America Under the Gun

7/29/2019 America Under the Gun

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America Under the GunA 50-State Analysis o Gun Violence

and Its Link to Weak State Gun Laws

Arkadi Gerney, Chelsea Parsons, and Charles Posner April 2013

www.americanprogress.o


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America Under the GunA 50-State Analysis o Gun Violence

and Its Link to Weak State Gun Laws

Arkadi Gerney, Chelsea Parsons, and Charles Posner April 2013


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Contents 1 Introduction and summary

3 10 indicators of gun violence

27 The link between high levels of gun violence

and weak state gun laws

35 Conclusion

37 About the authors

39 Methodology

42 Endnotes

45 Appendix: Fact sheets on the 10 states

with the highest levels of gun violence

45 Alaska

47 Alabama

49 Arkansas

51 Arizona

53 Georgia

55 Louisiana

57 Missouri

59 Mississippi

61 New Mexico

63 South Carolina


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Introduction and summary | www.americanprogress.

Introduction and summary

In he aermah o mass shooings and oher gun-relaed ragedies, here is oen

a surge o ineres on he par o communiy leaders, social-science researchers,

and eleced ocials o roo ou he causes o gun violence in an eor o preven

such ragedies rom occurring again. Any sudy ino he causes o gun violence is

necessarily complicaed, however, as here are innumerable acors ha conribue

o he naure and prevalence o gun-relaed violence in any communiy.

Despie his complex web o acors ha inuence he rae o gun violence, his reporfnds a clear link beween high levels o gun violence and weak sae gun laws. Across

he key indicaors o gun violence ha we analyzed, he 10 saes wih he weakes

gun laws collecively have an aggregae level o gun violence ha is more han wice as

high104 percen higher, in achan he 10 saes wih he sronges gun laws.

Te daa analyzed in his repor relae o he ollowing 10 indicaors o gun violence:

1. Overall frearm deahs in 2010

2. Overall frearm deahs rom 2001 hrough 2010

3. Firearm homicides in 2010

4. Firearm suicides in 2010

5. Firearm homicides among women rom 2001 hrough 2010

6. Firearm deahs among children ages 0 o 17, rom 2001 hrough 2010

7. Law-enorcemen agens eloniously killed wih a frearm rom 2002 hrough 2011

8. Aggravaed assauls wih a frearm in 2011

9. Crime-gun expor raes in 2009

10. Percenage o crime guns wih a shor ime o crime in 2009

Using hese daa, we rank each sae according o he rae o each indicaor ogun violence and creae an overall ranking o he saes across all 10 indicaors,

resuling in an overall sae ranking or he prevalence o gun violence. Finally, we

compare his overall sae gun-violence ranking wih a Law Cener o Preven Gun

Violence ranking o saes based on he srengh o heir gun laws.


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2 Center or American Progress | America Under the Gun

Our analysis deermined ha he ollowing are he 10 saes, by rank, ha suer

he highes levels o gun violence:

1. Louisiana

2. Alaska

3. Alabama4. Arizona

5. Mississippi

6. Souh Carolina

7. New Mexico

8. Missouri

9. Arkansas

10. Georgia

Te Law Cener o Preven Gun Violence analysis shows ha eigh o hese saes

are among he 25 saes wih he weakes gun laws.

While he srengh o a saes gun laws is jus one acor in he prevalence o gun-

relaed violence in he sae and canno alone accoun or gun violence, here is a clear

link beween weak gun laws and high levels o gun violence across he Unied Saes.


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10 indicators o gun violence | www.americanprogress.

10 indicators of gun violence

In his repor we analyze daa originaing rom he Naional Cener or Injury

Prevenion a he Ceners or Disease Conrol and Prevenion, or CDC, he Federal

Bureau o Invesigaion, or FBI, and he Bureau o Alcohol, obacco, Firearms, and

Explosives, or AF, regarding he ollowing 10 indicaors o gun violence:

1. Overall frearm deahs in 2010

2. Overall frearm deahs rom 2001 hrough 2010

3. Firearm homicides in 20104. Firearm suicides in 2010

5. Firearm homicides among women rom 2001 hrough 2010

6. Firearm deahs among children ages 0 o 17, rom 2001 hrough 2010

7. Law-enorcemen agens eloniously killed wih a frearm rom 2002 hrough 2011

8. Aggravaed assauls wih a frearm in 2011

9. Crime-gun expor raes in 2009

10. Percenage o crime guns wih a shor ime o crime in 2009

In he pages ha ollow, we look a each o hese measures o gun violence.

Looking across all 10 indicaors, we are able o rank he saes based on heir over-

all levels o gun violence. In order o deermine an aggregae ranking across hese

10 oucomes, we calculaed he mean ranking o each sae across he 10 measures.

For saes ha did no have daa or one or more measures, we calculaed he

mean o only hose measures in which hey appeared. Our analysis revealed ha

Louisiana suers he highes levels o gun violence in he counry.


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FIGURE 1

Gun-violence outcomes and ranking

How the 50 states measure up

1-10 (highest rates)

11-20

21-30

31-40

41-50 (lowest rates)

Aggregate rankings

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Bureau of

Investigation, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence.


