hydrologyEngineering philosophyDefining the design process

Physical confinement to control spread of litterControl infiltration of precipitation minimize production of leachateminimize production of gas

Fire control

Limit rodent and bird contact with the refuse

Control visual and odor aspects of facilityWhy Final Covers?

CALIFORNIA LAWSection 20950(a)(2)(A)(1), Title 27 CCR - SWRCB "For landfills the goal of closure, including but not limited to the installation of a final cover, is to minimize the infiltration of water into the waste, thereby minimizing the production of leachate and gas."

Section 21140(a), Title 27 CCR - CIWMB "The final cover shall function with minimum maintenance and provide waste containment to protect public health and safety by controlling, at a minimum, vectors, fire, odor, litter and landfill gas migration. The final cover shall also be compatible with postclosure land use.

Section 21140(c), Title 27 CCR - CIWMB "The EA may require additional thickness, quality, and type of final cover depending on, but not limited to, the following: (1) a need to control gas emissions and fires; (2) the future reuse of the site; and (3) provide access to all areas of the site as needed for inspection of monitoring and control facilities."

ALTERNATIVES?Section 21090(a), Title 27 CCR - SWRCB "The RWQCB can allow any alternative final cover design that it finds will continue to isolate the waste in the Unit from precipitation and irrigation waters as well as would a final cover built in accordance with applicable prescriptive standards."

Section 20950(a)(2)(A)(1), Title 27 CCR - SWRCB "For landfills the goal of closure, including but not limited to the installation of a final cover, is to minimize the infiltration of water into the waste, thereby minimizing the production of leachate and gas."

Section 21140(b), Title 27 CCR - CIWMB "Alternative final cover designs shall meet the requirements of part (a) [i.e., control vectors, fire, odor, litter and landfill gas migration] and shall be approved by the enforcement agency."

Prescriptive cover depends on liner design

Existing liner design Prescriptive cover design No liner 30 cm erosion protection layer 30 cm barrier layer: Ksat 10-5 cm/sec or Ksat of underlying soils, whichever is less 60 cm foundationSoil linerKsat 10-6 cm/sec 15 cm erosion protection layer 45 cm barrier layer with Ksat 10-6 cm/sec 60 cm foundationSoil liner Ksat 10-7 cm/sec 15 cm erosion protection layer 45 cm barrier layer with Ksat 10-7 cm/sec 60 cm foundationComposite Liner: Soil layer: Ksat 10-7 cm/secOverlain by geomembrane 15 cm erosion protection layerGeomembrane 45 cm barrier layer with Ksat 10-5 cm/sec 60 cm foundation

Liner / prescriptive cover designscm120Erosion layerLow permeability layerFoundation layerGeomembraneLiner designGeomembrane

EquivalencyEquivalent hydrologic performance means percolation from AEFC percolation from prescriptive coverAre there data for prescriptive designs?Are there data for alternative designs?How to determine equivalency?Modeling which model?Side-by-side field performance

How do AEFCs work?Store and releaseExploit two natural functions:Water storage capacity of soil (sponge)Solar powered pumps (plants)Can be enhanced by features such as capillary barriers

Recharge

Change in soil storage

Hydrologic Components of Covers

Precipitation

Evaporation

Transpiration

Surface Flow

Engineering PhilosophyPrescriptive coversEngineering by regulation Can be applied anywhereBased on material parametersPerformance not specified (not known)Alternative covers descriptive processSite specificDetermine performance criterionInterdisciplinary site characterization (soils, plants, climate)Design and predict performance

BreakDiscussionDefinition of equivalencyCover/liner combinationsShift from prescriptive design to descriptive process: responsibilities of regulatory community

Defining the Design Process1) Laboratory analysis of soil4) Numerical simulations to incorporate environmental stresses3) Calculate required depth of soil for water storage layerHigh resolution (daily) for numerical simulations (4)Seasonal for calculating water storage requirements (3)2) Determine design precipitation eventHydrologic parameters (4)Determine water storage capacity of soil (3)

Brief Diversion Into Hydrology and Soil Physics..

Retention Properties - ConceptWe describe the soil as a bundle of capillary tubes of various sizesSmaller capillaries retain water at higher tension

Water storage capacity of soilDetermined from retention propertiesRetention curve (soil water characteristic curve) is determined from lab dataRetention curve describes the relationship between water content and matric potential (soil suction, soil water potential energy, etc)Available water storage capacity is the difference in water content between field capacity and wilting point

Retention methodsHanging columnPressure plate apparatusTempe cell apparatusChilled mirror hygrometer

Hanging columnVolume of water displacedTension appliedPorous ceramic plateGraduated tube (buret)Partially SaturatedSoil sample

Pressure Cell ApparatusAir PressureDisplaced volumeSoil samplePlastic or brass cellPorous ceramic plate

Chilled mirror hygrometerAir in chamber equilibrates with soil moisture

Mirror is cooled to dew point

Moisture condenses on mirror, scattering light

Dew point related to soil moisture potentialMirror

Retention Data & Fitted CurveWater contentSoil water potential (kPa)

Chart1

0.4045505089

0.3837300839

0.3737335223

0.3288524075

0.1568426053

0.0670123037

0.0587464688

0.0207036312

climate

spreadsheet for plotting climate details for the Lake County site specific design plan

Avg precip (in)Avg precip (cm)Avg high temp (F)Avg high temp (C)Avg low temp (F)Avg low temp (C)Avg snow (in)Avg snow (cm)

J1.203.0529.70-1.2814.4-9.7813.0033.02

F0.751.9136.802.6719.5-6.947.6019.304

M0.912.3146.007.7825.3-3.726.2015.748

A1.072.7257.1013.9431.9-0.062.105.334

M1.804.5766.1018.94393.890.701.778

J1.884.7873.9023.2845.67.560.000

J1.012.5783.9028.8349.89.890.000

A1.042.6482.9028.2848.89.330.000

S1.052.6771.4021.8940.64.780.000

O0.802.0357.1013.9431.4-0.330.802.032

N0.902.2940.304.6123.8-4.565.9014.986

D1.162.9531.00-0.5616.7-8.5011.4028.956

climate

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Avg Precipitation (cm)

soil #1

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Avg Snowfall (cm)

soil #2

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Avg Temperatures (deg C)

soil #3

Retention curve data and calc'sSample LCET-2

These are data from retention tests------------------------------------------These are data from RETC--------------

Press(cm)H2O (%)Press (Kpa)H2O (fraction)Press (Kpa)H2O (fraction)Press (cm)

