Aluminum in the Construction Industry

7/31/2019 Aluminum in the Construction Industry

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Kawneer White Paper 1999

AluminiumIn the Construction Industry


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Contents Section Page

Why Aluminium? 1.0 1Introduction 1.01

Strength versus Weight 1.02

Design Freedom Material Flexibility 1.03 2

Low Maintenance Low Cost-in-Use 1.04Fabricated for The Fast Track 1.05 3

Guaranteed Performance through Quality Control 1.06

Thermal Performance 1.07Security through Design 1.08

Integrating Technology 1.09 4

Glossary 1.10

Key Issues 2.0Is aluminium sustainable 2.01

Can coated or thermally broken aluminium be recycled? 2.02 5How is quality guaranteed? 2.03

Can I afford bespoke designs? 2.04

Case Studies 3.0 6Leisure 3.01

Education 3.02

Residential 3.03Transport 3.04 7

Commercial/Office 3.05

Industrial 3.06

Retail 3.07 8

Public Buildings 3.08Healthcare 3.09

Excavation and Production 4.0 9Extraction and Manufacturing 4.01

Recycling 4.02

The 6000 series of Alloys 4.03

Aluminum in Construction 4.04Conclusion 4.05 10

Acknowledgement 5.0The Author 5.01

Sources of Information 6.0Trade Associations and Research Bodies 6.01Relevant Standards 6.02

Further Reading 6.03 11

Kawneer Contact File 6.04 12

Please Note:

1. CopyrightThe contents of this document are strictly copyright Kawneer UK Limited. However, provided that specific permission

is granted in writing by the company in advance of publication, we will allow the reproduction of extracts from theinformation contained herein.

2. StandardsThe standards information quoted in this document is current and correct, to the best of our knowledge, as we go topress. However, standards are regularly updated and superseded, and we cannot guarantee the accuracy ofstandards information or its suitability for specific uses, and we recommend that readers make their won enquirieswhere detailed information or its suitability for specific uses, and we recommend that readers make their ownenquiries where detailed information is required.

All information contained herein E&OE.


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1.0 Why Aluminium?In its 100 year history aluminium has had anunparalleled impact on the built environment. Sincethe sheathing of the cupola of the San GioacchinoChurch in Rome in 1897, aluminium has risen to

prominence among specifiers through landmarkprojects, such as the curtain walling on Shreve, Lamb& Harmons iconoclastic Empire State Building, 1929.In 1945, Pietro Belushi created the first large structuretotally sheathed in aluminium and glass: the EquitableBuilding in Portland, Oregon; followed by SOMsLever Building; Mies van der Rohe and PhillipJohnsons Seagram Building; and the UN Secretariatin New York. But even in these pioneering years, theuse of aluminium was not confined to modernistlandmarks. Indeed, aluminium window frames wereinstalled in the Bodleian Library, Oxford in 1939; andhave since provided eloquent testament to thematerials durability.

So what has drawn successive generations ofarchitects to aluminium?

In one word: versatility. More than any other material,aluminium has the capability of being extruded intocomplex shapes to exact tolerances. Other metals,such as steel, can be extruded but they requireenormous pressure to pass through the die, renderingall but a few simple extrusions uneconomic.

Aluminium, on the other hand, has been successfullyformed into literally thousands of unique profiles, eachone able to meet a number of specific structural andaesthetic requirements. It is this capability to providesimple elegant solutions to extremely complex design

problems that has led to aluminiums enduring appeal.

This white paper will provide an overview of the use ofaluminium in contemporary architecture. It will alsoaddress the key issues facing todays specifiers;including sustainability and life cycle analysis.

1.01 Introduction

Aluminium is the second most widely specified metalin buildings after steel, and is used in all constructionsectors, from commercial buildings to domesticdwellings. 40% of the UK annual production ofaluminium is utilised within the construction industry,which equates to roughly 150,000 tonnes of

aluminium per annum, of which approximately 65,000tonnes is extruded products, and 25,000 tonnes sheetmaterials.

The main market sectors are windows, roofing,cladding, curtain walling and structural glazing,prefabricated buildings, architectural hardware, H&V,shopfitting and partitions.

Aluminium is also used extensively in plant, laddersand scaffolding.

Primary smelter aluminium is pure and, as such, hasa relatively low strength. For extrusions and othermanufactured components, the material is alloyed toimprove its strength, although even the most heavily

alloyed wrought aluminium is still 92% pure.