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Rank State

Average rank

across 10 measures

o gun violence

1 Louisiana 5.0

2 Alaska 5.2

3 Alabama 8.6

4 Arizona 10.0

5 Mississippi 10.2

6 South Carolina 11.1

7 New Mexico 11.4

8 Missouri 13.3

9 Arkansas 13.4

10 Georgia 13.9

11 Tennessee 14.1

12 Nevada 14.6

13 Montana 15.6

14 Oklahoma 17.4

15 North Carolina 17.8

16 West Virginia 19.0

17 Wyoming 19.6

18 Florida 19.6

19 Virginia 21.1

20 Indiana 21.6

21 Kentucky 23.0

22 Kansas 23.1

23 Texas 23.9

24 Colorado 25.3

25 Michigan 25.5

Rank State

Average rank

across 10 measures

o gun violence

26 Idaho 25.6

27 Pennsylvania 25.7

28 Maryland 25.9

29 Delaware 26.7

30 South Dakota 28.0

31 Ohio 29.0

32 Oregon 30.3

33 Utah 30.6

34 Washington 31.5

35 North Dakota 32.1

36 Illinois 32.2

37 Vermont 32.2

38 Wisconsin 32.4

39 New Hampshire 32.4

40 Caliornia 32.9

41 Nebraska 33.3

42 Maine 38.9

43 Minnesota 39.4

44 Rhode Island 40.3

45 Iowa 40.9

46 New York 42.1

47 New Jersey 42.2

48 Connecticut 43.1

49 Massachusetts 44.7

50 Hawaii 45.4

TABLE 1

Aggregate state rankings for gun-violence outcomes

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Bureauof Investigation, and Mayors Against Illegal Guns.

States in red indicate the ten states with the highest rates of gun violence. States in green indicate the ten states with the lowest rates

of gun violence.


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Overall firearm deaths in 2010

As par o is mission o evaluae he prevalence and causes o violence and injury

in he Unied Saes, he CDC collecs exensive daa regarding deahs in he

Unied Saes. Tese daa are broken down ino numerous caegories, including

he cause o deahin paricular, any weapon or insrumen used in he deahand wheher he deah was accidenal or inenional.

Te able below deails each saes overall rae o deahs by frearm in 2010. Tese

daa include inenional and accidenal shooings, as well as suicides. In 2010

Alaska, Louisiana, and Monana opped his lis, each wih more han 16 frearm

deahs or every 100,000 residens. In conras, he hree saes wih he lowes

rae o frearm deahsRhode Island, Massachusets, and Hawaiieach had

ewer han fve frearm deahs or every 100,000 people.


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Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

4 Alabama 782 16.36

1 Alaska 144 20.28

11 Arizona 931 14.57

12 Arkansas 419 14.37

42 California 2,935 7.88

24 Colorado 555 11.04

45 Connecticut 209 5.85

32 Delaware 88 9.8

19 Florida 2,268 12.06

18 Georgia 1,223 12.62

50 Hawaii 45 3.31

17 Idaho 198 12.63

41 Illinois 1,064 8.29

26 Indiana 709 10.93

43 Iowa 213 6.99

29 Kansas 300 10.51

16 Kentucky 555 12.79

2 Louisiana 864 19.06

39 Maine 113 8.51

34 Maryland 538 9.32

49 Massachusetts 270 4.12

27 Michigan 1,076 10.89

44 Minnesota 365 6.88

6 Mississippi 475 16.01

14 Missouri 846 14.13

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

3 Montana 164 16.58

40 Nebraska 152 8.32

9 Nevada 395 14.63

37 New Hampshire 118 8.96

47 New Jersey 456 5.19

10 New Mexico 301 14.62

46 New York 1,011 5.22

21 North Carolina 1,123 11.78

33 North Dakota 65 9.66

31 Ohio 1,148 9.95

13 Oklahoma 538 14.34

20 Oregon 458 11.95

30 Pennsylvania 1,307 10.29

48 Rhode Island 49 4.66

15 South Carolina 648 14.01

35 South Dakota 75 9.21

8 Tennessee 932 14.69

28 Texas 2,714 10.79

22 Utah 314 11.36

23 Vermont 70 11.19

25 Virginia 875 10.94

36 Washington 609 9.06

7 West Virginia 273 14.73

38 Wisconsin 501 8.81

5 Wyoming 92 16.32

TABLE 2

Overall firearm deaths, 20101

National average: 10.26 per 100,000 people

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fatal Injury Data, available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html

(last accessed February 2013).

States in red indicate the ten states with the highest rates of gun violence. States in green indicate the ten states with the lowest ratesof gun violence.


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Overall firearm deaths from 2001 through 2010

CDC daa show ha rom 2001 hrough 2010, he rae o gun deahs remained

consisenly high in a number o saes. From 2001 hrough 2010, eigh saes

sayed among he 10 saes wih he highes number o frearm deahs, suggesing

ha he problem o frearm deahs in hese saes is a chronic one. Likewise, eighsaes share he disincion o saying among he 10 saes wih he lowes raes o

gun deahs across he same 10-year period.


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Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

