America and America and World War IIWorld War II

APUSHAPUSH

Mr. McElhaneyMr. McElhaney

AP OutlineAP Outline 21. The Second World 21. The Second World

WarWar The rise of fascism and The rise of fascism and

militarism in Japan, Italy, militarism in Japan, Italy, and Germany and Germany

Prelude to war: policy of Prelude to war: policy of neutrality neutrality

The attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States and United States declaration of war declaration of war

Fighting a multi-front war Fighting a multi-front war Diplomacy, war aims, and Diplomacy, war aims, and

wartime conferences wartime conferences The United States as a The United States as a

global power in the Atomic global power in the Atomic Age Age

22. The Home Front 22. The Home Front During the WarDuring the War

Wartime mobilization of Wartime mobilization of the economy the economy

Urban migration and Urban migration and demographic changes demographic changes

Women, work, and family Women, work, and family during the war during the war

Civil liberties and civil Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime rights during wartime

War and regional War and regional development development

Expansion of government Expansion of government powerpower

Terms to Terms to KnowKnow

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor Policy Washington Naval Conference, 1922Washington Naval Conference, 1922 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine Trade Agreements ActTrade Agreements Act Neutrality ActNeutrality Act Axis AllianceAxis Alliance Munich Agreement Munich Agreement Lend-Lease Act, 1941Lend-Lease Act, 1941 German-Soviet Non-Aggression PactGerman-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Selective Training and Service ActSelective Training and Service Act Tripartite Pact Tripartite Pact Maginot LineMaginot Line Battle of Britain/ Operation Sea LionBattle of Britain/ Operation Sea Lion Atlantic Charter, 1941Atlantic Charter, 1941 Hideki Tojo/JapanHideki Tojo/Japan War Powers ActWar Powers Act Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s) America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee Johnson (Foreign Securities) Act, 1934Johnson (Foreign Securities) Act, 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 1934-Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 1934-

19401940 Europe then JapanEurope then Japan National War Labor Board National War Labor Board Japanese-American InternmentJapanese-American Internment

EisenhowerEisenhower D-DayD-Day Servicemen’s Readjustment Act Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

(G.I. Bill) Neutrality Acts, 1935-(G.I. Bill) Neutrality Acts, 1935-19401940

Buenos Aires Conference, 1936Buenos Aires Conference, 1936 Four Freedoms SpeechFour Freedoms Speech Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter War Production BoardWar Production Board Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen Phillip RandolphPhillip Randolph Wartime ConferencesWartime Conferences

CasablancaCasablanca CairoCairo TeheranTeheran QuebecQuebec YaltaYalta PotsdamPotsdam

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project Robert Oppenheime Robert Oppenheime Los Alamos, Alamogordo Los Alamos, Alamogordo Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman NagasakiNagasaki Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Iron CurtainIron Curtain

Questions- Pre-World Questions- Pre-World War II War II

Basic questions you should be able to answer:Basic questions you should be able to answer: How does the US public respond to Japanese, How does the US public respond to Japanese,

Italian, and German militarism and aggression in Italian, and German militarism and aggression in the 1930’s?the 1930’s?

Was it inevitable that the United States was going Was it inevitable that the United States was going to join the War? to join the War?

How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?

How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a departure for American politicians since the departure for American politicians since the 1890’s?1890’s?

Quiz 3-13Quiz 3-13

Respond to two of the following:Respond to two of the following:

1.1. How did FDR reinforce the policy tHow did FDR reinforce the policy toward Latin America begun by the oward Latin America begun by the Hoover administration?Hoover administration?

2.2. Explain how the Stimson Doctrine iExplain how the Stimson Doctrine is applied in relation to China.s applied in relation to China.

3.3. What action does Congress take in What action does Congress take in an effort to support American neutran effort to support American neutrality?ality?

Quiz 3-14Quiz 3-14

Can the British and French be Can the British and French be justifiably criticized for appeasing justifiably criticized for appeasing Hitler? ExplainHitler? Explain

United States Status United States Status After WWIAfter WWI

After WWI US is considered After WWI US is considered IsolationistIsolationist by by many, because of the desire to stay out of many, because of the desire to stay out of international politics (not a member of League international politics (not a member of League of Nations…Wilson and Republicans)of Nations…Wilson and Republicans)

Few international treaties:Few international treaties: Washington Naval Conference-limits naval Washington Naval Conference-limits naval

armamentsarmaments Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws warKellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt

paymentspayments Trade drives American motivesTrade drives American motives Reduction of interference in Latin America Reduction of interference in Latin America

Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of foreign wars!of foreign wars!