1.0040.460.100.406855.330.044-70130

18.1038.371.770.383448.680.0449-35280

53.0037.375.180.371735.090.0467-17750

147.4032.8914.410.33872.730.0503-8928

509.9015.6849.840.16583.770.0538-5972

8872.266.70867.280.07438.810.0574-4489

11625.725.871136.430.06351.520.061-3596

836961.202.0781814.390.02293.260.0646-3000

251.520.0681-2573

220.230.0717-2253

alpha = 0.0053195.800.0753-2003

n = 2.009176.150.0789-1802

K-sat = 1.28e-04160.120.0825-1638

theta-r = 0.0431146.730.086-1501

theta-sat = 0.3937135.290.0896-1384

125.610.0932-1285

117.110.0968-1198

AWC=0.2148-0.048=0.167 or about 16.7%109.680.1003-1122

103.030.1039-1054

97.200.1075-994.4

91.960.1111-940.7

87.200.1147-892.1

82.900.1182-848.1

78.980.1218-808

75.400.1254-771.3

72.090.129-737.5

69.040.1325-706.3

66.220.1361-677.4

63.600.1397-650.6

61.150.1433-625.6

58.880.1468-602.3

56.740.1504-580.4

54.730.154-559.9

52.830.1576-540.5

51.060.1612-522.3

49.370.1647-505.1

47.780.1683-488.8

46.270.1719-473.3

44.830.1755-458.6

43.460.179-444.6

42.150.1826-431.2

40.910.1862-418.5

39.720.1898-406.3

38.570.1934-394.6

37.480.1969-383.4

36.430.2005-372.7

35.430.2041-362.4

34.450.2077-352.4

33.510.2112-342.8

32.610.2148-333.6

31.740.2184-324.7

30.890.222-316

30.080.2256-307.7

29.290.2291-299.6

28.510.2327-291.7

27.770.2363-284.1

27.050.2399-276.7

26.340.2434-269.5

25.660.247-262.5

25.000.2506-255.7

24.340.2542-249

23.700.2578-242.5

23.090.2613-236.2

22.480.2649-230

21.890.2685-223.9

21.300.2721-217.9

20.730.2756-212.1

20.170.2792-206.3

19.620.2828-200.7

19.080.2864-195.2

18.540.29-189.7

18.020.2935-184.3

17.500.2971-179

16.990.3007-173.8

16.480.3043-168.6

15.970.3078-163.4

15.480.3114-158.4

14.990.315-153.3

14.500.3186-148.3

14.010.3221-143.3

13.520.3257-138.3

13.030.3293-133.3

12.550.3329-128.4

12.060.3365-123.4

11.570.34-118.4

11.080.3436-113.3

10.590.3472-108.3

10.080.3508-103.1

9.570.3543-97.88

9.050.3579-92.54

8.510.3615-87.06

7.960.3651-81.41

7.390.3687-75.55

6.780.3722-69.39

6.140.3758-62.86

5.450.3794-55.8

4.690.383-47.97

3.800.3865-38.9

2.670.3901-27.34

1.890.3919-19.29

1.330.3928-13.63

0.840.3933-8.63

0.270.3937-2.741

soil #3

model-results

Retention curve data and calc'sdata for sample LCET-3



141.80.100.42180156.4027370480.0191-1843000.00

2038.61.910.3952834.79960899320.0201-540500.00

4531.84.380.3215493.64613880740.0222-158500.00

14123.913.790.244542.52199413490.0262-46470.00

52010.550.840.102216.03128054740.0303-22670.00

64254.5628.030.041332.35581622680.0343-13630.00

129513.61266.030.04897.36070381230.0384-9180.00

271273.02651.680.03649.75562072340.0424-6647.00

494.52590420330.0465-5059.00

390.32258064520.0505-3993.00

alpha = 0.0211316.81329423260.0546-3241.00

n = 1.5650262.85434995110.0586-2689.00

K-sat = 8.94e-04221.99413489740.0627-2271.00

theta-r = 0.0181190.22482893450.0667-1946.00

theta-sat = 0.4153165.00488758550.0708-1688.00

144.67253176930.0748-1480.00

127.95698924730.0789-1309.00

AWC=0.1478-0.034=0.114 or about 11.4%114.07624633430.0829-1167.00

102.34604105570.087-1047.00

92.44379276640.0911-945.70

83.91984359730.0951-858.50

76.55913978490.0992-783.20

70.1466275660.1032-717.60

64.52590420330.1073-660.10

59.56011730210.1113-609.30

55.15151515150.1154-564.20

51.23167155430.1194-524.10

47.71260997070.1235-488.10

44.54545454550.1275-455.70

41.69110459430.1316-426.50

39.1006842620.1356-400.00

36.73509286410.1397-375.80

34.58455522970.1437-353.80

32.60997067450.1478-333.60

30.80156402740.1519-315.10

29.13000977520.1559-298.00

27.59530791790.16-282.30

26.16813294230.164-267.70

24.83870967740.1681-254.10

23.61681329420.1721-241.60

22.47311827960.1762-229.90

21.39784946240.1802-218.90

20.40078201370.1843-208.70

19.46236559140.1883-199.10

18.58260019550.1924-190.10

17.7614858260.1964-181.70

16.97947214080.2005-173.70

16.24633431090.2045-166.20

15.55229716520.2086-159.10

14.89736070380.2126-152.40

14.28152492670.2167-146.10

13.68523949170.2208-140.00

13.1280547410.2248-134.30

12.60019550340.2289-128.90

12.0918866080.2329-123.70

11.61290322580.237-118.80

11.15347018570.241-114.10

10.71358748780.2451-109.60

10.2932551320.2491-105.30

9.88269794720.2532-101.10

9.50146627570.2572-97.20

9.13196480940.2613-93.42

8.77614858260.2653-89.78

8.43499511240.2694-86.29

8.10654936460.2734-82.93

7.78983382210.2775-79.69

7.48387096770.2815-76.56

7.18963831870.2856-73.55

6.90420332360.2897-70.63

6.62854349950.2937-67.81

6.36168132940.2978-65.08

6.10361681330.3018-62.44

5.85239491690.3059-59.87

5.60899315740.3099-57.38

5.37243401760.314-54.96

5.14173998040.318-52.60

4.9178885630.3221-50.31

4.69794721410.3261-48.06

4.48484848480.3302-45.88

4.27468230690.3342-43.73

4.07038123170.3383-41.64

3.86901270770.3423-39.58

3.67155425220.3464-37.56

3.47800586510.3505-35.58

3.28641251220.3545-33.62

3.09775171070.3586-31.69

2.91104594330.3626-29.78

2.72531769310.3667-27.88

2.5415444770.3707-26.00

2.35679374390.3748-24.11

2.17302052790.3788-22.23

1.98826979470.3829-20.34

1.80058651030.3869-18.42

1.60997067450.391-16.47

1.41446725320.395-14.47

1.21016617790.3991-12.38

0.99413489740.4031-10.17

0.75747800590.4072-7.75

0.48035190620.4112-4.91

0.30654936460.4133-3.14

0.1962854350.4143-2.01

0.10909090910.4149-1.12

0.02502443790.4153-0.26

0.0057448680.4153-0.06

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Retention curve data and calc'sSample LCET-7



041.60.100.4212776148.580.021-130700000

26412.540.413105571.850.022-31770000

13440.413.100.40754643.210.024-7720000

51035.649.850.36183382.210.028-1876000

836213817.400.1380175.950.032-820200

1876410.31834.210.1044574.780.0361-456000

8369613.181814.370.0328269.790.0401-289200

19481.920.0441-199300

14222.870.0481-145500

10830.890.0521-110800

alpha = 0.00158514.170.0561-87100

n = 1.49006865.100.0601-70230

K-sat = 2.84E-065651.030.0642-57810

theta-r = 0.02004730.210.0682-48390

theta-sat = 0.41344015.640.0722-41080

3450.640.0762-35300

2996.090.0802-30650

AWC=0.3773-0.1043=.273 or about 27.3%2625.610.0842-26860

2318.670.0882-23720

2061.580.0923-21090

1845.550.0963-18880

1660.800.1003-16990

1501.470.1043-15360

1364.610.1083-13960

1245.360.1123-12740

1139.780.1163-11660

1047.900.1204-10720

965.690.1244-9879

892.860.1284-9134

827.660.1324-8467

769.110.1364-7868

716.420.1404-7329

668.720.1444-6841

625.420.1485-6398

586.020.1525-5995

550.050.1565-5627

517.110.1605-5290

486.900.1645-4981

459.040.1685-4696

433.430.1725-4434

409.680.1766-4191

387.680.1806-3966

367.250.1846-3757

348.290.1886-3563

330.600.1926-3382

314.080.1966-3213

298.630.2006-3055

284.160.2047-2907

270.580.2087-2768

257.870.2127-2638

245.850.2167-2515

234.510.2207-2399

223.850.2247-2290

213.690.2287-2186

204.200.2328-2089

195.110.2368-1996

186.510.2408-1908

178.400.2448-1825

170.580.2488-1745

163.250.2528-1670

156.210.2568-1598

149.460.2609-1529

143.110.2649-1464

136.950.2689-1401

131.090.2729-1341

125.420.2769-1283

120.040.2809-1228

114.860.2849-1175

109.870.289-1124

105.080.293-1075

100.490.297-1028

96.030.301-982.4

91.740.305-938.5

87.590.309-896

83.580.313-855

79.690.3171-815.2

75.910.3211-776.6

72.260.3251-739.2

68.710.3291-702.9

65.250.3331-667.5

61.890.3371-633.1

58.600.3411-599.5

55.390.3452-566.6

52.250.3492-534.5

49.170.3532-503

46.150.3572-472.1

43.180.3612-441.7

40.240.3652-411.7

37.350.3692-382.1

34.480.3733-352.7

31.610.3773-323.4

28.760.3813-294.2

25.890.3853-264.9

22.990.3893-235.2

20.050.3933-205.1

17.010.3973-174

13.810.4014-141.3

10.370.4054-106.1

6.420.4094-65.72

4.010.4114-40.99

2.510.4124-25.65

1.350.413-13.84

0.290.4134-2.947

0.060.4134-0.6284

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HYDRUS-2D results for Lake County landfill. 2 simulations made, 1 w/ 4 feet rooting depth, another w/ 2 feet rooting depth