4 Alabama 7,665 16.62

2 Alaska 1,196 17.84

8 Arizona 9,117 15.48

9 Arkansas 4,291 15.32

33 Caliornia 32,678 9.1

23 Colorado 5,269 11.19

47 Connecticut 1,755 5

32 Delaware 782 9.2

20 Florida 20,651 11.61

17 Georgia 11,591 12.8

50 Hawaii 391 3.02

19 Idaho 1,810 12.51

37 Illinois 10,974 8.68

22 Indiana 7,071 11.21

44 Iowa 1,976 6.63

29 Kansas 2,861 10.34

15 Kentucky 5,561 13.23

1 Louisiana 8,460 18.9

40 Maine 1,054 8.01

21 Maryland 6,328 11.32

49 Massachusetts 2,179 3.38

25 Michigan 10,825 10.83

43 Minnesota 3,431 6.67

3 Mississippi 4,937 16.98

16 Missouri 7,525 12.94

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

7 Montana 1,469 15.5

41 Nebraska 1,385 7.83

5 Nevada 3,895 15.92


46 New Jersey 4,365 5.04

11 New Mexico 2,932 15.07

45 New York 9,985 5.2



31 Ohio 10,657 9.29

14 Oklahoma 4,863 13.55

26 Oregon 3,945 10.8



13 South Carolina 5,991 13.82


10 Tennessee 9,182 15.19

27 Texas 24,901 10.75

30 Utah 2,407 9.59

36 Vermont 556 8.96

24 Virginia 8,262 10.86

35 Washington 5,692 8.98

12 West Virginia 2,584 14.15

39 Wisconsin 4,589 8.26

6 Wyoming 818 15.59

TABLE 3

Overall firearm deaths, 200120102






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Firearm homicides in 2010

Every day in he Unied Saes, 33 people on average are murdered wih a gun.

Tis amouns o roughly one gun murder every 44 minues.3 According o CDC

daa, here were more han 11,000 frearm homicides in he Unied Saes in

2010comprising 68 percen o all homicides ha yearwih a hugely unevendisribuion across he saes.

Louisiana ranks frs in frearm homicides in he counry in 2010, wih 9.53 gun

murders annually or every 100,000 peoplemore han wo-and-a-hal imes he

naional average. Tis is a saggering number considering ha 12 saes have a rae

o less han wo homicides annually or every 100,000 people. Indeed, even he

sae ranked second on his lisMississippi, wih 6.91 gun homicides annually

or every 100,000 peopledoesn come close o Louisianas rae.


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10 indicators o gun violence | www.americanprogress.o

TABLE 4

Firearm homicides, 20104


Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

3 Alabama 283 5.92

14 Alaska 30 4.22

13 Arizona 271 4.24

10 Arkansas 132 4.53

20 Caliornia 1,342 3.6

33 Colorado 97 1.93


6 Delaware 45 5.01

15 Florida 767 4.08

9 Georgia 443 4.57

Hawaii - -

44 Idaho 12 0.77

11 Illinois 577 4.5

22 Indiana 223 3.44

41 Iowa 34 1.12

31 Kansas 68 2.38

27 Kentucky 125 2.88


42 Maine 13 0.98

5 Maryland 306 5.3


12 Michigan 440 4.45



4 Missouri 335 5.59

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

36 Montana 17 1.72

32 Nebraska 41 2.24

25 Nevada 90 3.33

New Hampshire - -


18 New Mexico 76 3.69

29 New York 527 2.72

16 North Carolina 376 3.94

North Dakota - -

23 Ohio 396 3.43

21 Oklahoma 131 3.49

39 Oregon 60 1.57

16 Pennsylvania 501 3.94



South Dakota - -


19 Texas 913 3.63

42 Utah 27 0.98

Vermont - -

24 Virginia 271 3.39




Wyoming - -

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fatal Injury Data, available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html(last accessed February 2013).

(-) The CDC suppresses state-level counts and rates based on fewer than 10 deaths.


of gun violence.


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Firearm suicides in 2010

Research shows ha access o frearms increases he risk o someone commiting

suicide.5 A sudy by he Harvard School o Public Healh using daa rom 2001

ound ha, because o he lehaliy o guns, 85 percen o suicide atemps wih

a frearm are aal, whereas many oher means o atemping suicide have only a5 percen aaliy rae.6 Public-healh research ino frearm suicides has ound a

direc correlaion beween high levels o frearm ownership and he number o

gun suicides, fnding ha saes wih high levels o gun ownership have suicide

raes nearly wice as high as hose in saes wih low levels o gun ownership.7

Te able below ranks saes based on heir rae o suicide by frearm, according

o CDC daa. Alaska, Wyoming, and Monana rank highes, wih beween 14 and

15 frearm suicides annually or every 100,000 people. New York, New Jersey, and

Massachusets have he lowes numbers, wih roughly wo frearm suicides annu-

ally or every 100,000 people.


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TABLE 5

Firearm suicides, 20108


Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

13 Alabama 454 9.5

1 Alaska 107 15.07

12 Arizona 620 9.7


42 California 1,492 4

18 Colorado 427 8.49


41 Delaware 43 4.79

25 Florida 1,454 7.73

26 Georgia 718 7.41

47 Hawaii 37 2.72

4 Idaho 182 11.61

44 Illinois 442 3.44

31 Indiana 455 7.02

38 Iowa 177 5.81

28 Kansas 210 7.36



30 Maine 95 7.15






22 Missouri 489 8.17

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

3 Montana 141 14.25

39 Nebraska 106 5.8

6 Nevada 289 10.7




48 New York 459 2.37



35 Ohio 724 6.28


11 Oregon 376 9.81

37 Pennsylvania 762 6





33 Texas 1,702 6.77

9 Utah 275 9.95

7 Vermont 66 10.55

29 Virginia 576 7.2




2 Wyoming 83 14.73

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fatal Injury Data, available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html(last accessed February 2013).


of gun violence.


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Firearm homicides among women from 2001 through 2010

While no all homicides among women in he Unied Saes are he resul o

domesic violence, women are more han hree-and-a-hal imes as likely o be

killed by an inimae parner as men.9 In 2005, 40 percen o emale homicide

vicims naionwide were killed by a curren or ormer inimae parner, and gunswere used in more han hal o hose murders.10

Te lehaliy o domesic-violence incidensand hereore he risk o women

increases exponenially when a frearm is presen in he home. Having a gun in he

home increases he risk o homicide by an inimae parner by eigh imes more

han in households wihou guns. Whas more, his risk o homicide increases 20

imes when here is a hisory o domesic violence in he amily.11

According o CDC daa, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama have he highes

raes o frearm homicides among women, wih more han wo emale frearmhomicides occurring annually or every 100,000 women rom 2001 hrough 2010.

