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ALTERNATIVE TO HERBICIDES FOR CONTROLLING KUDZU IN RIPARIAN ZONES AND OTHER HIGH RISK AREAS C.H. Newton¹, L.R. Nelson¹, S.J. DeWalt², E.A. Mikhailova¹, and C.J. Post¹ ¹Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and ²Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, SC ABSTRACT The effects of polyethylene sheeting as a thermal covering to eradicate kudzu were investigated on an area within the Clemson University Experimental Forest in Clemson, South Carolina on a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludult). In 2005, the highest reduction of live root crowns was observed in the complete season treatment (covered for the entire growing season) with a reduction of 42% of live root crowns, followed by the one-week treatment (covered for one week, uncovered for one week, then repeated throughout the growing season) with a live root crown reduction of 35%, then the four-week treatment (covered for one week, uncovered for four weeks, and repeated) with a 24% reduction of live root crowns. In 2006, the three treatments had similar efficacy of about 97%. The use of polyethylene sheeting appears not to be cost effective for general control of large kudzu infestations, but is highly desirable and effective for small kudzu patches on urban sites, or in riparian zone buffers. INTRODUCTION The most effective and commonly used herbicides for the control and eradication of kudzu [Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. variety lobata (Willd.)] are restricted products that cannot be used in or near riparian zones (Ransom, 2002), such as the one in Fig. 1. Figure 1. The Cheoah River in western NC, an example of a riparian zone where kudzu is present. OBJECTIVES • To develop a method of buffering streams adjacent to kudzu infestations from the effects of herbicide toxicity. • To quantify the effects of thermal kudzu treatments over a two-year period. • To determine an effective method of depleting the carbohydrate reserves of kudzu tubers. • To analyze the cost effectiveness of thermal kudzu treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS •The use of translucent polyethylene sheeting is an effective method for the eradication of kudzu root crowns. •In order to be successful, treatments must be applied for two consecutive years. •The most cost-effective treatment (4-week interval) is as effective as the complete season treatment for two years (Fig. 7). •The use of translucent polyethylene sheeting is an expensive method, but would be practical and effective as a buffer for streams or high-value vegetation. •Translucent polyethylene sheeting does not allow kudzu biomass to act as an insulator for root crowns. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following people and organizations have contributed to this study: the Kudzu Coalition of Spartanburg, SC, the Clemson University Experimental Forest, and Knight Cox. We thank William C. Bridges, Jr. for statistical help. Financial support was provided by an Integrated Pest Management grant from Clemson University. REFERENCES Ransom, C.V. “Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of Study Site (Photo: Larry Nelson) 62 62.5 63 63.5 64 64.5 65 65.5 1.5 5 10 20 40 60 Temperature (Celsius) Depth from sheeting to soil surface (cm) $0.00 $500.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00 $2,000.00 $2,500.00 D ollars PerA cre C om plete Season O ne-w eek interval Four-w eek interval Figure 6. Temperature regime inside translucent polyethylene sheeting thermal chamber (ambient temperature = 32°C) Figure 3. The experiment site showing the center of a circular mil-acre plot Figure 2. Clemson University Experimental Forest (study site) (Photo: Knight Cox) A temperature gradient test using a thermal chamber (Fig. 4) was conducted for one week at the height of the 2005 growing season to determine the temperature regime under translucent polyethylene sheeting. Temperature readings were taken from depths of 1.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 cm below the sheeting surface. Figure 4. Thermal chamber used to determine temperature gradient Uniform heat intensity was demonstrated throughout the space between the surface of the sheeting and the soil surface (Fig. 6). Heat uniformity ensures that kudzu biomass does not act as a thermal insulator for root crowns. Experimental Design A randomized complete block design was used for the study. There were three experimental treatments: 1) Covered completely during the growing season; 2) 1-week interval (covered for one week, uncovered for one week); 3) 4-week interval (covered for one week, uncovered for four weeks). Control areas (no covering) were sampled immediately outside the plots. Each of the treatments had three replications. Size of each plot: 20’ x 30’ (6.1m x 9.1m). The control areas were sampled in X-Y places. Methods and Measurements The treatments were installed the first week of June 2005. The intervals were maintained throughout the growing season. Prior to the installation of the polyethylene sheeting, two circular mil- acre plots (1.12 m radius) were installed inside each of the larger plots to sample the live root crowns. These mil-acre plots were installed 3 m from the end of each plot. The center of each mil-acre plot was marked to ensure that the same location would be used to count live root crowns at the completion of the growing season (Fig. 3). Root crown counts were conducted within these mil-acre plots after the 2005 growing season and again after the 2006 growing season to determine the mortality rate of each treatment. Type III Tests of Fixed Effects Num Den Effect DF DF F Value Pr > F treat 3 31 129.61 <.0001 year 1 31 194.24 <.0001 treat*year 3 31 16.65 <.0001 Table 1. Type III tests of fixed effects for differences among treatments and years in probability of kudzu root crown mortality RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The probability of mortality of a kudzu crown for each treatment in each year was calculated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS V.9.0. A binomial distribution and a logit link were used to model the probability of root crown mortality of each treatment (control, one-week, and four-week) in each year (2005 and 2006). The Least Squares Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each treatment and year combination. A significant treatment by year interaction demonstrated that the treatments had different effects on kudzu mortality in the two years of the experiment (Table 1). Probability of root crown mortality was substantially higher in the second year of the study than in the first year for all of the treatments except for the control (Fig. 5). There was no statistical difference between the three experimental treatments in their effectiveness in killing kudzu root crowns for both years combined. However, all three of the treatments were statistically more effective than the control treatment. Figure 5. Probability of root crown mortality for each year and each treatment 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Treatm ent R o o t C ro w n M ort 2005 2006 Figure 7. Product cost per acre per year (transportation and labor costs are not included in this estimate) Kudzu root crown mortality Thermal chamber temperature gradient test Background Photo Credit Jack and June Anthony http://jjanthony.com/