FDR and Foreign AffairsFDR and Foreign Affairs Similar to Wilson wanted to use power to Similar to Wilson wanted to use power to

maintain ordermaintain order Moral and just principlesMoral and just principles However, must abide by public opinion which is However, must abide by public opinion which is

IsolationistIsolationist

Appoints Cordell Hull as Secretary of StateAppoints Cordell Hull as Secretary of State Basic views:Basic views:

Isolation is not a lasting policyIsolation is not a lasting policy Technology impacts distance of oceansTechnology impacts distance of oceans Important to maintain American interests Important to maintain American interests

Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US will also reduce tariffs= more trade for both will also reduce tariffs= more trade for both partnerspartners

““Good Neighbor” PolicyGood Neighbor” Policy FDR wanted to continue the cordial FDR wanted to continue the cordial

relations with the world and Latin America relations with the world and Latin America in particularin particular

Continued attempt begun with HooverContinued attempt begun with Hoover Cooperation and non-interventionistCooperation and non-interventionist Example: 1933 Montivideo International Example: 1933 Montivideo International

Conference- UruguayConference- Uruguay Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the

Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine Withdrew troops from HaitiWithdrew troops from Haiti Did not send troops to CubaDid not send troops to Cuba 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged

meeting of LA nations supporting peace meeting of LA nations supporting peace movementmovement

Mussolini-Italian Right Mussolini-Italian Right Wing DictatorWing Dictator

Came to power in 1922Came to power in 1922 Right Wing, anti-Socialist and CommunistRight Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire

for Italyfor Italy Repressive but not too extreme- (no Repressive but not too extreme- (no

concentration camps)concentration camps) NationalistNationalist Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in

19361936

Halle SelassieHalle Selassie Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the

invasion of his country in the invasion of his country in the League of NationsLeague of Nations

This was a perfect example of the This was a perfect example of the failure of the League- no way to failure of the League- no way to enforce peace- beyond economic enforce peace- beyond economic sanctionssanctions

Haile Selassie is regarded as the Haile Selassie is regarded as the Messiah of the African race by Messiah of the African race by followers of the Rastafarian followers of the Rastafarian movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' comes from Selassie's pre-comes from Selassie's pre-coronation name, Ras Tafari. coronation name, Ras Tafari.

Hitler Rises to PowerHitler Rises to Power

Germany has problemsGermany has problems Economic DepressionEconomic Depression Conflict with Socialist/Communists Conflict with Socialist/Communists

against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one groupgroup

Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive branch)Minister-executive branch)

Factors that Contributed to Factors that Contributed to Hitler’s RiseHitler’s Rise

Economic depressionEconomic depression Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty

Germany and Allies World War I)Germany and Allies World War I) Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig

and empire)and empire) Striped Germany of military, navy, air forceStriped Germany of military, navy, air force Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin

Rhineland, many resources)Rhineland, many resources) German had to take explicit blame for the warGerman had to take explicit blame for the war Pay War RepartitionsPay War Repartitions

Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were fighting for controlgroups were fighting for control

Created conditions for popularity of Nazis Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for some German votersfor some German voters

Hitler and HindenburgHitler and Hindenburg

New Chancellor and Old President of New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic

Hitler-Once in PowerHitler-Once in Power Hitler vows to make Germany great againHitler vows to make Germany great again To “Claim it’s rightful place in the Sun.”To “Claim it’s rightful place in the Sun.” Reichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powersReichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powers Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in

his book his book Mein KampfMein Kampf)) Rearm GermanyRearm Germany Unite the German people in one country (all Unite the German people in one country (all

German speaking people; German speaking people; 1938 1938 Anschluss-Anschluss- politicalpolitical unity between Austria and Germany, unity between Austria and Germany, later Czchechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of later Czchechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of Poland) Poland)

Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all non-Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all non-Aryan…Jews, Gypsies) Aryan…Jews, Gypsies)

Expand East “Expand East “LebensraubLebensraub”- into Russian lands, ”- into Russian lands, Destroy communistsDestroy communists

European AppeasementEuropean Appeasement One of the huge lessons of World War II that is One of the huge lessons of World War II that is

brought up again and again is the idea of brought up again and again is the idea of AppeasementAppeasement (giving in to demands as an (giving in to demands as an expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)

The powers of The powers of France, Great BritainFrance, Great Britain and others in and others in Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler when they should have stopped his early demands.when they should have stopped his early demands.