In conras, 22 saes repored less han one emale frearm homicide annually or

every 100,000 women.


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TABLE 6

Firearm homicides among women, 2001201012

National average: 1.21 per 100,000 women

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

women

3 Alabama 569 2.39

12 Alaska 52 1.61

9 Arizona 493 1.67

7 Arkansas 252 1.76

27 Caliornia 1901 1.05

25 Colorado 258 1.1


30 Delaware 43 0.98

17 Florida 1331 1.46

5 Georgia 823 1.78

48 Hawaii 26 0.4

33 Idaho 54 0.75

29 Illinois 641 0.99

18 Indiana 454 1.42

45 Iowa 83 0.55

22 Kansas 166 1.19



39 Maine 41 0.61







Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

women

24 Montana 55 1.16

36 Nebraska 65 0.73

6 Nevada 214 1.77




40 New York 573 0.58



28 Ohio 608 1.03

15 Oklahoma 272 1.5

32 Oregon 144 0.78






16 Texas 1730 1.48

34 Utah 94 0.75

41 Vermont 18 0.57





37 Wyoming 17 0.66





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Firearm deaths among children ages 0 to 17, from 2001 through 2010

Guns pose a signifcan risk o injury and deah o children in he Unied Saes.

In 2010 more han 1,900 children under he age o 18 were killed by frearms.

Homicide and suicide are he second- and hird-leading causes o deah among

eenagers ages 15 o 19, and frearms were used in 85 percen o een homicidesand 40 percen o een suicides in 2010.13 Te Unied Saes also has he high-

es rae o frearm-relaed deahs o children among high-income counries: Te

frearm-suicide rae or children ages 5 o 14 is eigh imes higher han in oher

high-income counries, and he rae or accidenal frearm deahs among hese

children is 10 imes higher han in oher high-income counries.14

CDC daa show ha Alaska and Louisiana had he highes number o children

killed by guns rom 2001 hrough 2010, wih a rae o 5.9 child frearm deahs and

4 child frearm deahs or every 100,000 children, respecively. In comparison, 26

saes had a rae o less han wo child frearm deahs or every 100,000 childrenover his same period.


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TABLE 7

Firearm deaths among children, ages 017, 2001201015

National average: 1.95 per 100,000 children

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

children

8 Alabama 312 2.78

1 Alaska 109 5.85

9 Arizona 411 2.68





35 Delaware 33 1.63

32 Florida 694 1.77

22 Georgia 493 2.08

Hawaii - -

15 Idaho 93 2.32

14 Illinois 766 2.4

28 Indiana 297 1.86

41 Iowa 88 1.22

30 Kansas 130 1.83



46 Maine 25 0.86

13 Maryland 343 2.5





6 Missouri 414 2.9

Rank State Deaths

Rate per

100,000

children

3 Montana 74 3.31

23 Nebraska 93 2.06

17 Nevada 139 2.26




42 New York 517 1.15



36 Ohio 457 1.63


40 Oregon 109 1.27






29 Texas 1176 1.84

39 Utah 108 1.37

43 Vermont 14 1.02





7 Wyoming 37 2.89



(-) The CDC suppresses state-level counts and rates based on fewer than 10 deaths.



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Law-enforcement agents feloniously killed with a firearm from

2002 through 2011

Tere are more han 900,000 sworn law-enorcemen agens in he Unied Saes,16

each o whom exposes hemsel o he daily perils associaed wih proecing pub-

lic saey. Police ocers ace considerable risks in perorming heir duies: Overhe pas decade more han 500 ocers have been killed in he line o duy as a

resul o assauls.17 Guns in he hands o dangerous individuals and criminals pose

a signifcan hrea o police ocers. O he 72 ocers killed in 2011, or example,

63 were killed wih frearms, including 46 ocers who were wearing body armor

when hey were killed.18 And over he pas 10 years, 92 percen o ocer deahs

resuling rom an assaul on he ocer involved frearms.19

Te able below ranks saes based on he number o police ocers killed by a fre-

arm rom 2002 hrough 2011 using daa colleced by he FBI. Souh Dakoa and

Louisiana had he highes reaes o gun deahs o law-enorcemen agens, and he10 saes wih he highes raes combined have a rae o law-enorcemen agens

eloniously killed wih a frearm ha is more han double he 50-sae average.


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TABLE 8

Law-enforcement agents feloniously killed with a firearm, 2002201120


Rank State Killings

Rate per

100,000

4 Alabama 19 0.41

3 Alaska 3 0.44

7 Arizona 18 0.30

10 Arkansas 7 0.25


27 Colorado 7 0.15


32 Delaware 1 0.12

20 Florida 30 0.17

12 Georgia 20 0.22

23 Hawaii 2 0.15

43 Idaho 1 0.07

30 Illinois 16 0.13

19 Indiana 11 0.17

46 Iowa 1 0.03

18 Kansas 5 0.18

36 Kentucky 4 0.09

2 Louisiana 24 0.53

48 Maine 0 0.00

28 Maryland 8 0.14


25 Michigan 15 0.15

33 Minnesota 6 0.12


15 Missouri 11 0.19

Rank State Killings

Rate per

100,000

6 Montana 3 0.31

44 Nebraska 1 0.06

41 Nevada 2 0.08



9 New Mexico 5 0.25

38 New York 18 0.09



29 Ohio 16 0.14

34 Oklahoma 4 0.11

40 Oregon 3 0.08






26 Texas 35 0.15

21 Utah 4 0.16

48 Vermont 0 0.00

11 Virginia 19 0.25



39 Wisconsin 5 0.09

48 Wyoming 0 0.00

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, available at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/.



