Alternative Use of Produced Alternative Use of Produced Water in Aquaculture and Water in Aquaculture and

Hydroponic Systems at Naval Hydroponic Systems at Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3Petroleum Reserve No. 3

Presented by:Presented by:Lorri Jackson, Critique, Inc., Lorri Jackson, Critique, Inc.,

Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing CenterRocky Mountain Oilfield Testing CenterGround Water Protection Council MeetingGround Water Protection Council Meeting

Colorado Springs, COColorado Springs, COOctober 16October 16--17, 200217, 2002

Teapot Dome OilfieldTeapot Dome OilfieldWyomingWyoming

nn High Desert High Desert PlainsPlains

nn SemiSemi--arid climatearid climatenn 1010--1414””

precipitation precipitation annuallyannually

nn Severe draughtSevere draught

Produces a lot of water. Produces a lot of water. nn How much is a How much is a

lot?lot?nn 40,000 barrels 40,000 barrels

of produced of produced water in this water in this drainage drainage everyday.everyday.

nn 613,200,000 613,200,000 gallons of gallons of water each water each year.year.

This Water Could This Water Could BenefitBenefit……

This Water Could This Water Could BenefitBenefit……

This Water Could This Water Could BenefitBenefit……

RMOTC Science RMOTC Science CenterCenter

Biology 101 Biology 101 LessonLessonnn 3 Requirements to Sustain a Biological 3 Requirements to Sustain a Biological

PopulationPopulationnn Food Food (PW can grow the food.)(PW can grow the food.)

nn Shelter Shelter (PW can be the shelter.)(PW can be the shelter.)

nn Reproduction Reproduction (If food and shelter are adequate reproduction takes care of (If food and shelter are adequate reproduction takes care of itself. )itself. )

nn We use food, shelter & reproduction We use food, shelter & reproduction information to farm, manage wildlife, grow information to farm, manage wildlife, grow fish, garden, etc.fish, garden, etc.

nn We relate food, shelter & reproduction to We relate food, shelter & reproduction to specific Life Cycles.specific Life Cycles.

NPRNPR--3 Produced 3 Produced WatersWaters

nn TensleepTensleep Water Water nn Fair QualityFair Qualitynn High TemperatureHigh Temperature

NPR-3 Geologic Column

Ground level

-200

-700

-1200

-1700

-2200

-2700

-3200

-3700

-4200

-4700

-5200

-5700

-6200

Sea level

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

-500

-1000

Carlile Shale

Steele Shale

Shannon Sand

Niobrara Shale

1st Wall Creek Sand

2nd Wall Creek Sand (+/-2800)

3rd Wall Creek Sand (+/-3100)

Muddy Sand (+/-3500)

Lakota Sands (+/-3700)

Dakota &

Chugwater

Goose Egg

Tensleep (+/-5500)

Amsden

Madison

Sussex SandShannon Sand

90%

TensleepTensleep Water ChemistryWater ChemistryTable 1. Tensleep Formation Water Quality Characteristics

Analyses Result Units Method Irrigation Water Standards (Excellent)

Irrigation Water Standards (Unsuitable)

Major Ions

Bicarbonate as HCO3 148 mg/L A2320 B

Calcium 268 mg/L E200.7

Carbonate as CO3 ND mg/L A2320 B

Chloride 870 mg/L E200.7

Magnesium 34.2 mg/L E200.7

Potassium 90.3 mg/L E200.7

Sodium 642 mg/L E200.7

Sulfate 887 mg/L E200.7Physical Properties

Conductivity 4740 umhos/cm A2510 B 250 >300pH 7.93 s.u. A2320 B 6.5 >8.0

TDS 3220 mg/L A2540 C 175 >2100Sodium Content (as Na)

62 meq/L 22 >80

Metals – Total

Iron 0.546 mg/L E200.7Organic Characteristics

Oil and Grease – Total Recoverable

2.2 mg/L 413.1

SAR 9.79 Calculated 3.0 >15.0

Tomato FactsTomato Facts

nn Cultivated by the IncasCultivated by the Incasnn 1812 first appeared on the 1812 first appeared on the stockmarketstockmarketnn 1818 earliest published tomato catsup 1818 earliest published tomato catsup

recipe (Maine housewives)recipe (Maine housewives)nn After the French Alliance, Colonial After the French Alliance, Colonial

Americans adopted tomatoes into their Americans adopted tomatoes into their pantries, although seed catalogs still listed pantries, although seed catalogs still listed tomatoes under "annual and ornamental tomatoes under "annual and ornamental flowers".flowers".

Hybrid Hybrid Hydroponic Hydroponic Tomato Life Tomato Life CycleCycle

SeedSeed

SeedlingSeedling

RootingRooting

FlowerFlower

MarketMarket

HarvestHarvest

Hybrid Hybrid Hydroponic Hydroponic

Tomato PFDTomato PFD

HarvestHarvestWeigh, TestDistribute

FlowerFlowerString

RootingRootingPerlite

SeedlingSeedlingLettuce Bed,Raceway

SeedSeedRock Wool

Favorable Water Chemistry for Favorable Water Chemistry for Hybrid Hydroponic TomatoesHybrid Hydroponic Tomatoes

nn pHpH 5.85.8--6.56.5nn Water TempWater Temp 6060--80 F80 Fnn AmbAmb. Temp . Temp 7070--79 F daytime79 F daytimenn HumidityHumidity 8080--90%90%nn Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen 33--5 mg/L 5 mg/L nn Nutrient BalanceNutrient Balance (NPK)(NPK) 55--1010--10 or 1010 or 10--1010--1010

Hybrid Hydroponic Tomato Hybrid Hydroponic Tomato Demonstration ResultsDemonstration Results

Table 3. Hybrid Tomato Growth Test Results.