The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been stopped. Before he was too powerful.stopped. Before he was too powerful.

By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged him to push further and brought another Global him to push further and brought another Global WarWar

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Nevielle ChamberlainNevielle Chamberlain will will always be remembered for his appeasement of always be remembered for his appeasement of Hitler. (“Peace in Our Time”)Hitler. (“Peace in Our Time”)

Why did the Allies appease Why did the Allies appease Hitler?Hitler?

Treaty of Versailles-Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh Peace was too harsh All consuming desire for peaceAll consuming desire for peace RearmamentRearmament Nationalism- create one nation, racial, Nationalism- create one nation, racial,

ethnic homogeneity, with strength and a ethnic homogeneity, with strength and a traditional spiritual locationtraditional spiritual location

Anschluss-Anschluss- Chamberlain and Munich= Sudetenland, Chamberlain and Munich= Sudetenland, 1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-

Danzig- Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression PactDanzig- Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact 1941 Lebensraum and Operation 1941 Lebensraum and Operation

Barbarossa-Barbarossa-

Failure of the League of Failure of the League of Nations Nations

Recall the League of Nations was designed Recall the League of Nations was designed to prevent warto prevent war

Problems: US is not part of Problems: US is not part of It did not have an enforcement capability- It did not have an enforcement capability-

especially could not use forceespecially could not use force Only weapon was economic embargo and Only weapon was economic embargo and

public pressurepublic pressure When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany

pursue aggression invading other pursue aggression invading other countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia)Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia)

The international body will have little or The international body will have little or no effect no effect

China Still Weak China Still Weak

After WWI China remains weakAfter WWI China remains weak ““Open Door” ReinforcedOpen Door” Reinforced Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat

Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over to United States Fighting over control with Communist forces of control with Communist forces of Mao Tse TungMao Tse Tung

JapanJapan Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to

France, Britain, and the US.France, Britain, and the US. Want to control China’s abundant natural Want to control China’s abundant natural

resourcesresources Japan was angry regarding theJapan was angry regarding the Washington Washington

Naval ConferenceNaval Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” policy, all nations can trade with China.policy, all nations can trade with China.

Japanese nationalists rise in power and Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted that power in Manchuriaasserted that power in Manchuria

Japan invades Manchuria Japan invades Manchuria 19311931

Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic interests, raw materials)and economic interests, raw materials)

Japanese military asserted rights to Japanese military asserted rights to ManchuriaManchuria

Military- incident with Chinese forces is an Military- incident with Chinese forces is an excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name is Manchukuo. name is Manchukuo.

Later to further weaken China, Japan will Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goodsgoods

Results of Japanese Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuriainvasion of Manchuria

US President was Hoover (1932)US President was Hoover (1932) Hoover responds with the Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine-Stimson Doctrine-

(Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to acknowledge results of gains made by acknowledge results of gains made by aggression-aggression-

US will not recognize territorial changes-US will not recognize territorial changes- League of Nations condemns the attack on ChinaLeague of Nations condemns the attack on China Japan subsequently withdraws from League of Japan subsequently withdraws from League of

Nations (League is essentially ignored)Nations (League is essentially ignored) No country wants war and China will suffer No country wants war and China will suffer

greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion 1936(caution very graphic see 1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Rape of NanjingNanjing))

200,000 civilians killed200,000 civilians killed Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and

essentially closes the “Open Door”essentially closes the “Open Door”

Chinese FightChinese Fight

Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves capital to Chunking and and moves capital to Chunking and even unites with the the even unites with the the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the war.duration of the war.

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality The The Neutrality Act of 1935-Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress, members of congress,

wanted to keep America out of warwanted to keep America out of war Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers

and industrialistsand industrialists Imposed an embargo on warring nationsImposed an embargo on warring nations Forbade American sale of war goods and ships Forbade American sale of war goods and ships

from transporting munitionsfrom transporting munitions to belligerent to belligerent countriescountries

Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling on belligerent shipson belligerent ships

Neutrality Act 1936-Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent forbade loans to belligerent countriescountries

Neutrality Act 1937-Neutrality Act 1937- response to the response to the Spanish Civil Spanish Civil WarWar Goods from the US to warring nations had to Goods from the US to warring nations had to be be

paid for in cash paid for in cash (2 years only)(2 years only)

More NeutralityMore Neutrality

Many groups in America wanted IsolationMany groups in America wanted Isolation Irish, German- AmericansIrish, German- Americans Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-

Semites, liberals who wanted continue reform, Semites, liberals who wanted continue reform, and pacifistsand pacifists

Ludlow Amendment-Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support was Isolationist support was so great that- an amendment to Constitution so great that- an amendment to Constitution was proposed, that only in case of attack or was proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion could US declare war. (not approved)invasion could US declare war. (not approved)

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are

attacked by Francisco Franco-attacked by Francisco Franco- Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco-

Nazis and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 Nazis and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 troops, planes, and tanks.troops, planes, and tanks.

Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For Whom the Bell TollsWhom the Bell Tolls))

American Neutrality Acts – hurt the American Neutrality Acts – hurt the loyalist cause loyalist cause

FDR wanted to help but was FDR wanted to help but was hampered by isolationist law makershampered by isolationist law makers

Picasso’s painting of German bombing of ancient city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-

German-Soviet Non German-Soviet Non Aggression PactAggression Pact

August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret agreement to partition Poland- secret agreement to partition Poland-

Germans invade Poland in the WestGermans invade Poland in the West Russians invade Poland in the EastRussians invade Poland in the East World War II in Europe begins- France and World War II in Europe begins- France and

Britain had guaranteed Polish sovereigntyBritain had guaranteed Polish sovereignty US responds with a renewed Neutrality US responds with a renewed Neutrality

act 1939- “cash and carry” would aid act 1939- “cash and carry” would aid allies aloneallies alone

Non Aggression PactNon Aggression Pact

The “Phony War”The “Phony War” September 1939-April 1940September 1939-April 1940 Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg”Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg” France and Britain mobilized and waited for France and Britain mobilized and waited for

attackattack April 1940 Denmark, Norway, April 1940 Denmark, Norway, May 1940 Belgium and FranceMay 1940 Belgium and France Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the

continent- Churchill now in chargecontinent- Churchill now in charge Paris Falls June 1940Paris Falls June 1940 England stands alone “Battle of England stands alone “Battle of

Britain”Britain”

Battle of Britain Battle of Britain Brits were alone as of June 1940Brits were alone as of June 1940 Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up

the British attitude: the British attitude: ““We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.

We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our growing strength in the air, we shall defend our

island, whatever the cost may be. island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,the fields and in the streets, we we shall fight in the hillsshall fight in the hills; we shall ; we shall never surrender.”never surrender.”

United States Reacts to WarUnited States Reacts to WarDebate 1940: Debate 1940:

Isolationist or InternationalistIsolationist or Internationalist IsolationistsIsolationists America First America First

CommitteeCommittee Charles A LindbergCharles A Lindberg ““Intervention is Intervention is

detrimental to detrimental to American American interests”interests”

InternationalistsInternationalists Committee to Committee to

Defend AmericaDefend America Best way to keep Best way to keep

US out of war is to US out of war is to Help allies fight Help allies fight the Germansthe Germans

Roosevelt is Roosevelt is sympathetic sympathetic

Lend LeaseLend Lease

Wining the WarWining the War

To what extent was the mobilization To what extent was the mobilization for war a key factor in the American for war a key factor in the American victory?victory?

How is the American home front and How is the American home front and mobilization in WWI similar to the mobilization in WWI similar to the home front and mobilization in WWII home front and mobilization in WWII and how are they different?and how are they different?

Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech January 1941Speech January 1941

To congress, State of the Union, To congress, State of the Union, focus onfocus on war war preparednesspreparedness

“…“…the future of all the American Republics is today the future of all the American Republics is today in serious danger. in serious danger.

That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique in our history. unique in our history.

The need of the moment is that our actions and our The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily-almost policy should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency. emergency.

Just as our national policy in internal affairs has Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based upon a decent respect for the rights been based upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all our fellow men within our and the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the rights and been based on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the dignity of all nations, large and small. And the justice of morality must and will win in the end. justice of morality must and will win in the end.

Four Freedoms Four Freedoms ContinuedContinued

““The The first is freedom of speechfirst is freedom of speech and expression-- and expression--everywhere in the world. everywhere in the world.

The The second is freedom of every person to second is freedom of every person to worship Godworship God in his own way--everywhere in the in his own way--everywhere in the world. world.

The The third is freedom from want-third is freedom from want--which, translated -which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world.

The The fourth is freedom from fear-fourth is freedom from fear--which, translated -which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”anywhere in the world.”