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Aggravated assaults with a firearm in 2011

Firearm violence in he Unied Saes exends beyond murders and oher deahs o

oher orms o violen crime as well. In 2011, 21 percen o aggravaed assauls

defned as an unlawul atack by one person upon anoher or he purpose o

inicing severe or aggravaed bodily injury21

involved he use o a frearm.

As he able below demonsraes, here is a huge dispariy across saes in he

number o aggravaed assauls commited wih guns. According o FBI daa,

ennessee, Souh Carolina, and Arkansas had he highes raes o frearm-relaed

aggravaed assauls in 2011, wih a rae o more han 100 gun assauls or every

100,000 people. In conras, 21 saes had a rae o less han 30 aggravaed assauls

wih a gun or every 100,000 people.


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TABLE 9

Aggravated assaults with a firearm, 201122


Rank State FirearmsRate per

100,000

23 Alabama 1,607 40.50

9 Alaska 575 80.47

16 Arizona 3,603 57.36

3 Arkansas 2,518 100.56

21 Caliornia 17,055 45.39

20 Colorado 2,217 45.72


8 Delaware 738 81.36

11 Florida 13,153 69.03

13 Georgia 5,517 58.64

Hawaii - -

34 Idaho 350 23.43

Illinois - -

28 Indiana 1,662 29.91

36 Iowa 589 21.95

10 Kansas 2,016 76.87

33 Kentucky 1,067 25.14

4 Louisiana 3,938 99.51

48 Maine 60 4.52

22 Maryland 2,382 41.18

27 Massachusetts 2,003 33.19

7 Michigan 7,679 86.41

35 Minnesota 1,177 22.52


5 Missouri 5,290 88.90

Rank State FirearmsRate per

100,000

29 Montana 269 29.03

26 Nebraska 568 33.84

17 Nevada 1,301 53.30


32 New Jersey 2,360 26.94

6 New Mexico 1,755 87.26

41 New York 2,168 20.06



25 Ohio 3,688 37.97

15 Oklahoma 2,089 58.07

44 Oregon 671 17.55





1 Tennessee 8,555 137.58

14 Texas 13,998 58.28

38 Utah 573 21.32

46 Vermont 67 12.60

37 Virginia 1,722 21.35

30 Washington 1,798 28.44


31 Wisconsin 1,495 27.40

40 Wyoming 112 20.44

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, available at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/.

(-) Incomplete data were received in 2011 from these states and therefore were omitted.



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Crime-gun export rates in 2009

When guns are recovered a a crime scene, local law enorcemen can reach ou o

he Bureau o Alcohol, obacco, Firearms, and Explosives, or AF, or assisance

in racing he guns o deermine he frs poin o sale and he frs purchaser. In

conducing such races, AF can ideniy he sae in which he gun was frs soldand hereby deermine wheher he gun crossed sae lines beore being used in

a crime. In 2009, 30 percen o guns raced by AF had crossed sae lines beore

being recovered a a crime scene.23

Te movemen o crime guns across sae lines undermines local atemps o curb

gun violence and proec public saey. A sudy conduced by Mayors Agains

Illegal Guns analyzing AF racing daa ound ha in 2009, 10 saes supplied

nearly hal o he crime guns ha had crossed sae lines.24 Conrolling or popula-

ion, he op 10 saes or crime-gun expors had an expor rae o almos double

he naional average and more han hree imes he average rae o he 10 saeswih he lowes expor raes.25


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TABLE 10

Crime-gun export rate, 200926

National average: 14.1 per 100,000

Rank State

Crime guns

exported

Rate per

100,000

5 Alabama 1,561 33.2

4 Alaska 233 33.4

13 Arizona 1,637 24.8


46 California 1,772 4.8



23 Delaware 164 18.5

29 Florida 2,640 14.2

10 Georgia 2,781 28.3

50 Hawaii 30 2.3

18 Idaho 298 19.3

43 Illinois 844 6.5

8 Indiana 2,011 31.3

38 Iowa 288 9.6

21 Kansas 531 18.8

3 Kentucky 1,504 34.9

15 Louisiana 1,065 23.7

25 Maine 223 16.9



41 Michigan 684 6.9


1 Mississippi 1,485 50.3


Rank State

Crime guns

exported

Rate per

100,000

14 Montana 236 24.2

40 Nebraska 157 8.7

9 Nevada 808 30.6




49 New York 517 2.6



27 Ohio 1,806 15.6


25 Oregon 645 16.9





22 Tennessee 1,171 18.6

39 Texas 2,240 9.0

31 Utah 384 13.8

16 Vermont 142 22.8

7 Virginia 2,557 32.4




12 Wyoming 141 25.9

Source: Mayors Against Illegal Guns, Trace the Guns 2010, available at http://www.tracetheguns.org/ (last accessed February 2013).



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Percentage of crime guns with a short time to crime in 2009

In addiion o assising local law enorcemen in invesigaing gun-relaed crimes

by racing frearms recovered a crime scenes, AF also invesigaes illegal gun-

racking neworks as par o is mission o proec he public rom gun violence.

One key acor in considering wheher a crime gun had been racked is heamoun o ime ha elapsed beween he original sale o he frearm by a licensed

dealer and is recovery a a crime scenea measure known as ime o crime.