4-ft rooting depth2-ft rooting depth

daysflux/5fluxdaysflux/5flux

36.51.09E-025.45E-0236.51.09E-025.45E-02

732.16E-021.08E-01732.16E-021.08E-01

109.53.22E-021.61E-01109.53.22E-021.61E-01

1464.30E-022.15E-011464.34E-022.17E-01

182.55.06E-022.53E-01182.55.48E-022.74E-01

2195.44E-022.72E-012196.64E-023.32E-01

255.55.64E-022.82E-01255.57.78E-023.89E-01

2925.78E-022.89E-012928.90E-024.45E-01

328.55.88E-022.94E-01328.59.98E-024.99E-01

3655.94E-022.97E-013651.10E-015.50E-01

401.56.00E-023.00E-01401.51.20E-015.98E-01

4386.04E-023.02E-014381.29E-016.43E-01

474.56.08E-023.04E-01474.51.37E-016.85E-01

5116.12E-023.06E-015111.46E-017.29E-01

547.56.14E-023.07E-01547.51.55E-017.75E-01

5846.18E-023.09E-015841.64E-018.22E-01

620.56.20E-023.10E-01620.51.74E-018.70E-01

6576.22E-023.11E-016571.84E-019.18E-01

693.56.24E-023.12E-01693.51.93E-019.64E-01

7306.26E-023.13E-017302.02E-011.01E+00

766.56.26E-023.13E-01766.52.10E-011.05E+00

8036.28E-023.14E-018032.18E-011.09E+00

839.56.30E-023.15E-01839.52.26E-011.13E+00

8766.30E-023.15E-018762.34E-011.17E+00

912.56.32E-023.16E-01912.52.42E-011.21E+00

9496.32E-023.16E-019492.50E-011.25E+00

985.56.34E-023.17E-01985.52.58E-011.29E+00

10226.34E-023.17E-0110222.66E-011.33E+00

1058.56.34E-023.17E-011058.52.76E-011.38E+00

10956.36E-023.18E-0110952.84E-011.42E+00

1131.56.36E-023.18E-011131.52.92E-011.46E+00

11686.36E-023.18E-0111682.98E-011.49E+00

1204.56.38E-023.19E-011204.53.06E-011.53E+00

12416.38E-023.19E-0112413.12E-011.56E+00

1277.56.38E-023.19E-011277.53.20E-011.60E+00

13146.38E-023.19E-0113143.28E-011.64E+00

1350.56.40E-023.20E-011350.53.36E-011.68E+00

13876.40E-023.20E-0113873.44E-011.72E+00

1423.56.40E-023.20E-011423.53.52E-011.76E+00

14606.40E-023.20E-0114603.60E-011.80E+00

1496.56.40E-023.20E-011496.53.68E-011.84E+00

15336.42E-023.21E-0115333.74E-011.87E+00

1569.56.42E-023.21E-011569.53.82E-011.91E+00

16066.42E-023.21E-0116063.88E-011.94E+00

1642.56.42E-023.21E-011642.53.96E-011.98E+00

16796.42E-023.21E-0116794.02E-012.01E+00

1715.56.42E-023.21E-011715.54.10E-012.05E+00

17526.42E-023.21E-0117524.18E-012.09E+00

1788.56.44E-023.22E-011788.54.26E-012.13E+00

18256.44E-023.22E-0118254.34E-012.17E+00

1861.56.44E-023.22E-011861.54.42E-012.21E+00

18986.44E-023.22E-0118984.48E-012.24E+00

1934.56.44E-023.22E-011934.54.54E-012.27E+00

19716.44E-023.22E-0119714.62E-012.31E+00

2007.56.44E-023.22E-012007.54.68E-012.34E+00

20446.44E-023.22E-0120444.76E-012.38E+00

2080.56.44E-023.22E-012080.54.84E-012.42E+00

21176.46E-023.23E-0121174.90E-012.45E+00

2153.56.46E-023.23E-012153.54.98E-012.49E+00

21906.46E-023.23E-0121905.06E-012.53E+00

2226.56.46E-023.23E-012226.55.14E-012.57E+00

22636.46E-023.23E-0122635.20E-012.60E+00

2299.56.46E-023.23E-012299.55.26E-012.63E+00

23366.46E-023.23E-0123365.32E-012.66E+00

2372.56.46E-023.23E-012372.55.40E-012.70E+00

24096.46E-023.23E-0124095.46E-012.73E+00

2445.56.46E-023.23E-012445.55.54E-012.77E+00

24826.46E-023.23E-0124825.62E-012.81E+00

2518.56.46E-023.23E-012518.55.70E-012.85E+00

25556.46E-023.23E-0125555.78E-012.89E+00

2591.56.48E-023.24E-012591.55.84E-012.92E+00

26286.48E-023.24E-0126285.90E-012.95E+00

2664.56.48E-023.24E-012664.55.98E-012.99E+00

27016.48E-023.24E-0127016.04E-013.02E+00

2737.56.48E-023.24E-012737.56.10E-013.05E+00

27746.48E-023.24E-0127746.18E-013.09E+00

2810.56.48E-023.24E-012810.56.24E-013.12E+00

28476.48E-023.24E-0128476.32E-013.16E+00

2883.56.48E-023.24E-012883.56.40E-013.20E+00

29206.48E-023.24E-0129206.48E-013.24E+00

2956.56.48E-023.24E-012956.56.54E-013.27E+00

29936.48E-023.24E-0129936.62E-013.31E+00

3029.56.48E-023.24E-013029.56.68E-013.34E+00

30666.48E-023.24E-0130666.74E-013.37E+00

3102.56.48E-023.24E-013102.56.80E-013.40E+00

31396.48E-023.24E-0131396.88E-013.44E+00

3175.56.48E-023.24E-013175.56.96E-013.48E+00

32126.48E-023.24E-0132127.02E-013.51E+00

3248.56.50E-023.25E-013248.57.10E-013.55E+00

32856.50E-023.25E-0132857.18E-013.59E+00

3321.56.50E-023.25E-013321.57.26E-013.63E+00

33586.50E-023.25E-0133587.32E-013.66E+00

3394.56.50E-023.25E-013394.57.38E-013.69E+00

34316.50E-023.25E-0134317.44E-013.72E+00

3467.56.50E-023.25E-013467.57.50E-013.75E+00

35046.50E-023.25E-0135047.58E-013.79E+00

3540.56.50E-023.25E-013540.57.66E-013.83E+00

35776.50E-023.25E-0135777.74E-013.87E+00

3613.56.50E-023.25E-013613.57.80E-013.90E+00

36506.50E-023.25E-0136507.88E-013.94E+00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time (days)

Drainage (cm)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

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Time (days)

Drainage (cm)

Water contentSoil water potential (kPa)Available water holding capacityUnits! 1 bar100 kPa1020 cm H2OField capacity corresponds to 33 kPa Wilting point corresponds to 1500 kPa (6500 kPa) Water holding capacity is difference in water contents between these 2 points

Chart2

0.3980.0573

0.3940.0582

0.1550.0601

0.1240.0637

0.1110.0674

0.0960.071

0.0370.0747

0.0350.0784

0.0330.082

0.0857

0.0893

0.093

0.0967

0.1003

0.104

0.1076

0.1113

0.1149

0.1186

0.1223

0.1259

0.1296

0.1332

0.1369

0.1406

0.1442

0.1479

0.1515

0.1552

0.1589

0.1625

0.1662

0.1698

0.1735

0.1772

0.1808

0.1845

0.1881

0.1918

0.1954

0.1991

0.2028

0.2064

0.2101

0.2137

0.2174

0.2211

0.2247

0.2284

0.232

0.2357

0.2394

0.243

0.2467

0.2503

0.254

0.2577

0.2613

0.265

0.2686

0.2723

0.276

0.2796

0.2833

0.2869

0.2906

0.2942

0.2979

0.3016

0.3052

0.3089

0.3125

0.3162

0.3199

0.3235

0.3272

0.3308

0.3345

0.3382

0.3418

0.3455

0.3491

0.3528

0.3565

0.3601

0.3638

0.3674

0.3711

0.3747

0.3784

0.3821

0.3857

0.3894

0.393

0.3967

0.4004

0.404

0.4077

0.4113

0.4132

0.4141

0.4146

0.415

0.415

climate

spreadsheet for plotting climate details for the Monterey site specific design plan

Avg precip (in)Avg precip (cm)Avg high temp (F)Avg high temp (C)Avg low temp (F)Avg low temp (C)

J4.2410.7760.0015.5643.36.28

F3.218.1561.6016.4444.56.94

M3.258.2661.9016.61457.22

A1.533.8963.7017.6145.87.67

M0.491.2464.6018.1147.98.83

J0.210.5366.8019.3350.210.11

J0.070.1868.0020.0051.911.06

A0.100.2569.3020.7252.811.56

S0.280.7171.9022.175311.67

O0.771.9670.6021.4450.910.50

N2.426.1565.4018.5647.18.39

D2.997.5960.6015.8943.56.39

climate

soil RS1

soil 1S1

Monterey soil sample RS-1 (red sand from on-site)



0.139.80.010.404.33E+020.0573-4434.00

839.40.780.392.22E+020.0582-2268.00

3415.53.320.161.13E+020.0601-1160.00

8312.48.110.125.80E+010.0637-593.50

25511.124.930.113.92E+010.0674-400.90

9899.696.680.102.97E+010.071-303.40

78523.7767.550.042.39E+010.0747-244.40

278413.52721.510.042.00E+010.0784-204.80

8369613.381814.370.031.72E+010.082-176.30

1.51E+010.0857-154.80

alpha = 0.07261.35E+010.0893-138.00

n = 2.03411.22E+010.093-124.50

K-sat = 2.6e-021.11E+010.0967-113.40

theta-r = 0.05641.02E+010.1003-104.10

theta-sat = 0.41509.41E+000.104-96.24

8.74E+000.1076-89.45

8.17E+000.1113-83.55

7.66E+000.1149-78.36

7.21E+000.1186-73.76

6.81E+000.1223-69.66

6.45E+000.1259-65.98

6.12E+000.1296-62.65

5.83E+000.1332-59.63

5.56E+000.1369-56.87

5.31E+000.1406-54.34

5.08E+000.1442-52.01

4.87E+000.1479-49.86

4.68E+000.1515-47.86

4.50E+000.1552-46.01

4.33E+000.1589-44.28

4.17E+000.1625-42.66

4.02E+000.1662-41.15

3.88E+000.1698-39.72

3.75E+000.1735-38.38

3.63E+000.1772-37.11

3.51E+000.1808-35.91

3.40E+000.1845-34.77

3.29E+000.1881-33.70

3.19E+000.1918-32.67

3.10E+000.1954-31.69

3.01E+000.1991-30.76

2.92E+000.2028-29.87

2.84E+000.2064-29.01

2.76E+000.2101-28.20

2.68E+000.2137-27.41

2.61E+000.2174-26.66

2.53E+000.2211-25.93

2.47E+000.2247-25.24

2.40E+000.2284-24.56

2.34E+000.232-23.91

2.28E+000.2357-23.29

2.22E+000.2394-22.68

2.16E+000.243-22.09

2.10E+000.2467-21.52

2.05E+000.2503-20.97

2.00E+000.254-20.43

1.95E+000.2577-19.91

1.90E+000.2613-19.40

1.85E+000.265-18.90

1.80E+000.2686-18.42

1.75E+000.2723-17.95

1.71E+000.276-17.49

1.67E+000.2796-17.04

1.62E+000.2833-16.60

1.58E+000.2869-16.16

1.54E+000.2906-15.74

1.50E+000.2942-15.33

1.46E+000.2979-14.92

1.42E+000.3016-14.52

1.38E+000.3052-14.12

1.34E+000.3089-13.73

1.30E+000.3125-13.35

1.27E+000.3162-12.97

1.23E+000.3199-12.60

1.20E+000.3235-12.23

1.16E+000.3272-11.86

1.12E+000.3308-11.50

1.09E+000.3345-11.14

1.05E+000.3382-10.78

1.02E+000.3418-10.42

9.83E-010.3455-10.06

9.49E-010.3491-9.71

9.14E-010.3528-9.35

8.79E-010.3565-8.99

8.44E-010.3601-8.63

8.08E-010.3638-8.27

7.73E-010.3674-7.90

7.36E-010.3711-7.53

6.99E-010.3747-7.16

6.62E-010.3784-6.77

6.23E-010.3821-6.38

5.83E-010.3857-5.97

5.42E-010.3894-5.54

4.98E-010.393-5.10

4.52E-010.3967-4.62

4.02E-010.4004-4.11

3.46E-010.404-3.54

2.81E-010.4077-2.88

1.99E-010.4113-2.03

1.41E-010.4132-1.44

9.99E-020.4141-1.02

6.36E-020.4146-0.65

2.05E-020.415-0.21

6.61E-030.415-0.07

soil 1S1

proctor

data for Monterey soil 1S1 (imported soil used in cover)