The two series of alloys most widely used inconstruction are the 5000 series work-hardenedmagnesium alloys and the 6000 series heat-treatablemagnesium silicone alloys. The latter are moreextrudable and, therefore, offer greater scope forcomplex shapes. Silicone alloys (such as LM6) andmanganese alloys (such as 3103) are also used forspecific construction applications.

By selecting the right alloy, the designer is offered awide range of properties including high strength (up to400 MPa or 26 tonnes per sq inch), low density, highthermal conductivity, and good forming and joining

characteristics. The choice of the most appropriatealloy of the 6000 series for a particular extrusiondepends on the nature of the task it has to perform. Abalance has to be struck between strength, ease offorming and finish. The 6063 alloy, for instance, hasgood extrudability, corrosion resistance and surfacefinish; and is thus widely used in fenestration.

The properties of the individual alloys are amplified bythe shape of the extruding die. Careful andknowledgeable design can take advantage of theability of the extrusion process to distribute thematerial across the section to exactly where it isneeded for a particular performance requirement.

1.02 Strength versus WeightOne of aluminiums primary appeals to specifiers is itsexceptional strength to weight ratio. At 2.7g/cm2,aluminium is 66% lighter than steel. It is also far lesssusceptible to brittle fractures. Indeed, whenaluminium and steel structures are compared,aluminiums greater modulus of elasticity means thatweight ratios of 1:2 are easily attained.

While aluminium has a relatively high co-efficient oflinear expansion, at 24 X 10-6/C- in its pure form, the materials low modulus ofelasticity (65,500N/mm2 for 6063 alloy) enablestemperature induced stresses to be accommodated.

Indeed, these are generally far lower than in acomparable steel structure (M of E = 210,000N/mm2).This is graphically illustrated by aluminiums load-deflection curve, which is continuous, without a yieldpoint.

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Designated alloy 0.2% proof

stress tons/in2Ultimate stresstons/in2

% changeover 50m

6463 10.4 12.0 9

6063 T4 4.5 8.5 14

6063 T5 7.1 9.7 7

6063 T6 10.4 12.0 7

6063A T4 6.0 10.0 12

6063A T5 10.4 13.3 7

6063A T6 12.6 15.3 7

Aluminium sections are generally thinner and deeperthan equivalent steel sections to achieve the requiredstrength and rigidity Since aluminium is not affectedby moisture, aluminium windows do not warp, stick, orrot. In door construction, typically using hollow-sectionextrusions, sight lines are improved because multi-point locks and other door furniture can be fittedwithin the frame. This is in addition to the intrinsiclightness, strength and rigidity of aluminium frames.These are usually mitred and locked using fixed

cleats or crimping, rather than welded. Two notableexceptions are Kawneer Series 190 and Series 350doors which are welded and come with a lifetimeguarantee.

Careful die design can ensure that bulbs, fillets andwall thickness can be varied in order to maximisestructural advantage for minimal weight gain. This isprobably aluminiums greatest advantage overcompetitive materials.

1.03 Design Freedom-Material Flexibility

The ductility of aluminium in its hot state means that

an almost unlimited variety of shapes and extrusionscan be produced. One of the main benefits ofaluminium extrusions is that shapes can be producedthat require little or no further fabrication ormachining. Close cooperation between the architectand the manufacturer can also result in extrusionsthat can perform the tasks of several structuralcomponents, offering a neater, more effectivesolutions at lower cost; as well as simplifying on-siteassembly.

For example, an extrusion can have keyways andslots to provide fixings, channels for drainage, luffgrooves for attaching fabric and rebates for glazingseals. These are in addition to its use as a structuralmember and its ability to have a durable andattractive finish - whether through anodising orpowder coating.

In applications where deflection is a controlling factor,the performance of an aluminium extrusion can besignificantly improved by positioning the materialwhere it offers maximum structural advantage, suchas the intersections between horizontal and verticalwalls.

Specifiers should take advantage of theseopportunities - especially when one considers that anextrusion can be specifically developed for aparticular situation as the cost of special dies isrelatively low; from 500 to 1,500 depending on the

complexity of the extrusion.

Many architects now prefer to work with, or adapt, anexisting system rather than start from scratch sincecritical factors, such as thermal movement and windload, have been calculated already and tested in real-life situations. Over the past five years there has beenconsiderable growth in these semi-bespoke systems,which have featured in some of the UKs mostprestigious contracts, such as Five Brindleyplace,Birmingham.