While ime o crime is no he only acor considered when invesigaing i a crime

gun has been racked, AF considers a ime o crime o less han wo years o be

a srong indicaor o illegal racking.27

Te able below deails he porion o crime guns originaing in each sae wih a

ime o crime o less han wo years. An analysis o AF racing daa conduced by

Mayors Agains Illegal Guns revealed ha here is a signifcan discrepancy among

he saes regarding he number o crime guns originaing in he sae wih a shorime o crime. In 17 saes, he proporion o shor ime-o-crime guns was higher

han he naional average o 22.6 percen.


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TABLE 11

Percentage of crime guns with a short time-to-crime, 200928

National average: 22.6%

Rank State Time-to-crime

19 Alabama 22.6%

5 Alaska 28.0%

2 Arizona 30.0%

46 Arkansas 13.3%

47 California 12.0%

17 Colorado 22.9%

45 Connecticut 14.7%

28 Delaware 20.6%

8 Florida 27.3%

7 Georgia 27.6%

50 Hawaii 5.6%

29 Idaho 19.8%

41 Illinois 17.1%

14 Indiana 24.4%

37 Iowa 18.0%

13 Kansas 24.7%

33 Kentucky 19.1%

4 Louisiana 28.1%

32 Maine 19.2%

37 Maryland 18.0%

48 Massachusetts 9.8%

42 Michigan 15.5%

34 Minnesota 19.0%

39 Mississippi 17.4%

1 Missouri 40.2%

Rank State Time-to-crime

31 Montana 19.3%

12 Nebraska 26.6%

11 Nevada 26.8%

3 New Hampshire 29.3%

49 New Jersey 8.2%

16 New Mexico 23.4%

43 New York 15.2%

17 North Carolina 22.9%

27 North Dakota 20.8%

25 Ohio 21.3%

23 Oklahoma 21.9%

26 Oregon 21.1%

22 Pennsylvania 22.2%

6 Rhode Island 27.7%

21 South Carolina 22.4%

35 South Dakota 18.9%

36 Tennessee 18.6%

8 Texas 27.3%

40 Utah 17.3%

30 Vermont 19.6%

10 Virginia 27.2%

24 Washington 21.5%

43 West Virginia 15.2%

15 Wisconsin 23.8%

19 Wyoming 22.6%

Source: Mayors Against I llegal Guns, Trace the Guns 2010, available at http://www.tracetheguns.org/ (last accessed February 2013).



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The link between high le vels o gun violence and we ak state g un l aws | www.americanprogress.o

The link between high levels of gun

violence and weak state gun laws

Many acors inuence raes o gun violence in any communiy. One such acor

is he relaive srengh or weakness o he laws enaced in he sae o preven gun-

relaed crimes. In he pages ha ollow, we compare he aggregae ranking o saes

based on raes o gun violence and he degree o which saes have enaced laws

inended o proec he public rom his ype o violence. As discussed below, his

comparison reveals a signifcan correlaion beween weaker sae gun laws and

higher raes o gun violence.

A patchwork of state gun laws

While ederal law governs some aspecs o frearm regulaionparicularly licens-

ing and oversigh o gun dealers and he disqualifcaion o cerain caegories o

individuals rom frearm ownershipmuch o he decision making regarding

gun laws and policies is le o he saes. As a resul, saes ake a wide range o

approaches o gun regulaion, rom comprehensive legal rameworks addressing

numerous aspecs o gun sales, gun carrying, and criminal misuse o frearms o

minimal sauory schemes ha impose ew resricions on guns.

Each o he 50 saes has aken a dieren approach o regulaing frearmsand

each has experienced diering resuls. Te ollowing are among he ypes o laws

enaced by some saes:

Regulaions regarding he qualifcaions or permis o carry concealed weapons Regulaion o gun sales by unlicensed privae sellers Creaing addiional caegories o dangerous individuals disqualifed rom gun

ownership Banning or limiing cerain ypes o guns and ammuniion Criminalizing known mehods o gun racking and sraw purchasing, which is

when a person buys a gun or someone who can legally purchase one hemselves


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In November 2012 he Law Cener o Preven Gun Violence released an exensive

analysis examining he relaive srengh and weakness o each saes gun laws. 29 I con-

sidered 29 policy approaches o addressing gun violence, and saes received poins

or having srong laws designed o preven gun violence such as requiring background

checks or all gun sales, banning assaul weapons and high-capaciy magazines, and

requiring an applican o demonsrae he need or a concealed weapon beore beingissued a permi o carry one. Saes los poins or laws ha impede law enorcemen

or proec he ineress o gun manuacurers such as laws providing legal immuniy o

gun sellers and bans on docors providing inormaion regarding he risks o frearms

o paiens. Using his mehodology, he Law Cener o Preven Gun Violence ranked

he saes based on he srengh o heir gun laws.

The 10 states rated as having the weakest gun laws, by rank, are as follows:

1. Souh Dakoa

2. Arizona3. Mississippi

4. Vermon

5. Louisiana

6. Monana

7. Wyoming

8. Kenucky

9. Kansas

10. Oklahoma

The 10 states ranked as having the strongest gun laws, by rank, are as follows:

1. Caliornia

2. New Jersey

3. Massachusets

4. Connecicu

5. Hawaii

6. New York

7. Maryland

8. Illinois9. Rhode Island

10. Michigan


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Weak laws, bad outcomes

While many acors inuence he rae o gun-relaed violence in any sae, compari-

son o hese rankings wih he aggregae ranking o saes based on gun-violence ou-

comes reveals a signifcan correlaion beween weak sae gun laws and increased

gun violence in a sae. Across he key gun-violence indicaors ha we analyzed, he10 saes wih he weakes gun laws collecively have a level o gun violence ha is

more han wice as high as he 10 saes wih he sronges gun laws.