Parameter Tomato A Tomato B

Water Tensleep Produced Water Potable

Number of Plants 28 28

Number of Tomatoes Harvested 1591 1766Total Weight of Harvest 111 339Average Tomato Weight (lb) 0.07 lb 0.19 lbMaximum Weight(lb) 4.675 6.0

Minimum Weight (lb) 0.875 1.2

Average Plant Height 10 ft 14 ft Date of Plant Flowering April 17 April 20

Comments Bumblebees introduced to aide pollination.1st year tomato plant variety grew better than 2nd year.

Bumblebees introduced to aide pollination.

Tilapia FactsTilapia Facts

nn Tilapia is African native Tilapia is African native BechuanaBechuana word word ““thiapethiape,,”” meaning fish.meaning fish.

nn First tilapia cultivation began 2,500 First tilapia cultivation began 2,500 years ago in Africa.years ago in Africa.

nn Most commercial tilapia today are Most commercial tilapia today are hybrids.hybrids.

nn US Commercial cultivation concentrated US Commercial cultivation concentrated in AZ, CA, FL.in AZ, CA, FL.

Nest Building and

Courtship

Ovulation and Spawning

Brood Stock(mouth incubation)

Fingerlings(1-5g)

On Growing(5-25g)

Nile Tilapia Nile Tilapia Life CycleLife Cycle

Yolk-Sac Fry (5 days)

Table Fish (450-680g)

Tanks, Raceways,Cages, Ponds

Table Fish (450-680g)

On Growing(5-25g)Tanks, Raceways,

Cages, Ponds

Fingerlings(1-5g)Tanks

Yolk-Sac Fry (5 days)Troughs

Nile Tilapia Nile Tilapia PFDPFD

Brood Stock(mouth incubation)Tanks

Favorable Water Chemistry Favorable Water Chemistry for Nile Tilapiafor Nile Tilapia

nn pHpH 6.56.5--9.09.0nn Salinity Salinity 00--28 28 pptpptnn AlkalinityAlkalinity 5050--700 mg/L700 mg/Lnn TAN*TAN* 0.50.5--1 mg/L1 mg/Lnn Water Temp Water Temp 7777--90 F90 Fnn DODO 33--5 mg/L5 mg/Lnn CO2CO2 <15 mg/L<15 mg/Lnn TurbidityTurbidity 2525--100 mg/L 100 mg/L

*Total Ammonia Nitrogen*Total Ammonia Nitrogen

Nile Tilapia Nile Tilapia Demonstration ResultsDemonstration ResultsTable 2. NileTilapia Growth Results.

Parameter Tank A Tank B

Water Tensleep Produced Water Potable

Number of Fish Stocked 394 394Number of Fish Harvested 286 394% Mortality 27% See comments

Weight of Fish 169 lb 183 lbAverage Weight 9.5 oz 7.5 ozMaximum Weight 16.0 oz 12.9 ozMinimum Weight 1.8 oz 0.4 oz

Weight Food Fed 12.3 oz/d 12.3 oz/d

Food:Fish Ratio (yield) 1.5:1 1.6:1

Comments Fish reproduced.

Future of Produced Water & Geothermal Future of Produced Water & Geothermal Spring Water Grown FoodsSpring Water Grown Foods

nn Feasibility Feasibility (Is it feasible to grow foods with PW?) (Is it feasible to grow foods with PW?)

nn Water QualityWater Qualitynn InfrastructureInfrastructurenn Market DemandMarket Demand

nn Energy Balance Energy Balance (energy input/lb of food produced)(energy input/lb of food produced)

nn 1.51.5--1.6:1 yield ratio1.6:1 yield ratio

nn Economics Economics (projected cost of food $/lb)(projected cost of food $/lb)

nn Market DemandMarket Demandnn $4$4--$6/lb retail ($3.50$6/lb retail ($3.50--$5.00/lb wholesale)$5.00/lb wholesale)nn $1.20/lb $1.20/lb OpExOpEx for for recirculatingrecirculating systemsystem

nn ChallengesChallenges (economics, public acceptance, markets, etc)(economics, public acceptance, markets, etc)

nn FutureFuture (R&D efforts to make use thermal hot spring waters to grow food(R&D efforts to make use thermal hot spring waters to grow foods years year--round round in Wyoming. How much PW is available for such projects?)in Wyoming. How much PW is available for such projects?)

For more information contact:For more information contact:Lorri JacksonLorri Jackson

888888--599599--2200 x 50112200 x 5011or email:or email:

lorri.jackson@rmotc.doe.govlorri.jackson@rmotc.doe.gov