1.04 Low Maintenance- Low Cost-in-Use

While aluminium has a natural, built-in durability (itforms a protective layer of oxide as soon as it isexposed to air), most aluminium construction productsare treated or coated. One way in which theoxidisation process can be enhanced is anodization;an electrolytic process which increases the thicknessof the natural oxide layer from 0.00001mm to between0.005 and 0.025mm (25 Microns). This enhances theability of aluminium to withstand attack in aggressiveenvironments. Natural anodising results in a similarsilvery finish to oxidised aluminium, but it can alsointroduce a range of colours.

This is because, after anodizing, the surface filmremains porous, allowing it to accept colouring

agents, such as organic dies, pigments, electrolytesor metallics. Attractive gold, bronze, grey, black andeven blue finishes are commonly achieved in thisway.

For a wider choice of colours, most specifiers opt foran electrostatically-sprayed polyester powder coating.This is a common finish for curtain walling, rainwatergoods and cladding panels, where the powder coatingis used to provide resistance to the acidity ofrainwater. In this process, charged paint particles areblown onto the extrusion (which has undergone atwelve-stage pre-treatment process) and then stoved,at between 200 and 210C, for 10 to 12 minutes. Thisprovides a high quality surface with excellentadhesion, accurate colouration and very even filmthickness.

Coatings based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),such as Kynar 500, are also widely specified. Theycome in many standard colours, with custom colours,including metallics, readily available.

Other coating options include electrophoreticcoating where pre-treated pieces are made

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Paint type Application Method Coating thickness

Acrylic polyurethane Wet bath 25 microns

Polyester Electrostatic dry spray 60 to 80 microns

PVF2 Electrostatic dry spray 30 to 100 microns

Acrylic polyester Electrostatic wet spray 25 microns

Fluoropolymers Electrostatic wet spray 25 to 40 microns

anodic and then dipped into electrically-charged paint,followed by stoving for 15 minutes at 160 C.

The colour choice now available to specifiers is vast.Kawneer, for instance, offers over 130 standardpolyester colours and 31 metallic colours, withspecials to order for large contracts at no extra cost.

Whatever the specified finish, longevity is not anissue. Anodized and polyester coated finishes havean anticipated service life of 20+ years, with leadingmanufacturers now offering 25 year guarantees ontheir coatings for normal applications.

1.05 Fabricated for The Fast Track

One of the principal reasons for aluminiums enduringand growing popularity is its compatibility with todaysfast track construction techniques and just-in-timeordering. Nowhere is this seen more clearly than incurtain walling, where the accuracy of factory-finishedsections allows rapid erection on site and, in him,allows internal finishing to proceed more quickly. Theend result is earlier building occupancy and greaterprofit margins for the ultimate customer. Aluminiumshopfronts, window systems and door assembliesoffer comparable on-site benefits, which are nowbeing enhanced by fabricators computer-controlled

machining rigs which can drill, mitre, grind andcountersink to exact tolerances enabling the easiestpossible installation of ironmongery, glazing beadsand other secondary components.

1.06 Guaranteed Performancethrough Quality Control

Although basic material costs will always be importantto specifiers, they should be balanced against thecost of fabrication and subsequent serviceperformance. This is an area where aluminium, beingideally suited to highly automated manufacturingprocedures to exact tolerances, offers many benefits.

Aluminium extrusions, for instance, are subjected to arigorous quality regime, from hardness testing of theraw extrusion to conical bends, sawing, scratching,gouging, hammering and weight drops to guaranteecoating performance.

It is this combination of quality control,excellent cost in use and systems technology

that has helped develop new markets for aluminiumsystems companies in the health, education, leisureand transport sectors where changes in the funding ofbuilding procurement, such as PFI and fund-holdingschools has changed the emphasis from lowestcapital cost to lowest cost in use. Specifiers areincreasingly looking for effective systems solutions by

involving system suppliers early in the design processto ensure the most elegantly engineered solution atthe lowest cost.

1.07 Thermal Performance

Aluminium has a high co-efficient of conduction;244W/m C. Without effective thermal breaks thiscould clearly compromise the thermal performanceof window and curtain walling systems.

There are two basic systems for thermally-breakingaluminium extrusions. One technique involves theinsertion and mechanical fixing of a thermal web, orwebs, usually nylon or polyamide, into a channel on

the aluminium section. This system has advantages,notably that it allows different colours to be used oneither side of the finished assembly.