0

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Percent of national

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with strongest gun laws

Percent of nationalaverage, rate of 10 states

with weakest gun laws

National average

117%109%

34%

210%

88%

66%

139%

24%

375%

54%

104%

Percentage that average rate for states with

weakest gun laws is greater than average rate

for states with strongest gun laws

FIGURE 2

Comparison of average rates of gun-violence outcomes in states with

strong and weak gun laws

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Bureau

of Investigation, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence.


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O he 10 saes wih he weakes gun laws in he counry, eigh are among he 25

saes wih he highes raes o gun violence in he counry. O he 10 saes wih

he sronges gun laws, however, nine are among he 25 saes wih he lowes

levels o gun violence, including 6 ou o he 10 wih he very lowes levels.

Rank State

Average rank

across 10 measures

o gun violence

1 Louisiana 5.0

2 Alaska 5.2

3 Alabama 8.6

4 Arizona 10.0

5 Mississippi 10.2

6 South Carolina 11.1

7 New Mexico 11.4

8 Missouri 13.3

9 Arkansas 13.4

10 Georgia 13.9

11 Tennessee 14.1

12 Nevada 14.6

13 Montana 15.6

14 Oklahoma 17.4

15 North Carolina 17.8

16 West Virginia 19.0

17 Wyoming 19.6

18 Florida 19.6

19 Virginia 21.1

20 Indiana 21.6

21 Kentucky 23.0

22 Kansas 23.1

23 Texas 23.9

24 Colorado 25.3

25 Michigan 25.5

Rank State

Average rank

across 10 measures

o gun violence

26 Idaho 25.6

27 Pennsylvania 25.7

28 Maryland 25.9

29 Delaware 26.7

30 South Dakota 28.0

31 Ohio 29.0

32 Oregon 30.3

33 Utah 30.6

34 Washington 31.5

35 North Dakota 32.1

36 Illinois 32.2

37 Vermont 32.2

38 Wisconsin 32.4

39 New Hampshire 32.4

40 California 32.9

41 Nebraska 33.3

42 Maine 38.9

43 Minnesota 39.4

44 Rhode Island 40.3

45 Iowa 40.9

46 New York 42.1

47 New Jersey 42.2

48 Connecticut 43.1

49 Massachusetts 44.7

50 Hawaii 45.4

TABLE 12

Overall state rankings of gun-violence outcomes

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Bureauof Investigation, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence.

States in red indicate the ten states with the weakest gun laws according to LCPGV.

States in green indicate the ten states with the strongest gun laws according to LCPGV.


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Finally, by ploting he perormance o saes across he wo variablessrengh

o gun laws versus gun-violence oucomeswe fnd a clear correlaion beween

he srengh o a saes gun laws and lower raes o gun violence. Te saisical

relaionship is visually apparen (see Figure 3 below), suggesed quaniaively

by our models coecien o deerminaion (R2), which measures he propor-

ion o variaion in he dependen variablegun oucomesha is saisicallyexplained by variaion in he independen variablesrengh o gun laws. As

Figure 3 below shows, our model produces an R2 o 0.42, implying a signifcan

correlaion beween a saes gun laws and is prevalence o gun violence and

suggesing ha as a saes gun laws improve in srengh, he sae is more likely o

have lower raes o gun violence.

ALAK

AZ

AR

CA

CO

CT

DE

FL

GA

HI

ID

IL

IN

IA

KSKY

LA

ME

MD

MA

MI

MN

MS

MO

MT

NE

NV

NH

NJ

NM

NY

NC

ND

OH

OK

OR

PA

RI

SC

SD

TN

TX

UT

VT

VA

WA

WV

WI

WY

0

10

20

30

40

50

10 20 30 40 50

State rankings by strength of gun laws

Staterankingsbyov

erallgun-violenceoutcomes

10 states with strongest gun laws 10 states with weakest gun laws Other states

R2=+0.4214

FIGURE 3

Correlation between state gun laws and gun-violence outcomes

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Bureauof Investigation, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence.


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While his analysis demonsraes a correlaion beween weak laws and bad gun-vio-

lence oucomes, a correlaion does no necessarily imply causaion. And o course, a

saes gun laws are bu one o many acors ha inuence he rae o gun violence in

a sae. Facors such as gun racking across sae lines, overall crime paterns, and

oher socioeconomic issues in a sae all play a role in gun-violence raes.30

Te correlaion beween he relaive srengh or weakness o a saes gun laws

and he rae o various indicaors o gun violence in he sae, however, should no

be overlooked. Tis reporas ohers beore i31demonsraes a srong link

beween sae gun laws and gun violence. As we coninue he conversaion abou

how o address gun violence in our communiies, we mus consider he role ha

sae gun laws play in prevening his ype o violence.


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This report ocuses on the link between outcomes and laws. There is

also some longitudinal research that suggests that changes in gun

laws may cause changes in gun violence. Again, while no one actor

alone can account or rates o gun violence in any particular state, the

experiences o Missouri and Colorado provide powerul evidence that

strengtheningor weakeninga states gun laws may have a signi-

cant impact on public saety.