0.141.10.010.414.55E+090.0022-4.66E+10

2940.82.830.412.88E+080.0043-2.95E+09

5434.35.280.341.82E+070.0086-1.86E+08

14026.113.690.263.62E+060.0129-3.71E+07

51021.449.850.211.15E+060.0173-1.18E+07

856611.7837.340.124.74E+050.0216-4.85E+06

1958010.21913.980.102.29E+050.0259-2.35E+06

8.37E+05181814.370.011.24E+050.0302-1.27E+06

7.29E+040.0345-7.46E+05

4.56E+040.0388-4.67E+05

3.00E+040.0431-3.07E+05

alpha = 0.07262.05E+040.0475-2.10E+05

n = 1.25111.45E+040.0518-1.48E+05

K-sat = 9.9e-051.05E+040.0561-1.08E+05

theta-r = 07.85E+030.0604-8.03E+04

theta-sat =0.42285.96E+030.0647-6.10E+04

4.61E+030.069-4.72E+04

3.62E+030.0733-3.71E+04

2.88E+030.0777-2.95E+04

2.33E+030.082-2.38E+04

1.90E+030.0863-1.94E+04

1.56E+030.0906-1.60E+04

1.30E+030.0949-1.33E+04

1.09E+030.0992-1.11E+04

9.17E+020.1035-9.38E+03

7.79E+020.1079-7.97E+03

6.66E+020.1122-6.82E+03

5.73E+020.1165-5.86E+03

4.96E+020.1208-5.07E+03

4.31E+020.1251-4.41E+03

3.76E+020.1294-3.85E+03

3.30E+020.1337-3.38E+03

2.91E+020.1381-2.98E+03

2.57E+020.1424-2.63E+03

2.28E+020.1467-2.34E+03

2.03E+020.151-2.08E+03

1.82E+020.1553-1.86E+03

1.63E+020.1596-1.66E+03

1.46E+020.1639-1.50E+03

1.32E+020.1683-1.35E+03

1.19E+020.1726-1.22E+03

1.08E+020.1769-1.10E+03

9.76E+010.1812-9.99E+02

8.88E+010.1855-9.08E+02

8.09E+010.1898-8.27E+02

7.38E+010.1941-7.55E+02

6.75E+010.1985-6.90E+02

6.18E+010.2028-6.32E+02

5.67E+010.2071-5.80E+02

5.21E+010.2114-5.33E+02

4.79E+010.2157-4.91E+02

4.42E+010.22-4.52E+02

4.08E+010.2243-4.17E+02

3.76E+010.2287-3.85E+02

3.48E+010.233-3.56E+02

3.22E+010.2373-3.30E+02

2.99E+010.2416-3.06E+02

2.77E+010.2459-2.83E+02

2.57E+010.2502-2.63E+02

2.39E+010.2545-2.44E+02

2.22E+010.2589-2.27E+02

2.06E+010.2632-2.11E+02

1.92E+010.2675-1.97E+02

1.79E+010.2718-1.83E+02

1.67E+010.2761-1.71E+02

1.55E+010.2804-1.59E+02

1.45E+010.2847-1.48E+02

1.35E+010.2891-1.38E+02

1.26E+010.2934-1.29E+02

1.17E+010.2977-1.20E+02

1.09E+010.302-1.12E+02

1.02E+010.3063-1.04E+02

9.51E+000.3106-9.73E+01

8.86E+000.3149-9.07E+01

8.26E+000.3193-8.45E+01

7.68E+000.3236-7.86E+01

7.15E+000.3279-7.31E+01

6.64E+000.3322-6.79E+01

6.16E+000.3365-6.31E+01

5.71E+000.3408-5.84E+01

5.29E+000.3451-5.41E+01

4.88E+000.3495-5.00E+01

4.50E+000.3538-4.61E+01

4.14E+000.3581-4.24E+01

3.80E+000.3624-3.88E+01

3.47E+000.3667-3.55E+01

3.16E+000.371-3.23E+01

2.86E+000.3753-2.92E+01

2.57E+000.3797-2.63E+01

2.30E+000.384-2.35E+01

2.03E+000.3883-2.08E+01

1.78E+000.3926-1.82E+01

1.53E+000.3969-1.56E+01

1.29E+000.4012-1.32E+01

1.05E+000.4055-1.07E+01

8.11E-010.4099-8.30E+00

5.72E-010.4142-5.85E+00

3.20E-010.4185-3.28E+00

1.82E-010.4206-1.86E+00

1.04E-010.4217-1.06E+00

4.98E-020.4224-5.09E-01

7.88E-030.4228-8.06E-02

1.25E-030.4228-1.28E-02

proctor

part size

Proctor curve is for a sample taken previous to the ACAP effort

Data are taken from the plotted curve and do not represent the actual measurement points

15.9100.3

17.6106

19.8105.5

21.7101.6

5.7113.9

7.7118.1

9.8120.4

11.9116.1

part size

00

00

0

0

model results

00

00

0

0

Particle size data for Monterey soil 1S1

Diameter (mm)% passing

75100

38.1100

19100

9.596.39

4.7592.06

284.4

0.8574.35

0.42564.01

0.2553.49

0.10636.42

0.07531.39

0.0476327.5

0.0341224.2

0.0219220.2

0.0156417.8

0.0111914.5

0.006512.9

0.0046211.3

0.003299.7

0.002489.7

0.001358.9

Particle size data for Monterey soil RS1


75100

38.1100

19100

9.5100

4.75100

299.98

0.8597.85

0.42569.58

0.2531.27

0.10613.01

0.07511.9

0.050812.9

0.0360211.9

0.023048

0.016298

0.011596

0.006696

0.004736

0.003346

0.002516

0.001376

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

daysprecipperc

198931.01340.000604999312.21

199033.630.00045313.24

199141.85920.000316.48

199250.82540.000220.01

199368.859413.2984427.11

1.99E+033.91E+01015.39

2.00E+036.47E+014.125.46

2.00E+037.65E+010.730.12

2.00E+035.50E+016.321.66

2.00E+031.04E+0240.141.01

64.4999979993

31.01340.0006049993

33.62960.000453

41.85920.0003

50.82540.0002

68.859413.29844

39.09060

64.66844.1

76.50480.7

55.01646.3

104.165440.1

Precipitation

Percolation

Chart1

0.47321855940.0023

0.45391790490.0047

0.40998467990.0093

0.37847790360.014

0.1836793430.0187

0.17119791840.0233

0.05164877920.028

0.0327

0.0374

0.042

0.0467

0.0514

0.056

0.0607

0.0654

0.07

0.0747

0.0794

0.084

0.0887

0.0934

0.0981

0.1027

0.1074

0.1121

0.1167

0.1214

0.1261

0.1307

0.1354

0.1401

0.1448

0.1494

0.1541

0.1588

0.1634

0.1681

0.1728

0.1774

0.1821

0.1868

0.1914

0.1961

0.2008

0.2055

0.2101

0.2148

0.2195

0.2241

0.2288

0.2335

0.2381

0.2428

0.2475

0.2521

0.2568

0.2615

0.2662

0.2708

0.2755

0.2802

0.2848

0.2895

0.2942

0.2988

0.3035

0.3082

0.3128

0.3175

0.3222

0.3269

0.3315

0.3362

0.3409

0.3455

0.3502

0.3549

0.3595

0.3642

0.3689

0.3736

0.3782

0.3829

0.3876

0.3922

0.3969

0.4016

0.4062

0.4109

0.4156

0.4202

0.4249

0.4296

0.4343

0.4389

0.4436

0.4483

0.4529

0.4553

0.4564

0.4571

0.4576

0.4576

climate

spreadsheet for plotting climate details for the L&C site specific design plan

Avg precip (in)Avg precip (cm)Avg high temp (F)Avg high temp (C)Avg low temp (F)Avg low temp (C)Avg snow (in)Avg snow (cm)