The alterative system, known as the pour and cut,involves pouring a special liquid resin, usuallypolyurethane, into a semi-closed channel in a singleextrusion. Once the resin has set, the aluminium

joining section is cut out, leaving the resin as thethermal break. This system has the disadvantagethat sections have to be painted before the break ismade, and is becoming less common.

1.08 Security through Design

Fire is simply not an issue for aluminium. In its pureform, aluminium has a melting point of 660C, withalloys offering melting points of between 570 and660C. Aluminium does not burn, will not ignite, doesnot add to fire load and will not spread surface flame.

No building is entirely bomb-proof, but carefulexternal profiling, to dissipate shock waves, coupledwith the correct glazing detailing, can minimise thenumber of casualties and degree of damage sufferedin a blast. Aluminium is also popular amongdesigners of vulnerable buildings, because thematerials modulus of elasticity allows it to absorbthe shock far better than most alternative framingoptions. This, coupled with the correct glazing

specification, can obviate the main dangers followingan explosion: flying glass and falling glazing panelssucked out by the vacuum created in a blastswake.

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1.09 Integrating Technology

One of the benefits of specifying a precision-engineered system, like contemporary curtainwalling, is the ability to benefit from theexperience gained on previous projects.Extruders have developed their own industrystandards, such as glazing bars at 622mm centres toaccommodate 600mm wide glazing panels. However,as bespoke systems are developed to cope withunique design challenges, so the vocabulary ofsystems manufacturers constantly expands. Dielibraries containing several thousand provenextrusions are now held by major extruders, andmany existing designs can be simply modified tofacilitate the introduction of new technologies, such asphotovoltaic panels or triple glazing.

Rainscreens are perhaps the best current example.Fully air-sealed at the internal junction, with specialgaskets used externally, they are engineered to copewith the massive pressure differentials experienced inlarge structures, such as shopping malls, despite theuse of individual glazing panels up to 900 by1,200mm. The secret is transoms designed to allow

thermal and structural movement, while integraldrainage channels discharge into interconnectedsloping glazing bars.

With mullion and transom framing, thermal movementcan be simply accommodated by a sleeve and spigotassembly at the head and foot of each panel, often intandem with a compression gasket to the junctions tomaintain the weather tightness of the overallassembly.

1.10 Glossary

Fillet Concave junction between two surfaces

Bright anodizing A process used to obtain a highly reflective surface on 6000 series alloys whereby themetal is mechanically polished and chemically treated prior to electrolysis

Modulus of elasticity The ratio of stress to corresponding strain through the range where they areproportional

Modulus of rigidity The ratio of unit sheer stress, in a torsional bar, to the displacement caused by it perunit length in the elastic range

Quenching Controlling rapid cooling of a metal from an elevated temperature through contact witha liquid, gas or solid.

TIG/MIG welding Tungsten inert gas or metal inert gas welding

2.0 Key Issues2.01 Is aluminium sustainable?

Like most primary materials, the environmentalarguments for and against aluminium are complex andinter-related. Since aluminium is the third mostabundant element on the earths surface one of thegreen building lobbys main preoccupations,sustainability of supply, is not a factor.

Extraction and its environmental impact remains a

consideration, although the aluminium industryworldwide takes great care in its mining operations toreinstate land after the bauxite has been dug out. Thecurrent mine rehabilitation practices aim to meet bothenvironmental and commercial objectives which reflectthe long-term interests of both the local and thenational communities in the mining country.

The high embodied energy content of aluminium is thearea of concern most commonly raised by architects.

Aluminium production is certainly an energy intensiveprocess, at approximately 12kW hours per kilogram.However, over 50% of the worlds smelters use hydro-electric power; a sustainable resource that clearlyminimises the environmental impact.

Also in aluminiums favour is the ease withwhich it can be recycled. It is now estimatedthat up to 70% of the aluminium used in

building can recycled, without any significantdegradation of the materials intrinsic properties. 63%of the aluminium sold to end customers in transport,engineering, building, etc., is eventually returned for

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recycling, while for the waste created during themanufacturing process, the recycling rate is virtually100%. This is highly significant since fabrication usingrecycled aluminium alloys requires only 5% of thepower needed for primary smelting - so when it comesto life cycle analysis, aluminiums case is much

stronger than it would at first appear; especially sincealuminium is one of the very few materials that can berecycled repeatedly without loss of quality.

