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ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable Energy Technology Alternative Transportation Unit 11 Source:
ELTR 1223Survey of Renewable
Energy Technology
Alternative Transportation
Unit 11
Source:
Use Policy This material was developed by
Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.
All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.
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Author, Editors/Reviewers Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E.,
Kankakee Community College Editors/Reviewers / Modifiers: Chris Miller Heartland Community
College
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Objectives Students will be able to describe and
discuss, in simple terms, an example of a more efficient “ICE” vehicle.
Students will be able to describe and discuss, in simple terms, an example of an electric-drive vehicle.
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Objectives Students will be able to describe and
discuss, in simple terms, an example of a compressed-air-drive vehicle.
Students will be able to describe and discuss, in simple terms, an example of an advanced mass-transportation technique.
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What is “Transportation”
“Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Throughout history, the economic wealth and military power of a people or a nation have been closely tied to efficient methods of transportation. Transportation provides access to natural resources and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power. Transportation also allows the movement of soldiers, equipment, and supplies so that a nation can wage war.”
What is “Transportation?”• In this context, the word “transportation”
is assumed to imply any means of movement other than an individual human in the act of moving himself or herself via walking, running, or jumping.
• In this context, the word “transportation” is assumed to imply the use of devices or machines to move people and goods from one location to another.
What is “Transportation?” Transportation “devices or
machines” can move goods and personnel over…• land, • water, • or through the air.
The “device or machine” just needs to get them from one place to another.
What is “Transportation?” Movement of people and goods is the
movement of mass over a given distance… Mass x Acceleration = Force Force x Distance = Work, or ENERGY
Transportation “devices or machines” are ENERGY CONVERTERS. Most of the time this involves burning
fuels – converting stored chemical energy into mechanical energy.
“Alternative Transportation?”
“Alternative Transportation” is about finding new ways to affect the necessary movement of people and goods, using less (or no) fossil fuels as the primary energy source.
“Alternative Transportation” implies improvements in vehicle design that will… conserve fossil fuels (add efficiency); use renewable fuels Eliminate the need for fuels
Ground Transportation
Walking is the earliest and most readily available form of ground transportation.
Improvements and efficiencies can be made! Source:
http://www.newscientist.com/blog/shortsharpscience/uploaded_images/walking_small-721973.jpg
Ground Transportation Walking places stresses
on knee and hip joints. Walking places huge
stresses on feet, and abrasion can lead to blistering and open sores.
High tech shoes reduce stresses and add mileage.
“Nordic” hiking sticks reduce the effective weight-load on ankle, knee and hip joints is said to be reduced by up to 30% (being debated and studied).
Source: http://munfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/walk-in-group.jpg
One of the best reasons to enjoy modern, Nordic walking…
Source: http://jhschmitt.itravelhq.com/images/booktravel/outdoors.jpg
Ground Transportation Animal assisted,
wheeled vehicles are still in very wide use today, throughout the world, as is using animals themselves as vehicles.
Source: http://www.hartytoursegypt.com/img/img_special/specials_camel.jpg
“What is the most energy efficient ground-transportation machine?”
The bicycle is the world’s most efficient form of transportation, available today…calories in (food) vs. miles traveled.
Source: http://criticalmass.dixxo.com/staticmedia/1437_p1050366_medium.jpg
Source: http://i239.photobucket.com/albums/ff235/masterofthemall/from%20the%20street/lol_2.jpg
Source: http://img221.imageshack.us/img221/4516/87131072vt6.jpg
Source: http://dl.ziza.ru/other/042007/11/logistic/07_logistic_34859.jpg
Recumbent Bicycles
Source: http://www.bustedspoke.com/ImagesNews/bsNews2391.jpg
Recumbent Bicycles
3-Way-Powered Recumbent Trike
Beyond the Bicycle• Beyond the bicycle, most of our conventional
transportation machines are powered by ICE – Internal Combustion Engines – that consume conventional, petroleum-based fuels.
• Most of our conventional transportation machines are designed for small-scale, individualized transport and commuting. – This is more schedule-flexible and allows the most
individual freedom.– From a societal perspective, this is the most
energy Inefficient.
Making “ICE” More Efficient
Source: http://www.ridelust.com/wp-content/uploads/Smart-Car.jpg
Making “ICE” More Efficient
Source: http://img1.qq.com/auto/pics/10635/10635319.jpg
Making “ICE” More Efficient
Source: http://www.ize.hu/_files/pics/00002/00002412.jpg
Alternate Fuels for ICE Vehicles Alcohol fuels (Ethanol and Methanol)
Require greater fuel:air ratio. Alcohols have “built-in” O2.