J0.631.6029.40-1.4411-11.679.0022.86

F0.481.2234.601.4415.2-9.337.2018.288

M0.731.8543.006.1122.2-5.448.6021.844

A0.962.4455.1012.8331.8-0.115.3013.462

M1.924.8864.2017.8940.34.611.704.318

J2.105.3372.4022.4447.68.670.100.254

J1.142.9082.4028.0053.311.830.000

A0.992.5180.9027.1751.710.940.100.254

S1.112.8269.0020.5642.45.781.203.048

O0.741.8857.2014.0033.40.783.208.128

N0.621.5741.805.4422.4-5.336.8017.272

D0.611.5532.500.2814.6-9.678.3021.082

climate

soil ET-1

soil ET-2

soil ET-3



147.30.100.472.31E+100.0023-2.36E+11

2545.42.390.451.58E+090.0047-1.62E+10

11841.011.550.411.08E+080.0093-1.11E+09

52037.850.840.382.26E+070.014-2.31E+08

1101418.41076.620.187.42E+060.0187-7.60E+07

1539917.11505.280.173.13E+060.0233-3.21E+07

8369615.281814.390.051.55E+060.028-1.58E+07

8.53E+050.0327-8.72E+06

5.09E+050.0374-5.21E+06

3.23E+050.042-3.30E+06

alpha = 0.00312.15E+050.0467-2.20E+06

n = 1.25861.48E+050.0514-1.52E+06

K-sat = 7.9e-061.06E+050.056-1.09E+06

theta-r = 07.78E+040.0607-7.96E+05

theta-sat = 0.45765.84E+040.0654-5.98E+05

4.48E+040.07-4.58E+05

3.49E+040.0747-3.57E+05

2.76E+040.0794-2.82E+05

2.21E+040.084-2.26E+05

1.79E+040.0887-1.84E+05

1.47E+040.0934-1.51E+05

1.22E+040.0981-1.25E+05

1.02E+040.1027-1.04E+05

8.57E+030.1074-8.76E+04

7.26E+030.1121-7.43E+04

6.20E+030.1167-6.35E+04

5.33E+030.1214-5.45E+04

4.60E+030.1261-4.71E+04

4.00E+030.1307-4.09E+04

3.49E+030.1354-3.57E+04

3.06E+030.1401-3.13E+04

2.69E+030.1448-2.76E+04

2.38E+030.1494-2.44E+04

2.11E+030.1541-2.16E+04

1.88E+030.1588-1.93E+04

1.68E+030.1634-1.72E+04

1.51E+030.1681-1.54E+04

1.35E+030.1728-1.39E+04

1.22E+030.1774-1.25E+04

1.10E+030.1821-1.13E+04

9.98E+020.1868-1.02E+04

9.06E+020.1914-9.27E+03

8.24E+020.1961-8.43E+03

7.51E+020.2008-7.69E+03

6.86E+020.2055-7.02E+03

6.28E+020.2101-6.42E+03

5.76E+020.2148-5.89E+03

5.28E+020.2195-5.41E+03

4.86E+020.2241-4.97E+03

4.48E+020.2288-4.58E+03

4.13E+020.2335-4.22E+03

3.81E+020.2381-3.90E+03

3.52E+020.2428-3.60E+03

3.26E+020.2475-3.34E+03

3.02E+020.2521-3.09E+03

2.80E+020.2568-2.87E+03

2.60E+020.2615-2.66E+03

2.42E+020.2662-2.47E+03

2.25E+020.2708-2.30E+03

2.09E+020.2755-2.14E+03

1.95E+020.2802-1.99E+03

1.81E+020.2848-1.86E+03

1.69E+020.2895-1.73E+03

1.58E+020.2942-1.61E+03

1.47E+020.2988-1.51E+03

1.37E+020.3035-1.41E+03

1.28E+020.3082-1.31E+03

1.20E+020.3128-1.23E+03

1.12E+020.3175-1.14E+03

1.04E+020.3222-1.07E+03

9.75E+010.3269-9.98E+02

9.11E+010.3315-9.32E+02

8.50E+010.3362-8.70E+02

7.93E+010.3409-8.11E+02

7.40E+010.3455-7.57E+02

6.89E+010.3502-7.05E+02

6.42E+010.3549-6.57E+02

5.97E+010.3595-6.11E+02

5.55E+010.3642-5.68E+02

5.15E+010.3689-5.27E+02

4.77E+010.3736-4.88E+02

4.42E+010.3782-4.52E+02

4.08E+010.3829-4.17E+02

3.75E+010.3876-3.84E+02

3.44E+010.3922-3.52E+02

3.15E+010.3969-3.22E+02

2.87E+010.4016-2.94E+02

2.60E+010.4062-2.66E+02

2.34E+010.4109-2.40E+02

2.10E+010.4156-2.14E+02

1.86E+010.4202-1.90E+02

1.63E+010.4249-1.66E+02

1.40E+010.4296-1.43E+02

1.18E+010.4343-1.21E+02

9.63E+000.4389-9.86E+01

7.48E+000.4436-7.65E+01

5.28E+000.4483-5.41E+01

2.97E+000.4529-3.04E+01

1.69E+000.4553-1.73E+01

9.70E-010.4564-9.93E+00

4.67E-010.4571-4.78E+00

7.48E-020.4576-7.65E-01

1.20E-020.4576-1.23E-01

soil ET-3

soil ET-4



147.20.100.471.44E+100.0248-1.47E+11

2544.12.440.441.46E+090.0259-1.50E+10

10940.810.690.411.49E+080.028-1.52E+09

51538.550.340.381.52E+070.0324-1.55E+08

1019817.8996.870.183.98E+060.0367-4.08E+07

1458317.11425.530.171.54E+060.0411-1.58E+07

8369616.881814.390.077.40E+050.0454-7.57E+06

4.06E+050.0498-4.15E+06

2.44E+050.0541-2.50E+06

1.57E+050.0585-1.61E+06

1.07E+050.0628-1.09E+06

alpha = 0.00247.53E+040.0671-7.71E+05

n = 1.30345.50E+040.0715-5.63E+05

K-sat = 1.6e-064.13E+040.0758-4.23E+05

theta-r = 0.02373.17E+040.0802-3.25E+05

theta-sat =0.44942.48E+040.0845-2.54E+05

1.98E+040.0889-2.03E+05

1.60E+040.0932-1.64E+05

1.31E+040.0975-1.34E+05

1.09E+040.1019-1.11E+05

9.08E+030.1062-9.29E+04

7.66E+030.1106-7.84E+04

6.52E+030.1149-6.67E+04

5.60E+030.1193-5.72E+04

4.83E+030.1236-4.94E+04

4.20E+030.128-4.29E+04

3.67E+030.1323-3.75E+04

3.22E+030.1366-3.30E+04

2.84E+030.141-2.91E+04

2.52E+030.1453-2.58E+04

2.24E+030.1497-2.30E+04

2.01E+030.154-2.05E+04

1.80E+030.1584-1.84E+04

1.62E+030.1627-1.66E+04

1.46E+030.167-1.50E+04

1.32E+030.1714-1.35E+04

1.20E+030.1757-1.23E+04

1.09E+030.1801-1.12E+04

9.98E+020.1844-1.02E+04

9.13E+020.1888-9.34E+03

8.36E+020.1931-8.56E+03

7.68E+020.1975-7.86E+03

7.07E+020.2018-7.23E+03

6.52E+020.2061-6.67E+03

6.02E+020.2105-6.15E+03

5.56E+020.2148-5.69E+03

5.15E+020.2192-5.27E+03

4.78E+020.2235-4.89E+03

4.44E+020.2279-4.54E+03

4.13E+020.2322-4.22E+03

3.84E+020.2365-3.93E+03

3.58E+020.2409-3.67E+03

3.34E+020.2452-3.42E+03

3.12E+020.2496-3.19E+03

2.92E+020.2539-2.99E+03

2.73E+020.2583-2.79E+03

2.56E+020.2626-2.62E+03

2.40E+020.267-2.45E+03

2.25E+020.2713-2.30E+03

2.11E+020.2756-2.16E+03

1.98E+020.28-2.02E+03

1.86E+020.2843-1.90E+03

1.75E+020.2887-1.79E+03

1.64E+020.293-1.68E+03

1.54E+020.2974-1.58E+03

1.45E+020.3017-1.48E+03

1.36E+020.3061-1.40E+03

1.28E+020.3104-1.31E+03

1.21E+020.3147-1.24E+03

1.14E+020.3191-1.16E+03

1.07E+020.3234-1.09E+03

1.00E+020.3278-1.03E+03

9.44E+010.3321-9.66E+02

8.88E+010.3365-9.08E+02

8.34E+010.3408-8.53E+02

7.83E+010.3451-8.01E+02

7.34E+010.3495-7.51E+02

6.88E+010.3538-7.04E+02

6.44E+010.3582-6.59E+02

6.03E+010.3625-6.16E+02

5.63E+010.3669-5.76E+02

5.25E+010.3712-5.37E+02

4.88E+010.3756-5.00E+02

4.54E+010.3799-4.64E+02

4.20E+010.3842-4.30E+02

3.88E+010.3886-3.97E+02

3.57E+010.3929-3.66E+02

3.28E+010.3973-3.35E+02

2.99E+010.4016-3.06E+02

2.71E+010.406-2.77E+02

2.44E+010.4103-2.50E+02

2.18E+010.4146-2.23E+02

1.92E+010.419-1.96E+02

1.67E+010.4233-1.70E+02

1.42E+010.4277-1.45E+02

1.17E+010.432-1.19E+02