2.02 Can coated or thermally brokenaluminium be recycled?

Yes. It is a common preconception that coatedaluminium cannot be recycled. This is not true since itis possible to pre-treat the sections to remove thecoating prior to recycling. Organic coatings are simplyvaporised when aluminium is recycled, with any toxicgases removed by flue scrubbers. With thermally-broken sections, it is necessary to remove the thermalbreak prior to recycling, but then the metal can be fully

reclaimed. In essence, the majority of aluminium usedin construction can be recycled, the only real constraintbeing the economic cost of any pre-treatment required.

2.03 How is quality guaranteed?

Quality control starts at the smelter, where billets ofalloy are rigorously tested before they are despatchedto the manufacturer. For extruders the critical factorsare the temperature of the metal before it enters thedie, the accuracy of the die itself, and the precisecontrol of the heat treatment process: 5 hours at 185Cin the case of 6063 alloys. Each batch of rawextrusions is checked using a hardness gauge, sincethere is a close correlation between tensile strength

and hardness in heat-treated extruded aluminium. Thissurface hardness can be tested by a variety of simplegauges, including Brinell, Vickers, Webster andRockwell. Their speed and simplicity means thatintensive quality regimes can be established to testextrusion quality prior to any machining or coatingtaking place.

6063 Family of Alloys Chemical Composition

Metal Concentration

(% of total by weight)

Aluminium 97.65 to 98.5

Silicone 0.2 to 0.6

Iron 0.35

Copper 0.1

Manganese 0.1

Magnesium 0.45 to 0.9

Chromium 0.1

Zinc 0.1

Titanium 0.1

2.04 Can l afford bespoke designs?

One of the reasons for aluminiums popularity witharchitects is the relatively low cost of die development.This means that bespoke solutions can be cost-effective even on relatively small projects, althoughmost specifiers prefer to work with, or adapt, existingsystems that have been fully tested in both thelaboratory and on site.

The recent development of specific CAD/CACengineering and calculation software packages, suchas Kawneers KaluCAD, has enabled designers,fabricators and installers to create complex curtain walland rainscreen systems with authority and confidence.These systems also aid inter-office communications,

unifying the estimating, design and productionfunctions: essential if fabricators are to offer the bestpossible service to fast track contracts.

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3.04 TransportProject Terminal 2 Extension, Heathrow AirportArchitect Llewellyn Davies

Installer Glamalco Ltd

System Kawneer Series 1640 curtain walling system and KawneerSeries 190 doors

Contract value 1,750,000

Specification The ability to move opaque and clear vision panels, at any time,to accommodate internal franchise holders.

Detail Kawneer Series 1640 curtain walling system.

3.05 Commercial/OfficeProject Five Brindleyplace, Birmingham

Architect Sidell Gibson

Installer Glamalco Ltd

System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system, Kawneer Series1200 slope glazing system, Kawneer framing system andKawneer Series Tilturn windows


Specification Complex six-storey curtain walling structure with glazed atriumdesigned to offer natural internal environment with minimal solargain through use of automatic blinds and vents.

Detail Atrium glazing featuring Kawneer Series 1200 slope glazingsystem.

3.06 IndustrialProject Motorolas new Mobile Telecommunications Manufacturing HQ,

Swindon

Architect Sheppard Robson

Installer Exterior Profiles Ltd

System Kawneer Series 1200S curtain walling system, bespoke semi-structurally glazed, low pitch roof and Kawneer Series Designer53 swing doors.


Specification Bespoke semi-structurally glazed, low pitch roof, and new curtainwalling system providing a four-sided, structurally glazed,structure.

Detail Flush finish to curtain walling panels and glass.


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3.07 RetailProject Buchanan Galleries, GlasgowArchitect Jenkins & Marr

Installer Charles Henshaw & Sons Ltd

System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system


Specification Kawneer curtain walling, windows, fixed lights and decorativespandrel panels

Detail Custom-designed face cap

3.08 Public BuildingsProject Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

Architect Lobb Sports Architecture

Installer Siac Construction Ltd

System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system


Specification Feature bands of continuous horizontal glazing, set within thecladding, running around the entire building

Detail Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling cantilevered out over theRiver Taff.

