Alternative Energy Sources

By:Ayush Singh 1213220029 (EE 3B)

Table of Contents

Need for Alterative Energy Hybrid gasoline/electric Solar Biomass Hydrogen Fuel-cell Wind Magnetic levitation

Resources

Renewable resources-a natural resource (such as wood and water) that can be replenished or replaced by natural processes

Non-renewable resource-a resource which cannot be replaced once it is used up, for example fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal).

Sustainable energy

Energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damage to the environment.

Forms of Energy

Mechanical energy- is the energy which is possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its position. Mechanical energy can be either kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential energy(stored energy)

Electrical energy- the movement of electrical charges. Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. Applying a force can make some of the electrons move. Electrical charges moving through a wire is called electricity.

Forms of Energy

Thermal energy the movement of energy from one substance to another; also called heat.

Mechanical energy: The energy of motion used to perform work.

Ways to produce electrical energy for homes and businesses

How is electricity generated?

A Generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity.

Coal Power

Nuclear power

Hydropower

Geothermal power

Wind Turbines

Wind: A General Description

Wind is another renewable, unlimited resource that is used indirectly to create electrical energy.

Wind is a natural force that results from the uneven heating of the earth from the sun, the topography of the land, as well as normal movements of the earth as it rotates on its axis and orbits the sun.

What are wind turbines made of?

All electric-generating wind turbines, no matter what size, are comprised of a few basic components: The rotor (the part that

actually rotates in the wind),

The electrical generator Tower

How is the energy in the wind captured?

Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator which supplies an electric current.

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups

Horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water

Vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor.

Jiminy Peak, Hancock Mass.- The Zephyr Turbine

www.jiminypeak.com

Bio Mass Fuel

If you have a fireplace, the wood you burn in it is a Biomass fuel. What we now call a Biomass fuel was the chief

source of heating for thousands of years.

Biomass: A General Description

All plants store energy inside themselves as a result of photosynthesis.

Biomass fuels utilize the energy stored in living matter to provide energy for homes and automobiles.

Examples of Biomass

Biomass fuels include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugar cane and many other byproducts from a variety of agricultural processes.

Biomass Energy Conversions

Direct Combustion- burning of biomass to produce heat for space heating and electricity production.

Biochemical (Bio Fuel)- the decomposition of organic waste to produce liquid fuel(alcohol fuel)

Direct Combustion

Biochemical(Bio Fuel

Biomass: Current Technologies

Biomass energy is currently the fastest growing renewable, unlimited energy source in the U.S. (still only about 4% of total used)

Ethanol is an alcohol that is created through biomass processes and blended with traditional hydrocarbon based fuels.

Biodiesel is a term used to describe the reuse of restaurant cooking oils and fats as a diesel fuel.

Biomass:Future Development Improved processing to utilize (hemi)cellulose Continue process improvements in

cogeneration techniques with coal burning power plants

“Gas stations” must also service biofuels Car manufacturers must continue to modify

the internal combustion engine to appropriately utilize biofuels.

New fuels need to be competitively priced

Solar Energy

Solar energy: is energy that is created through the use of the sun. The sun’s light energy then can be converted into heat and electricity.

Passive Solar Energy

Passive space heating is what happens to a car on a hot summer day. In buildings, the air is circulated past a solar heat surface(s) and through out the building by convection. Mechanical equipment is not used for passive solar heating. Convection is where less dense warm air rises while more dense cooler air moves downward.

Active Solar Energy

Active heating systems require a collector to absorb and collect solar radiation. Fans or pumps are used to circulate the heated air or heat absorbing fluid. Active systems often include some type of energy storage system.

Electrical Solar Energy Photovoltaic cell’s

Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell convert solar energy directly into electrical power. A photovoltaic cell is a non-mechanical device made from silicon alloys.

Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that can resist or allow the movement of electrons to flow

The Semiconductor layers, is where electricity is created

Solar Energy

Only about 14% of the sun’s energy can be used by the cell

Electricity from the cells is directed to the cars batteries or to the electric motor

Energy/electricity stored in the batteries drives the motor

Electric motor then drives the wheels

Solar Vehicles

Any Vehicle that uses solar power as its energy source.