9.15E+000.4364-9.37E+01

6.56E+000.4407-6.72E+01

3.78E+000.4451-3.86E+01

2.20E+000.4472-2.25E+01

1.28E+000.4483-1.31E+01

6.33E-010.449-6.48E+00

1.08E-010.4494-1.11E+00

1.85E-020.4494-1.89E-01

soil ET-4

proctor



149.30.100.493.85E+090.0099-3.94E+10

5148.34.940.485.96E+080.0149-6.10E+09

13446.913.100.471.59E+080.0199-1.63E+09

51044.149.840.445.69E+070.0249-5.83E+08

826027.3807.470.272.46E+070.0298-2.52E+08

1244226.01216.180.261.21E+070.0348-1.24E+08

1611324.61575.060.256.56E+060.0398-6.71E+07

8369619.881814.390.103.82E+060.0448-3.91E+07

2.35E+060.0497-2.41E+07

1.52E+060.0547-1.55E+07

1.02E+060.0597-1.04E+07

alpha = 0.00157.04E+050.0647-7.20E+06

n = 1.21755.01E+050.0696-5.12E+06

K-sat = 8.6e-083.65E+050.0746-3.73E+06

theta-r = 02.71E+050.0796-2.77E+06

theta-sat =0.48742.05E+050.0845-2.10E+06

1.58E+050.0895-1.61E+06

1.23E+050.0945-1.26E+06

9.71E+040.0995-9.94E+05

7.76E+040.1044-7.94E+05

6.27E+040.1094-6.41E+05

5.11E+040.1144-5.23E+05

4.20E+040.1194-4.30E+05

3.48E+040.1243-3.56E+05

2.91E+040.1293-2.97E+05

2.44E+040.1343-2.50E+05

2.07E+040.1393-2.11E+05

1.76E+040.1442-1.80E+05

1.50E+040.1492-1.54E+05

1.29E+040.1542-1.32E+05

1.12E+040.1592-1.14E+05

9.70E+030.1641-9.92E+04

8.45E+030.1691-8.64E+04

7.39E+030.1741-7.56E+04

6.49E+030.179-6.64E+04

5.72E+030.184-5.85E+04

5.06E+030.189-5.17E+04

4.49E+030.194-4.59E+04

3.99E+030.1989-4.08E+04

3.56E+030.2039-3.64E+04

3.18E+030.2089-3.26E+04

2.85E+030.2139-2.92E+04

2.56E+030.2188-2.62E+04

2.31E+030.2238-2.36E+04

2.09E+030.2288-2.13E+04

1.89E+030.2338-1.93E+04

1.71E+030.2387-1.75E+04

1.55E+030.2437-1.59E+04

1.41E+030.2487-1.44E+04

1.28E+030.2536-1.31E+04

1.17E+030.2586-1.20E+04

1.07E+030.2636-1.10E+04

9.79E+020.2686-1.00E+04

8.98E+020.2735-9.18E+03

8.23E+020.2785-8.42E+03

7.56E+020.2835-7.73E+03

6.95E+020.2885-7.11E+03

6.39E+020.2934-6.54E+03

5.89E+020.2984-6.02E+03

5.43E+020.3034-5.55E+03

5.01E+020.3084-5.12E+03

4.62E+020.3133-4.73E+03

4.27E+020.3183-4.37E+03

3.95E+020.3233-4.04E+03

3.65E+020.3282-3.73E+03

3.37E+020.3332-3.45E+03

3.12E+020.3382-3.19E+03

2.89E+020.3432-2.96E+03

2.67E+020.3481-2.74E+03

2.47E+020.3531-2.53E+03

2.29E+020.3581-2.34E+03

2.12E+020.3631-2.17E+03

1.96E+020.368-2.00E+03

1.81E+020.373-1.85E+03

1.67E+020.378-1.71E+03

1.54E+020.383-1.58E+03

1.42E+020.3879-1.46E+03

1.31E+020.3929-1.34E+03

1.21E+020.3979-1.23E+03

1.11E+020.4029-1.13E+03

1.01E+020.4078-1.04E+03

9.26E+010.4128-9.48E+02

8.44E+010.4178-8.63E+02

7.66E+010.4227-7.84E+02

6.93E+010.4277-7.09E+02

6.23E+010.4327-6.38E+02

5.57E+010.4377-5.70E+02

4.95E+010.4426-5.06E+02

4.35E+010.4476-4.45E+02

3.77E+010.4526-3.86E+02

3.22E+010.4576-3.30E+02

2.69E+010.4625-2.75E+02

2.17E+010.4675-2.22E+02

1.67E+010.4725-1.71E+02

1.16E+010.4775-1.19E+02

6.38E+000.4824-6.53E+01

3.56E+000.4849-3.64E+01

2.00E+000.4862-2.05E+01

9.39E-010.4869-9.61E+00

1.41E-010.4874-1.45E+00

2.13E-020.4874-2.18E-01

proctor

model results



048.60.100.491.59E+100.0098-1.63E+11

5046.84.890.472.10E+090.0147-2.15E+10

13646.013.290.465.00E+080.0196-5.11E+09

51044.349.840.441.64E+080.0244-1.68E+09

764927.5747.650.276.59E+070.0293-6.74E+08

1458325.71425.530.263.05E+070.0342-3.12E+08

83696111.581814.390.111.57E+070.0391-1.60E+08

8.70E+060.044-8.90E+07

5.14E+060.0489-5.26E+07

3.19E+060.0538-3.27E+07

alpha = 0.00172.07E+060.0587-2.12E+07

n = 1.20021.39E+060.0636-1.42E+07

K-sat = 1.6e-089.57E+050.0684-9.79E+06

theta-r = 06.78E+050.0733-6.94E+06

theta-sat = 0.47914.91E+050.0782-5.03E+06

3.63E+050.0831-3.71E+06

2.73E+050.088-2.79E+06

2.08E+050.0929-2.13E+06

1.61E+050.0978-1.65E+06

1.26E+050.1027-1.29E+06

1.00E+050.1076-1.02E+06

8.02E+040.1124-8.20E+05

6.48E+040.1173-6.63E+05

5.29E+040.1222-5.41E+05

4.34E+040.1271-4.44E+05

3.60E+040.132-3.68E+05

3.00E+040.1369-3.07E+05

2.52E+040.1418-2.58E+05

2.13E+040.1467-2.17E+05

1.80E+040.1516-1.85E+05

1.54E+040.1564-1.57E+05

1.32E+040.1613-1.35E+05

1.14E+040.1662-1.16E+05

9.82E+030.1711-1.01E+05

8.54E+030.176-8.73E+04

7.44E+030.1809-7.61E+04

6.51E+030.1858-6.66E+04

5.72E+030.1907-5.85E+04

5.03E+030.1956-5.15E+04

4.45E+030.2004-4.55E+04

3.94E+030.2053-4.03E+04

3.50E+030.2102-3.58E+04

3.12E+030.2151-3.19E+04

2.78E+030.22-2.85E+04

2.49E+030.2249-2.55E+04

2.23E+030.2298-2.29E+04

2.01E+030.2347-2.06E+04

1.81E+030.2395-1.85E+04

1.63E+030.2444-1.67E+04

1.48E+030.2493-1.51E+04

1.34E+030.2542-1.37E+04

1.21E+030.2591-1.24E+04

1.10E+030.264-1.13E+04

1.00E+030.2689-1.03E+04

9.14E+020.2738-9.35E+03

8.34E+020.2787-8.53E+03

7.61E+020.2835-7.79E+03

6.96E+020.2884-7.12E+03

6.37E+020.2933-6.52E+03

5.84E+020.2982-5.97E+03

5.36E+020.3031-5.48E+03

4.92E+020.308-5.03E+03

4.52E+020.3129-4.62E+03

4.15E+020.3178-4.25E+03

3.82E+020.3227-3.91E+03

3.51E+020.3275-3.59E+03

3.23E+020.3324-3.31E+03

2.98E+020.3373-3.05E+03

2.74E+020.3422-2.80E+03

2.52E+020.3471-2.58E+03

2.33E+020.352-2.38E+03

2.14E+020.3569-2.19E+03

1.97E+020.3618-2.02E+03

1.81E+020.3667-1.86E+03

1.67E+020.3715-1.71E+03

1.53E+020.3764-1.57E+03

1.41E+020.3813-1.44E+03

1.29E+020.3862-1.32E+03

1.18E+020.3911-1.21E+03

1.08E+020.396-1.11E+03

9.86E+010.4009-1.01E+03

8.98E+010.4058-9.19E+02

8.15E+010.4107-8.34E+02

7.37E+010.4155-7.54E+02

6.64E+010.4204-6.79E+02

5.95E+010.4253-6.09E+02

5.30E+010.4302-5.42E+02

4.68E+010.4351-4.79E+02

4.10E+010.44-4.19E+02

3.54E+010.4449-3.63E+02

3.01E+010.4498-3.08E+02

2.50E+010.4547-2.56E+02

2.01E+010.4595-2.06E+02

1.53E+010.4644-1.57E+02

1.06E+010.4693-1.09E+02

5.78E+000.4742-5.91E+01

3.19E+000.4767-3.27E+01

1.78E+000.4779-1.82E+01

8.26E-010.4786-8.45E+00

1.21E-010.4791-1.24E+00

1.77E-020.4791-1.82E-01

model results



2487.25

2594.6

2695.6

2794.6

2892.75

2990.75

3089

2796.75

3190.75

00

00

0

0

0

0

0

Data from HYDRUS-2D CumQ.out file

TimeCumQ6....

[T][V]