3.09 IndustrialProject Roy Castle International Lung Cancer Research Centre,

Liverpool

Architect FSP Architects & Planners Ltd

Installer SG Aluminium Ltd

System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system, Kawneercasement, pivot and tilturn windows and Kawneer Series 190

doorsContract value 130,000

Specification Three blocks linked by central atrium topped with pyramidalrooflight

Detail Glazing to curved tower

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4.0 Excavation and Production

4.01 Extraction and Manufacturing

Despite the superabundance of bauxite, aluminium was not isolated until 1825. The real breakthrough in commercialterms came with the simultaneous discovery, by Hall and Heroult, of the electrolysis process whereby alumina, whichis derived from bauxite, is reduced to aluminium. The process allows consistently pure metal to be produced in

commercial quantities, with 20 million tonnes of aluminium produced annually; 60% of which is used in construction. Itis supplied to manufacturers as billet; round tubes of solid aluminium alloy. This billet is then heated to 480 C to allowit to flow easily under pressure while retaining its original shape when not under load. This hot billet is then placed ona press and forced through a die to produce the desired section.

4.02 Recycling

The benefits of recycling aluminium are clear. It only takes 0.6kW/kg to recycle aluminium, compared with the12kW/kg required for primary production. Currently 40% of all aluminium used in construction is recycled, but thisfigure is steadily rising as the concept of re-usability in building components becomes more widely accepted, with70% recycling a realistic target in the medium term.

4.03 The 6000 series of Alloys

The 6063 family of magnesium silicone alloys is the most widely used in the extrusion industry. They are chosen fortheir good resistance to atmospheric attack, formability, suitability for TIG and MIG welding, and anodizing. 6063

alloys are heat-treated in ageing ovens as part of the extrusion process, to maximise the materials strength. Therelationship between the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys and heat treatment was first discovered by Wilmin 1906. The technology has been refined over the years to the current position where components fabricated fromheat treated alloys are the established norm. The 6063 family of alloys, once heat treated, achieve a modulus ofelasticity 65,500 N/mm2. This allows excellent impact absorption and lower imposed stress levels from structuralflexing.

4.04 Aluminium in Construction

It is estimated that across Europe, the building and construction market consumes almost 1.4 million tonnes ofaluminium per annum. The growing importance of recycling can be gauged by the fact that, in 1996, the production ofprimary aluminium in Western Europe stood at 890,000 tonnes, while production of secondary aluminium was1,747,000 tonnes; with the building sector accounting for 54% of extruded products and 15% of rolled products.

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4.05 Conclusion

It is certain that aluminium will become even more widely used in construction as pressure grows for buildings thatare flexible, easy to maintain and offer low cost-in-use. There is certainly scope for growth in a wide variety ofstructural applications, such as supporting aluminium sheet roofing on aluminium extruded roofing members. Thisgrowth is limited principally by a lack of understanding of aluminiums true structural abilities.

No construction material is perfect. Timber is affected by moisture, requires maintenance, has limited structuralcapabilities and cannot be machined into complex shapes.

Steel has a relatively poor strength to weight ratio, cannot be thermally broken, rusts in an untreated state and, understress, is prone to brittle fractures.

PVCu is available in a limited range of colours, can suffer from polymer migration, does not have the inherentstiffness of metals, and has been attacked on environmental grounds by leading environmental NGOs.

Aluminium, while it has a relatively high initial energy cost, offers unparalleled manufacturing flexibility, the broadestranges of finishes, an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, unlimited recyclability and has a far better environmentalprofile than many specifiers believe. Above all, it offers architects the most elegant and satisfying design solutions.

For many contemporary designers there is simply no alternative to aluminium - the form dictates the material and thematerial facilitates the form. This fact alone will ensure the continued growth of aluminium in construction.

5.0 Acknowledgement5.01 The Author

Joe Simpson , 42, has been a construction joumalist for twenty years. He started his career at RCI, and later editedboth Building Products and Building Refurbishment before founding his own publishing company of which he is still adirector. In recent years Joe has been freelance Technical Editor of Building Design, and founder Editor andPublisher of ECO magazine.

Joe currently works as a freelance journalist, as well as editing Tile UK and a number of industry reports. He alsolectures to the RIBA, local authorities and other professional bodies on a range of subjects from sustainableconstruction to new roofing technology.

