Alternative Energy SourcesNuclear Energy
Nuclear Fission The source of nuclear energy.
1. Artificial Transmutation2. Decay
The neutron is the key!
Transmutation
Radioactive Decay U-236 is very unstable. The attraction between the new neutron
and the nucleus throws off the balance between the strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force.
The nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing about 200MeV in the form of neutrons and gamma rays.
U-235
U-236
Kr Ba
γ
γ
The Products The two daughter nuclei (usually Kr and
Ba). Neutrinos. β particles. γ rays. Fast neutrons.
Sustaining a Chain Reaction Neutrons
- The fast neutrons ( v = 2x107 ms-1 ) produced by the reaction can start a chain reaction.
Mass- Critical Mass: The minimum amount of
fissionable material required to sustain a chain reaction.
Shape- Uranium pellets in zirconium fuel rods.
Controlled vs. Uncontrolled Nuclear Fission Two or three neutrons are produced in
each fission reaction.
The neutrons usually have too much kinetic energy to start another reaction.
The neutrons must be slowed down by a moderator (usually water).
Uncontrolled Fission All or most of the neutrons produced
start their own reaction. The chain reaction quickly goes out of
control, causing an explosion.
A NUCLEAR WEAPON
Controlled Fission In nuclear reactors. Only one of the neutrons produced by
each reaction can go on to start another reaction.
The extra neutrons are absorbed by control rods:
If… less than one neutron (on average)
moves on, the chain reaction stops and the reactor shuts down.
more than one neutron moves on, the fuel melts, setting fire to the reactor (a meltdown).
Fuel Enrichment Naturally occurring Uranium:
99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235, 0.006 % U-234
Only U-235 is fissionable.
Enrichment: U-235 concentration is increased to about 4% using a centrifuge.
Nuclear Power Stations
Sankey Diagram:
The Thermal Fission Reactor Thermal Fission: Slow neutrons. Essential features:
- The fuel - The coolant- A moderator - Radiation - The control rods shielding
Moderator:Slows down neutrons to
thermal speed.Placed around core and
between fuel rods.Possible moderator materials:
- Water- Heavy water(D2O)- Graphite
Coolant: Water, which takes the heat from the
core and uses it to produce steam.
Control Rods: Absorb the extra neutrons in the
core. Regulating rods moved in and out as
needed. Extra rods used for emergency shut-
down.
Heat Exchanger An engine used to convert the heat from
the core into work.
High T reservoir
Low T reservoir
High T source: 570K
Low T source: 310K
Efficiency:
Plutonium-239 Start with U-238, which is not
fissionable, but is fertile (can be changed into fissionable elements).
Next, two-step β decay to make Pu-239:
Used in breeder reactors (ones that create more fissionable material than they consume).
On average, 2.4 neutrons are produced in U-235 fission.
Blanket of U-238 absorbs 1.4 neutrons per reaction and produces Pu-239.
Usually, for every 100 U-235 fissions, 110 Pu-239 atoms are produced.
Safety and Risks Nuclear energy is less efficient than
fossil fuel. U-235 can last for thousands of years. Creates less pollution.
Mining for Uranium is difficult. Disposal of nuclear waste. Risk of thermal meltdown. Risk of nuclear power programs being
used to produce nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Fusion Could provide a clean energy source. Could be fueled by Deuterium and
Tritium- Deuterium extracted from seawater.- Tritium bred from Lithium.
In the reaction, a very high energy neutron is produced, and the energy is converted to heat.
Requires T = 100 000 oC, which turns the H into a plasma.
Plasma must be confined at 500 trillion atoms per cubic centimeter for one second.
Not a chain reaction, so the density must be maintained:- A magnetic field (“magnetic bottle”) could be used to do this.
Unfortunately…
We still don’t have the technology.
The cost may be very high compared to other energy sources.
Currently, more energy is required to produce the fusion than is produced by the fusion.