Vehicle Body Design

• Solar cars are emission free, and do not deplete any of the Earth's natural resources

• Sunlight is free

• The energy supply is locally produced

Advantages of Solar Technologies

Disadvantages

Solar cars are very expensive

Only 14 - 20% of the Sun’s solar energy is able to be utilized by the PV cells so they must be very large to generate enough energy

Solar cars must be very light and aerodynamic Designs still need to overcome power to weight problems

THE NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

• Petroleum Fuel Shortage• Environmental Conservation

1. Air Pollution2. Noise Pollution

• New jobs/new technologies

What Is a Hybrid Vehicle ?

Any vehicle that uses two or More Power Sources Gas engine and electric motor

Examples of Hybrid vehicle’s Automobiles Mopeds Locomotives Buses Submarines

The Hybrid System

Gasoline Engine drives the automobile during highway speeds when minimum Horsepower is required

Electric Motor works with the Gasoline Engine while accelerating from a stop and during periods when extra acceleration is required

Hybrid Components

Generator Only used as an electricity producing

component Batteries

Store Energy to power Electric Motor Transmission

Drives Vehicle directly from the gasoline engine or electric motor

Gas or Diesel Engine Electric Motor

Electric MotorsA machine that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy to do work.

Honda Insight

61mpg/city 68mpg/highway 3 Cylinder VTEC-E Integrated [electric]

Motor Assist BEST FUEL

ECONOMY OF ANY CAR SOLD IN THE U.S.

$19,080 Base Price

Toyota Prius

45mpg/city 52mpg/highway 4 Cylinder VVT-I Toyota Hybrid System

(THS) Power Splitter connects

motor and generator together for a constant variable transmission

$20,480 Base Price

Hybrid Maintenance

Both Honda and Toyota offer good warranties on there hybrid vehicles. Insight offers a 8yr/80,000 mile warranty on the power

train, electric motor and batteries. A 3yr/36,000 mile warranty on everything else.

The electric motors and batteries shouldn’t require maintenance over the life of the vehicle.

But if the batteries do need to be replaced after warranty it would cost a few thousand dollars.

The brake pads may also last longer on hybrids because of regenerative braking.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle

Device which Hydrogen and oxygen are combined to produce chemical energy that is converted directly into electrical energy, that energy is then used to power the vehicles electric motors.

What is a Fuel Cell?

Alternative power source of electricity A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy

conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen

and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity.

Output per Cell

This reaction in a single fuel cell produces only about 0.7 volts.

To get this voltage up to a reasonable level, many separate fuel cells must be combined to form a fuel-cell stack.

How a Fuel Cell works

Carbon Plate (Anode)

Catalyst Layer

Matrix (Electrolyte)

Catalyst Layer

Carbon Plate (Cathode)

ElectronsHydrogen

Oxygen

Water

Facts

One gallon of gasoline burned in an internal combustion engine releases twenty pounds of carbon dioxide

Fuel cells in vehicles can operate with efficiencies of 40-80% compared with 18% for "state-of-the-art" spark ignition engines

The first "commercial" use of fuel cells was by NASA in the 1960s

Companies are hoping to produce their first commercial models of fuel cell cars from 2003-2005

General Motors

The HydroGen 1

EV-1

Ford

Focus

Converted Econo-line

Ford’s Focus Package

Chrysler

necar 4

Toyota

FCHV

Honda

FCXV3

BMW

5 Series

Volkswagen

Hymotion

MAGNETIC LEVITATED VEHICLES• Magnetic levitated trains use powerful

electromagnets to levitate the vehicle and propel it.

• They need a large electric power source to run.

• Can reach speeds of over 300 mph• Japan and Germany lead the world in this

technology

ELECTROMAGNETS

A magnetic field around a wire.

An example of an electromagnet•Electromagnets can be made stronger by increasing the power source or increasing the coils of wire.

MAGLEV TRACKCharacteristics:

• Metal coils line a guideway or track• Large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train• Magnetic field pushes/pulls the train along the guideway

Flex-fuel Technology

Created by Ford Motor Company in the mid-1980s Runs on unleaded gasoline and an alcohol fuel (usually

ethanol) in any mixture The engine and fuel system in a flex-fuel vehicle must

be adapted slightly to run on alcohol fuels because they are corrosive

Special sensor in the fuel line to analyze the fuel mixture and control the fuel injection and timing to adjust for different fuel compositions

Ford, GM, and Daimler-Chrysler

Reference

Heating with Wood, DOE, 2000

U.S. Dept. Of Energy, 2000

www.iowastateuniv.edu

The Value of the Benefits of US Biomass Power, 1999

THANK YOU …..