6.0 Sources of Information6.01 Trade Associations and Research Bodies

Centre for Window and Cladding TechnologyUniversity of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AYTel: 01225 826541

Aluminium FederationBroadway House, Calthorpe Road, Five Ways, Birmingham B15 1TN Tel: 0121 456 1103

Council for Aluminium in Building(Architectural Aluminium Association, Aluminium Windows Association,Patent Glazing Contractors Association)191 Cirencester Road, Charlton Kings, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL53 8DF Tel: 01242 578278

Glass & Glazing Federation44-48 Borough High Street, London SE1 1XB Tel: 0207 403 7177

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6.02 Relevant Standards

BS EN 755 Aluminium Alloy Extrusion

BS EN 485 Aluminium Alloy Sheet

BS 1161 Specification for aluminium alloy sections for structural purposes

CP 118 The structural use of aluminium

BS 8118 Design Code for structural uses of aluminium

BS 5286 Specification for aluminium-framed sliding glass doors

BS 4873 Specification for aluminium alloy windows

BS 5516 Code of Practice for designing and installing of slopingand vertical patent glazing

BS 1615 Method for specifying anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium and its alloys

BS 3987 Specification for anodic oxide coatings on wrought aluminiumfor external architectural applications

BS 6496 Specification for powder organic coatings on aluminium

BS 4842 Specification for liquid organic coatings on aluminium

BS EN 12373 Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Anodizing

BS EN ISO 6946 Building components and building elements. Thermal resistance and thermaltransmittance. Calculation methods 1997

prEN 12152 Curtain Walling. Air permeability. Performance requirements

and classifications

prEN 12153 Curtain Walling. Air permeability test methods

prEN 12365 Building Hardware. Gaskets and weatherstripping for doors, windows

shutters and curtain walling

BS EN ISO 10077-1 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - simplified method

BS EN ISO 10077-2 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - numerical method

prEN 12412 Windows, doors and shutters. Determining thermal transmittance bythe hot box method

BS EN 1026 Windows and doors. Air permeability test methods

BS EN ISO 14683 Thermal bridges in building construction. Linear thermal transmittance

BS EN 673 Glass in building. Determination of thermal transmittanceCalculation method

BS EN 674 Glass in building. Determination of thermal transmittanceGuarded hot plate method

BS EN 675 Glass in building. Determination of thermal transmittanceHeat flow meter method

BS EN ISO 8990 Thermal insulation. Determination of steady state transmission properties

BS EN ISO 12567-1 Thermal performance of windows and doors- Determination of thermal transmittance

BS EN ISO 6946 Building components and building elements- Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance

prEN 13947 Thermal performance of curtain walling

BS EN ISO 10211-1 Thermal bridges in building construction

BS EN 1027 Windows and doors. Watertightness test method

BS EN 12211 Windows and doors. Resistance to windload test method

prEN 2207 Windows and doors. Air permeability classification

prEN 12208 Windows and doors. Watertightness classification

prEN 12210 Windows and doors. Resistance to windload classification

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6.03 Further Reading

The Properties of Aluminium & Its Alloys Aluminium Federation

Guide to the Specification of Windows Aluminium Window Association

Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methodology

ISBN: 0-471-18349-0

Author: Edward Allen

Aluminium Extrusions: A technical design guide Author: Howard Spencer, AEA

Advanced Uses of Aluminium Extrusions in Commercial Fenestration Aluminium Extruders Association

Aluminium Structures: a guide to their specification and designISBN: 0-471-05385-6

Authors: J Randolph Kissel

& Robert L Ferry

The Practical Design of Structural Elements in AluminiumISBN: 0-291-39798-0

Author: John W. Bull

Aluminium in BuildingISBN: 1-85742-082-9

Author: John Lane

Architectural Metals: a guide to selection, specification and performance

ISBN: 0-471-04506-3

Author: L William Zahner

6.04 Kawneer Contact File

Main Office:

Kawneer UK LimitedAstmoor Industrial EstateRuncorn, Cheshire WA7 1QQTel: 01928 502500Fax: 01928 502501E-mail: [email protected]

London OfficeTel: 0207 409 1422Fax: 0207 409 1466www.kawneereurope.com

Technical Literature

Finishes & Services

Shopfronts & Framing Systems

Non Thermal and Thermal Framing Systems

Door Systems

505 Swing Door

1200 Series Curtain Wall Systems

RS-100 Rainscreen SystemPatent Glazing Systems

1600 Curtain Wall

Sliding Windows

500 Series Windows

Econ Windows

Econ 75 TS Top Swing Window

Patio Doors

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Aluminum in the Construction Industry

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