36.54.37E-094.37E-10

738.75E-098.75E-10

109.51.31E-081.31E-09

1461.75E-081.75E-09

182.52.19E-082.19E-09

2192.62E-082.62E-09

255.53.06E-083.06E-09

2923.50E-083.50E-09

328.53.94E-083.94E-09

3654.37E-084.37E-09

401.54.81E-084.81E-09

4385.25E-085.25E-09

474.55.69E-085.69E-09

5116.12E-086.12E-09

547.56.56E-086.56E-09

5847.00E-087.00E-09

620.57.44E-087.44E-09

6577.87E-087.87E-09

693.58.31E-088.31E-09

7308.75E-088.75E-09

766.59.19E-089.19E-09

8039.62E-089.62E-09

839.51.01E-071.01E-08

8761.05E-071.05E-08

912.51.09E-071.09E-08

9491.14E-071.14E-08

985.51.18E-071.18E-08

10221.22E-071.22E-08

1058.51.27E-071.27E-08

10951.31E-071.31E-08

1131.51.36E-071.36E-08

11681.40E-071.40E-08

1204.51.44E-071.44E-08

12411.49E-071.49E-08

1277.51.53E-071.53E-08

13141.57E-071.57E-08

1350.51.62E-071.62E-08

13871.66E-071.66E-08

1423.51.71E-071.71E-08

14601.75E-071.75E-08

1496.51.79E-071.79E-08

15331.84E-071.84E-08

1569.51.88E-071.88E-08

16061.92E-071.92E-08

1642.51.97E-071.97E-08

16792.01E-072.01E-08

1715.52.06E-072.06E-08

17522.10E-072.10E-08

1788.52.14E-072.14E-08

18252.19E-072.19E-08

1861.50.0000002232.23E-08

18980.0000002272.27E-08

1934.50.0000002322.32E-08

19710.0000002362.36E-08

2007.50.0000002412.41E-08

20440.0000002452.45E-08

2080.50.0000002492.49E-08

21170.0000002542.54E-08

2153.50.0000002582.58E-08

21900.0000002622.62E-08

2226.50.0000002672.67E-08

22630.0000002712.71E-08

2299.50.0000002762.76E-08

23360.000000282.80E-08

2372.50.0000002842.84E-08

24090.0000002892.89E-08

2445.50.0000002932.93E-08

24820.0000002972.97E-08

2518.50.0000003023.02E-08

25550.0000003063.06E-08

2591.50.000000313.10E-08

26280.0000003153.15E-08

2664.50.0000003193.19E-08

27010.0000003243.24E-08

2737.50.0000003283.28E-08

27740.0000003323.32E-08

2810.50.0000003373.37E-08

28470.0000003413.41E-08

2883.50.0000003453.45E-08

29200.000000353.50E-08

2956.50.0000003543.54E-08

29930.0000003593.59E-08

3029.50.0000003633.63E-08

30660.0000003673.67E-08

3102.50.0000003723.72E-08

31390.0000003763.76E-08

3175.50.000000383.80E-08

32120.0000003853.85E-08

3248.50.0000003893.89E-08

32850.0000003943.94E-08

3321.50.0000003983.98E-08

33580.0000004024.02E-08

3394.50.0000004074.07E-08

34310.0000004114.11E-08

3467.50.0000004154.15E-08

35040.000000424.20E-08

3540.50.0000004244.24E-08

35770.0000004284.28E-08

3613.50.0000004334.33E-08

36500.0000004374.37E-08

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

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0

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Time (days)

Soil Textural TriangleImportant point: it is pore size distribution (not grain size distribution) that determines flow characteristics

Design Precipitation EventsFor use in calculating water storage requirementsFor use in numerical simulationsImportant regulatory decision

Precipitation Data for Calculating Water Storage RequirementsHow much water must be stored Average X-yr maximumPeriod of recordand for what period of time?Relative timing of precipitation (P) and transpiration (T) very importantDuring storms P > ETCold winters: T may be ~ 0 for monthsMild winters: P and T may coincide

Source of climate dataWestern Regional Climate Center: www.wrcc.dri.edu

PrecipitationPETTemperature

Calculation of required depth of soil for water storage layerInput:Water storage capacity of soil (a)(meters of water / meter of soil) Storage requirement (b) (meters of water) Calculate required depth of soil:

BreakDiscussionRetention theoryLab analysis of soilDesign precipitation eventsCalculation of soil layer storage requirements

Numerical simulations (computer models)Purpose: to refine design by introducing environmental stressRegulatory concernsWhich model? HELP, HYDRUS-2D, UNSAT-H, LEACHM, EPIC, SoilCover, ETC-XInput parameters: source?Input data sets: source?Results: how displayed?

Modeling:the map is not the territory You have data?well known, unnamed modeler personal communication

Whats a model?Initial conditions:How wet was the soil at the start of the simulation?

..more diversion: Unsaturated parameters for modeling

Unsaturated soil parameters for modelingModels require value for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kunsat or K)Very difficult, time consuming, and expensive to measureCan be estimated from measured values for Ksat and retention properties

An aside to the diversionsaturated vs unsaturatedBelow the water tableall pore space is filled with watergravity dominates Above the water table: unsaturated (vadose) zonevarying degrees of air-filled porositycapillary forces quickly dominate

Vadose zone hydrology (cont)Conceptual model is flow of water through collection of tubes some of which may be emptyBasic physics is Poiseuilles Law for water flow through pipes (relates flow to pipe diameter)Mualem combined Poiseuilles Law with various factors to describe flow of water through porous media with pores of various sizes, connected-ness, and tortuosityProblem: no connection to lab or field parametersvan Genuchten described an equation that fits the shape of retention data and which provides the link to connect lab data to Mualems model

Vadose zone hydrology (condensed)Water Content ()Soil water potential (h)First pores emptyAir entry potential (AEP)Slope (n) describes water content vs potential Residual water content(R)Saturated water content (S) = 1 / AEPn = slope = volumetric water contentR = residualS = saturated

Chart2

0.3980.0573

0.3940.0582

0.1550.0601

0.1240.0637

0.1110.0674

0.0960.071

0.0370.0747

0.0350.0784

0.0330.082

0.0857

0.0893

0.093

0.0967

0.1003

0.104

0.1076

0.1113

0.1149

0.1186

0.1223

0.1259

0.1296

0.1332

0.1369

0.1406

0.1442

0.1479

0.1515

0.1552

0.1589

0.1625

0.1662

0.1698

0.1735

0.1772

0.1808

0.1845

0.1881

0.1918

0.1954

0.1991

0.2028

0.2064

0.2101

0.2137

0.2174

0.2211

0.2247

0.2284

0.232

0.2357

0.2394

0.243

0.2467

0.2503

0.254

0.2577

0.2613

0.265

0.2686

0.2723

0.276

0.2796

0.2833

0.2869

0.2906

0.2942

0.2979

0.3016

0.3052

0.3089

0.3125

0.3162

0.3199

0.3235

0.3272

0.3308

0.3345

0.3382

0.3418

0.3455

0.3491

0.3528

0.3565

0.3601

0.3638

0.3674

0.3711

0.3747

0.3784

0.3821

0.3857

0.3894

0.393

0.3967

0.4004

0.404

0.4077

0.4113

0.4132

0.4141

0.4146

0.415

0.415

climate

spreadsheet for plotting climate details for the Monterey site specific design plan

Avg precip (in)Avg precip (cm)Avg high temp (F)Avg high temp (C)Avg low temp (F)Avg low temp (C)

J4.2410.7760.0015.5643.36.28

F3.218.1561.6016.4444.56.94

M3.258.2661.9016.61457.22

A1.533.8963.7017.6145.87.67

M0.491.2464.6018.1147.98.83

J0.210.5366.8019.3350.210.11

J0.070.1868.0020.0051.911.06

A0.100.2569.3020.7252.811.56

S0.280.7171.9022.175311.67

O0.771.9670.6021.4450.910.50

N2.426.1565.4018.5647.18.39

D2.997.5960.6015.8943.56.39

climate

soil RS1

soil 1S1

Monterey soil sample RS-1 (red sand from on-site)



0.139.80.010.404.33E+020.0573-4434.00

839.40.780.392.22E+020.0582-2268.00

3415.53.320.161.13E+020.0601-1160.00

8312.48.110.125.80E+010.0637-593.50

25511.124.930.113.92E+010.0674-400.90

9899.696.680.102.97E+010.071-303.40

78523.7767.550.042.39E+010.0747-244.40

278413.52721.510.042.00E+010.0784-204.80

8369613.381814.370.031.72E+010.082-176.30

1.51E+010.0857-154.80

alpha = 0.07261.35E+010.0893-138.00

n = 2.03411.22E+010.093-124.50

K-sat = 2.6e-021.11E+010.0967-113.40

theta-r = 0.05641.02E+010.1003-104.10

theta-sat = 0.41509.41E+000.104-96.24

8.74E+000.1076-89.45

8.17E+000.1113-83.55

7.66E+000.1149-78.36

7.21E+000.1186-73.76

6.81E+000.1223-69.66

6.45E+000.1259-65.98

6.12E+000.1296-62.65

5.83E+000.1332-59.63

5.56E+000.1369-56.87

5.31E+000.1406-54.34

5.08E+000.1442-52.01

4.87E+000.1479-49.86

4.68E+000.1515-47.86

4.50E+000.1552-46.01

4.33E+000.1589-44.28

4.17E+000.1625-42.66

4.02E+000.1662-41.15

3.88E+000.1698-39.72

3.75E+000.1735-38.38

3.63E+000.1772-37.11

3.51E+000.1808-35.91

3.40E+000.1845-34.77

3.29E+000.1881-33.70

3.19E+000.1918-32.67

3.10E+000.1954-31.69

3.01E+000.1991-30.76

2.92E+000.2028-29.87

2.84E+000.2064-29.01

2.76E+000.2101-28.20

2.68E+000.2137-27.41

2.61E+000.2174-26.66

2.53E+000.2211-25.93

2.47E+000.2247-25.24

2.40E+000.2284-24.56

2.34E+000.232-23.91

2.28E+000.2357-23.29

2.22E+000.2394-22.68

2.16E+000.243-22.09

2.10E+000.2467-21.52

2.05E+000.2503-20.97

2.00E+000.254-20.43

1.95E+000.2577-19.91

1.90E+000.2613-19.40

1.85E+000.265-18.90

1.80E+000.2686-18.42

1.75E+000.2723-17.95

1.71E+000.276-17.49

1.67E+000.2796-17.04

1.62E+000.2833-16.60

1.58E+000.2869-16.16

1.54E+000.2906-15.74

1.50E+000.2942-15.33

1.46E+000.2979-14.92

1.42E+000.3016-14.52

1.38E+000.3052-14.12

1.34E+000.3089-13.73

1.30E+000.3125-13.35

1.27E+000.3162-12.97

1.23E+000.3199-12.60

1.20E+000.3235-12.23

1.16E+000.3272-11.86

1.12E+000.3308-11.50

1.09E+000.3345-11.14

1.05E+000.3382-10.78

1.02E+000.3418-10.42

9.83E-010.3455-10.06

9.49E-010.3491-9.71

9.14E-010.3528-9.35

8.79E-010.3565-8.99

8.44E-010.3601-8.63

8.08E-010.3638-8.27

7.73E-010.3674-7.90

7.36E-010.3711-7.53

6.99E-010.3747-7.16

6.62E-010.3784-6.77

6.23E-010.3821-6.38

5.83E-010.3857-5.97

5.42E-010.3894-5.54

4.98E-010.393-5.10

4.52E-010.3967-4.62

4.02E-010.4004-4.11

3.46E-010.404-3.54

2.81E-010.4077-2.88

1.99E-010.4113-2.03

1.41E-010.4132-1.44

9.99E-020.4141-1.02

6.36E-020.4146-0.65

2.05E-020.415-0.21

6.61E-030.415-0.07

soil 1S1

proctor

data for Monterey soil 1S1 (imported soil used in cover)