Compression ratio can be increased. Alcohols have a higher “Octane.”
Ethanol has about 56% the energy density of gasoline.
Methanol has about 85% the energy density of Ethanol.
Alternate Fuels for ICE Vehicles• Bio-diesel
– Bio-diesel has about 79% the energy density of petro-diesel.
– Little or no engine conversion required.• LNG and LPG
– LPG has about 78% the energy density of gasoline.
– LNG has about 85% the energy density of LPG.
– Both have higher octane ratings than gasoline.– Both require a special engine-conversion kit.
Alternate Fuels for ICE Vehicles Hydrogen Combustion
Liquefied hydrogen has about 25% the energy density of gasoline…OUCH!
Very difficult to store Transfer losses Transport losses
Overall infrastructure and system efficiencies are very low
Very Clean Burning!
Hybrids vs. Plug-in Hybrids vs. EVs
Hybrid automobiles are primarily ICE-driven, with a small battery pack and an electric-motor assist. ICE shuts off at stop light. Electric motor drive vehicle up to hi-
teens to lo-20s mph, and then ICE kicks in.
Two separate drive trains. Lots of computer power!
Hybrids vs. Plug-in Hybrids vs. EVs
• EV = Electric Vehicle, and implies battery-powered– Large battery pack – often up to an over 100VDC.– Large electric motor.– Solid-state, PWM controller.– Dynamic braking.– Limited range.– No waste heat available for winter!!!– “Stealth” silent running…require back-up
beeper!– Charge overnight in the garage.
2009 Tesla Raodster
Source: http://motorcrave.frsucrave.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/tesla-roadster.jpg
The Corbin Sparrow
Source: http://cache.gawker.com/assets/images/12/2006/05/smallish_corbin_sparrow_new.jpg
Electric Vehicle
Conversions
Ford Ranger-EV
Source: http://www.blogcdn.com/green.autoblog.com/media/2008/07/ford-ranger-ev-o-ebay-1.jpg
Ford Focus Genovation
Two-Wheeled EVs
Source: http://walyou.com/img/electric_motorcycle_gprs_eboxer.jpg
Source: http://www.treehugger.com/electric-motorcycle-photo-01.jpg
Hybrids vs. Plug-in Hybrids vs. EVs
Plug-in Hybrids Just a battery-based electric vehicle,
BUT… Has an on-board, fuel-fired engine-
generator set. Only ONE drive train. The engine-generator set strictly charges
the batteries on-the-fly, extending the effective range of the vehicle.
Most manufacturers have been working on plug-in hybrids, BUT…
The Chevy Volt
Source: http://www.dashboardnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/chevy-volt-concept-07.jpg
The Fisker Karma
Source: http://go635254.s3.amazonaws.com/gas2/files/2009/09/fisker-karma006.jpg
Compressed Air Car!
Source: http://www.ecologie.tv/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/mdi-citycats.jpg
More Efficiency with Mass Ground Transportation!
Rail transport is widely used in other parts of the world, due to its greater energy and cost efficiency.
The latest in hi-tech rail is the “Mag-Lev” train.
Water Transportation
Source: http://www.samhitacg.com/images/Schooner%20.jpg
Water Transportation
Source: http://www.superyachttimes.com/articles/Image/Companies/Aeroyacht/2009-06-Aeroyacht-110/Aeroyacht-110-02.jpg
Water Transportation
Source: http://messingaboutinboats.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c05bf53ef0134802a6ebc970c-320wi
Alternative Air Transportation Diesel-Engine Aircraft!
Source: http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1351/5169665697_dee458269b.jpg
Alternative Air Transportation New “flying car” developments!
Source: http://www.janetcharltonshollywood.com/images/2010/11/terrafugia-transition-roadable-aircraft-2.jpg
“New” Propulsion The Death of Rocketry, by
Robert Cook Inertial propulsion… Reactionless propulsion… The Dean Drive…
University of Toledo, Dr. William J. Hooper’s “Motional Electric Field Generator” Claimed to make a secondary
gravitational field… E = B x V … anti-gravity?
“New” Propulsion Biefeld-Brown Effect
Electro-static propulsion… Electro-gravitics… Electro-kinetics…
Dr. Tom Valone, Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC
Thomas Townsend Brown…
Source: http://www.borderlands.de/gravity.bb-effect_00.jpg
Source: http://regmedia.co.uk/2009/03/31/greenbird_2.jpg
