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Chapter 3A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their
shapes
Prepared by Ellen & Rocel
In this chapter we will focus on the smaller
part of the words generally called
morphemes.
Morphemes• smallest meaningful unit or form
in a language• also the smallest units of
grammatical structure• it may be in affix or inflectional
formExamples:
undo (un-do)doing (do-ing)
Morphology• the area of grammar
concerned with the structure of words and
with relationships between words involving the
morphemes that compose them
example:un-Clintonishdioeciously
Morphemes help listable or unlistable words in
systematic way to be easily determined.
Characteristics of Morphemes
To allow the meanings of some complex words to be predictable, morphemes must:a. be identifiable from one
word to another andb. contribute in some way to
the meaning of the whole word.
Example:Readable
Morpheme is clearly related to the normal
meanings or functions of read and -able
Characteristics of Morphemes
• they do not have to be of any particular length
example:ocatamaran (boat with 2 parallel hulls)oTenths (10 equal parts of something)
Characteristics of Morphemes
• The structures of words are largely independent of
their phonological structure
(their division into sounds, syllables and rhythmic units)
Characteristics of Morphemes
Duality of PatterningOnly human speech is
analyzable in 2 parallel ways:• into units that contribute
to meaning (morphemes, words, phrases, etc.)• and units that are
individually meaningless (sounds, syllables, etc.)
Kinds of Morphemes1. Free (root word)- it can stand
alonee.g. style, good, call
2. Bound (usually suffixes)- it cannot stand alone
e.g. stylish, goodness, caller3. Isolated – 2 to 3 words standing along and create a new meaninge.g. dog-catcher, happy-go-lucky
Cranberry Morpheme• A cranberry morpheme can
be thought of as a bound root that occurs in only one word.
e.g. cranberryhuckleberrystrawberry
Morphemes and their
AllomorphsMany morphemes have two
or more different pronunciations called
allomorphs.e.g. re- [rә] [ri] anti- [antē] [antῙ]
Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing
1. When the preceding sound is sibilant (hissing or hushing), the [IZ] allomorphs occurs
e.g.horse, rose, bush, church and judge
Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing
2. When the preceding sound is voiceless (no vibration), the [S] allomorphs occurs e.g. cat, rock, cup, cliff
Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing
1. When the preceding sound is voiced consonant, the [Z] allomorphs occurs
e.g. dog & day
Allomorphs as Morphological
Matter• It’s not only phonology that may influence the choice of allomorphs of a morpheme, there were instances where grammar and vocabulary play a part.
e.g. lies [z] (untruth) if replaced [z] with [s] we get ‘lice’
Allomorphs as Morphological
Matter• Morpheme’s peculiar allomorphy can be crucial in establishing its existence.
e.g. cliff – cliff[s]wife - wife[s]? – wi[ves](voiced allomorphs]
Allomorphs as Morphological
Mattere.g. wife - wi[ves]my wife’s job (possessive phrase)*if it indicates possession, the allomorphy is determined both lexically (restricted to certain nouns only) and grammatically (it occurs before the plural suffix –s but not before other morphemes).
Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + turn = return“McArthur did return in the
Philippines.”(come back, ‘again’)
Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + turn = return“I turned the steaks a minute ago, I’ll re-turn them soon.”
(backward movement)
Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + store = restore• “Rick’s job is to restore old,
rusty things.”(bring back to former condition)
Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + store = restore• “Anne re-store the canned
goods in the box.”(stock again)
Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaning• prefix-root structure(the root being usually bound)e.g. (-duce) reduce, induce(-duct-) reduction, induction
Thank you!