0.141.10.010.414.55E+090.0022-4.66E+10

2940.82.830.412.88E+080.0043-2.95E+09

5434.35.280.341.82E+070.0086-1.86E+08

14026.113.690.263.62E+060.0129-3.71E+07

51021.449.850.211.15E+060.0173-1.18E+07

856611.7837.340.124.74E+050.0216-4.85E+06

1958010.21913.980.102.29E+050.0259-2.35E+06

8.37E+05181814.370.011.24E+050.0302-1.27E+06

7.29E+040.0345-7.46E+05

4.56E+040.0388-4.67E+05

3.00E+040.0431-3.07E+05

alpha = 0.07262.05E+040.0475-2.10E+05

n = 1.25111.45E+040.0518-1.48E+05

K-sat = 9.9e-051.05E+040.0561-1.08E+05

theta-r = 07.85E+030.0604-8.03E+04

theta-sat =0.42285.96E+030.0647-6.10E+04

4.61E+030.069-4.72E+04

3.62E+030.0733-3.71E+04

2.88E+030.0777-2.95E+04

2.33E+030.082-2.38E+04

1.90E+030.0863-1.94E+04

1.56E+030.0906-1.60E+04

1.30E+030.0949-1.33E+04

1.09E+030.0992-1.11E+04

9.17E+020.1035-9.38E+03

7.79E+020.1079-7.97E+03

6.66E+020.1122-6.82E+03

5.73E+020.1165-5.86E+03

4.96E+020.1208-5.07E+03

4.31E+020.1251-4.41E+03

3.76E+020.1294-3.85E+03

3.30E+020.1337-3.38E+03

2.91E+020.1381-2.98E+03

2.57E+020.1424-2.63E+03

2.28E+020.1467-2.34E+03

2.03E+020.151-2.08E+03

1.82E+020.1553-1.86E+03

1.63E+020.1596-1.66E+03

1.46E+020.1639-1.50E+03

1.32E+020.1683-1.35E+03

1.19E+020.1726-1.22E+03

1.08E+020.1769-1.10E+03

9.76E+010.1812-9.99E+02

8.88E+010.1855-9.08E+02

8.09E+010.1898-8.27E+02

7.38E+010.1941-7.55E+02

6.75E+010.1985-6.90E+02

6.18E+010.2028-6.32E+02

5.67E+010.2071-5.80E+02

5.21E+010.2114-5.33E+02

4.79E+010.2157-4.91E+02

4.42E+010.22-4.52E+02

4.08E+010.2243-4.17E+02

3.76E+010.2287-3.85E+02

3.48E+010.233-3.56E+02

3.22E+010.2373-3.30E+02

2.99E+010.2416-3.06E+02

2.77E+010.2459-2.83E+02

2.57E+010.2502-2.63E+02

2.39E+010.2545-2.44E+02

2.22E+010.2589-2.27E+02

2.06E+010.2632-2.11E+02

1.92E+010.2675-1.97E+02

1.79E+010.2718-1.83E+02

1.67E+010.2761-1.71E+02

1.55E+010.2804-1.59E+02

1.45E+010.2847-1.48E+02

1.35E+010.2891-1.38E+02

1.26E+010.2934-1.29E+02

1.17E+010.2977-1.20E+02

1.09E+010.302-1.12E+02

1.02E+010.3063-1.04E+02

9.51E+000.3106-9.73E+01

8.86E+000.3149-9.07E+01

8.26E+000.3193-8.45E+01

7.68E+000.3236-7.86E+01

7.15E+000.3279-7.31E+01

6.64E+000.3322-6.79E+01

6.16E+000.3365-6.31E+01

5.71E+000.3408-5.84E+01

5.29E+000.3451-5.41E+01

4.88E+000.3495-5.00E+01

4.50E+000.3538-4.61E+01

4.14E+000.3581-4.24E+01

3.80E+000.3624-3.88E+01

3.47E+000.3667-3.55E+01

3.16E+000.371-3.23E+01

2.86E+000.3753-2.92E+01

2.57E+000.3797-2.63E+01

2.30E+000.384-2.35E+01

2.03E+000.3883-2.08E+01

1.78E+000.3926-1.82E+01

1.53E+000.3969-1.56E+01

1.29E+000.4012-1.32E+01

1.05E+000.4055-1.07E+01

8.11E-010.4099-8.30E+00

5.72E-010.4142-5.85E+00

3.20E-010.4185-3.28E+00

1.82E-010.4206-1.86E+00

1.04E-010.4217-1.06E+00

4.98E-020.4224-5.09E-01

7.88E-030.4228-8.06E-02

1.25E-030.4228-1.28E-02

proctor

part size



15.9100.3

17.6106

19.8105.5

21.7101.6

5.7113.9

7.7118.1

9.8120.4

11.9116.1

part size

00

00

0

0

model results

00

00

0

0

Particle size data for Monterey soil 1S1


75100

38.1100

19100

9.596.39

4.7592.06

284.4

0.8574.35

0.42564.01

0.2553.49

0.10636.42

0.07531.39

0.0476327.5

0.0341224.2

0.0219220.2

0.0156417.8

0.0111914.5

0.006512.9

0.0046211.3

0.003299.7

0.002489.7

0.001358.9

Particle size data for Monterey soil RS1


75100

38.1100

19100

9.5100

4.75100

299.98

0.8597.85

0.42569.58

0.2531.27

0.10613.01

0.07511.9

0.050812.9

0.0360211.9

0.023048

0.016298

0.011596

0.006696

0.004736

0.003346

0.002516

0.001376

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

daysprecipperc

198931.01340.000604999312.21

199033.630.00045313.24

199141.85920.000316.48

199250.82540.000220.01

199368.859413.2984427.11

1.99E+033.91E+01015.39

2.00E+036.47E+014.125.46

2.00E+037.65E+010.730.12

2.00E+035.50E+016.321.66

2.00E+031.04E+0240.141.01

64.4999979993

31.01340.0006049993

33.62960.000453

41.85920.0003

50.82540.0002

68.859413.29844

39.09060

64.66844.1

76.50480.7

55.01646.3

104.165440.1

Precipitation

Percolation

Capillary barrier functionSilt

Represent environmental stress (boundary conditions and internal sinks) to the soil profile (modeled domain)Atmospheric dataPlant community data

Model input:boundary conditions and internal sinks

PrecipitationPotential evapotranspiration (PET) Describes the ability of the atmosphere to remove water from the soil profileType of dataAverage 10-yrPeriod of record Wettest 10 years on recordAverage all Jan. 1 data, Jan. 2 data, etcRequires multiple years to assure equilibriumAtmospheric data

Plant parametersIdeal plant community is active year-round and roots throughout the coverFactorsTranspiration rate (internal sink)Cool/warm season (time-varying boundary condition)Rooting depth (location of the internal sink)Sensitivity to landfill gasNutrientsRegulatory concern: source of data

Need for modelingLocation of roots in soil profilePartitioning of PET into PE and PTSeasonal timing Available dataRooting depthLeaf area indexDates of freezing temperatures

Plant community data

Modeling and vadose zone parameters Regulatory take-home messageUnderstand origin of vadose zone parameters: soil-specific parameters derived from lab measurements required for modelingRetention curve and Ksat MUST be determined by analysis of specific soilDescribing soil type and then using typical vadose zone values for that type is not OKPlant data are difficult to obtainDesign engineer / regulatory analyst interaction - agree prior to modeling

ACAPNationwide network of field-scale cover testing facilitiesProvides measurement (not estimate) of performanceSide-by-side comparison of alternative with prescriptiveAdditional instrumentation to provide data for improved understanding of mechanisms and numerical estimation methods

Other monitoring methodsSoil moisture data can be used to estimate performanceQualitative: did a wetting front progress to depth?Quantitative:Darcys Law calculationsThese methods have problemsQualitative methods rely on incorrect assumptionsMeasurement error can lead to order-of-magnitude variation in Darcys Law methodsCorrelating these instrument data with a single point of measurement would help

Qualitative use of instrument data to describe flux through cover (1)Statement: The bottom probe(s) did not show any increase in moisture content, therefore the wetting front did not reach that depth and no flux occurred.Issue: If the soil at the bottom probe is at constant moisture content (and probably at unit gradient), then the soil is draining at that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity

Qualitative use of instrument data to describe flux through cover (2)Statement: The bottom probe(s) did show any increase in moisture content, therefore the wetting front did reach that depth and flux did occurred.Issue: Even if the soil at the bottom probe shows an increase in moisture content, it may not reach the level required to drain significant water (particularly if a capillary barrier is present)

Darcys Law calculations from soil instrument data A simple method to estimated flux:Assume unit gradient conditions (not a bad assumption at depth)Assume instrument data is very accurateFlux = unsaturated hydraulic conductivityIssues:In unsaturated conditions hydraulic conductivity is highly sensitive to moisture contentSmall errors in measurement can translate to order-of-magnitude errors in flux estimates

Assume:unit gradient = constantRange of values (annual flux)Calculated = 15 cm (6 in)High = 30 cm ( 12 in)Low = 3 cm ( 1.2 in) Methodology and range of calculated values for instrumented (Darcys Law calculations) estimates of cover performance

Improved monitoring methodsACAP-style lysimeter is probably excessive for permitting activitiesInstrumentation alone offers significant possibility of errorHybrid system may be consideredSmall lysimeterSome instrumentationMeasurement at one point can verify additional instrumented locations

Date post:	21-Jan-2016
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Alternative Earthen Final Covers: A Regulatory Perspective

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