Missouri

While ederal law requires a background check beore a licensed gun

dealer can sell a gun, it currently does not require background checks

or private sales between individuals. For a number o years, the state oMissouri lled this gap in ederal law by requiring background checks or

all gun sales, including private sales. In 2007, however, Missouri rolled

back its laws by eliminating the requirement that an individual obtain a

purchase permit or all handgun purchases, the eect o which was to

permit gun sales between private parties without a background check.32

This change in the law appears to have had an almost-immediate

negative impact on gun violence in the state. An analysis by Mayors

Against Illegal Guns shows that in the three years ollowing the repeal

o the private-sale background-check requirement, the gun-murder

rate in Missouri rose by nearly 25 percent, rom an average o 4.6 gunmurders or every 100,000 residents each year between 1999 and

2007 to an average o 5.7 gun murders or every 100,000 residents

each year rom 2008 to 2010.33

Weakening the background-check law also made it easier or

criminals to buy guns in the state. This resulted in an increase in

number o guns bought in the state that were recovered at crim

scenesrom 55 percent o crime guns prior to the repeal to 7

percent o crime guns recovered ater the repealand a doub

the number o guns recovered at a crime scene within two yea

their original purchase.34

Johns Hopkins University researchers studying these data and

eects o the repeal have preliminarily concluded that this cha

in the law was a primary cause o the increase in gun murders a

trafcking indicators.35

Colorado

Following the tragic mass shooting at Columbine High School

1999, Colorado voters overwhelmingly approved a ballot meas

close the gun-show loophole by requiring background checks

rearm sales at gun shows.36 This legislative measure proved to

eective means o reducing the prevalence o illegal gun trafc

in Colorado. Following this change in the law, the rate at which

guns were exported rom Colorado dropped dramaticallyCo

dos rank as a crime-gun-export state ell rom 17th to 32nd at

requirement or increased background checks went into eect

Case studies

Strengthening gun laws reduces gun violence


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Conclusion | www.americanprogress.o

Conclusion

While many acors conribue o he raes o gun violence in any sae, our

research clearly demonsraes a signifcan correlaion beween he srengh o

a saes gun laws and he prevalence o gun violence in he sae. Across he key

indicaors o gun violence ha we analyzed, he 10 saes wih he weakes gun

laws collecively have a level o gun violence ha is more han wice as high104

percen higherhan he 10 saes wih he sronges gun laws.

Tere are a number o legislaive measures ha saesor he ederal govern-mencould enac o curb gun violence. While no one law or policy is a panacea

or gun violence in any communiy, he ollowing reorms can have a signifcan

impac on reducing gun crime and increasing public saey:

Regulate the secondary market for guns.While ederal law requires back-

ground checks or all gun sales by ederal frearms licensees, here is currenly no

ederal requiremen ha background checks be conduced or sales beween pri-

vae paries. Tis loophole in ederal law allows criminals o gain easy access o

guns by way o gun shows and oher privae sales. Te experience o Colorado,

discussed above, demonsraes ha requiring background checks or all gun

sales can have a meaningul impac on illegal gun racking in a sae. Te

ederal governmenor, alernaively, saesshould enac legislaion requiring

background checks or all gun sales.

Prohibit dangerous people from possessing guns. Federal law prohibis cerain

individuals deemed dangerous o public saey rom owning frearms, including

elons, he menally ill, and perperaors o domesic violence who have been

conviced o a misdemeanor or who are subjec o a resraining order. Bu here are

oher caegories o dangerous individuals who remain able o buy guns under ed-eral law such as individuals conviced o misdemeanor-level salking and oher vio-

len misdemeanor crimes. weny-hree saes and he Disric o Columbia have

enaced legislaion prohibiing some misdemeanans rom buying or possessing

frearms,38 and here is evidence ha such laws can reduce raes o gun violence.39


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Impose strong penalties on straw purchasers, gun traffickers, and persons

illegally carrying guns. Congress is currenly considering srenghening ederal

laws penalizing sraw purchasers and gun rackers,40 and a number o saes

have already aced o impose ough penalies or hese crimes.41 Saes should

adop such laws o ensure ha people who illegally provide guns o criminals

ace ough penalies and cerain prosecuion.

Restrict access to particularly dangerous weapons.Alhough he ederal ban on

assaul weapons and high-capaciy magazines expired in 2004, many saes have

aced o resric hese weapons and magazines a he sae level. Sudies show

ha such laws can eecively reduce criminal access o and he use o guns and

accessories ha are especially lehal.42


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About the authors | www.americanprogress.o

About the authors

Arkadi Gerney is a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress. His work

ocuses on crime, gun policy, immigraion, daa innovaion, and daa privacy. Prior

o joining CAP, he was senior direcor or policy, parnerships, and public aairs

a Opower, a as-growing soware company ha works wih more han 75 uili-ies in he Unied Saes and across he globe o improve he eeciveness o heir

energy-eciency porolios and moivae heir cusomers o save energy. Prior

o joining Opower, Gerney worked as special advisor and frs depuy criminal

jusice coordinaor o New York Ciy Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg (I), where he

managed Mayors Agains Illegal Guns, a naional coaliion ha Mayor Bloomberg

co-chairs. During his ime in he mayors oce, Gerney oversaw he coaliions

growh o more han 600 mayors, led successul campaigns o inuence ederal

legislaion, parnered wih Wal-Mar o develop a landmark gun-seller code o

conduc, and led New York Ciys undercover invesigaion o ou-o-sae gun

shows. He received his bachelors degree in governmen rom Harvard Collegeand a law degree rom Harvard Law School.

Chelsea Parsons is Associae Direcor o Crime and Firearms Policy a he Cener

or American Progress. Her work ocuses on advocaing or progressive laws and

policies relaing o guns and he criminal jusice sysem a he ederal, sae, and

local levels. Prior o joining CAP, she was general counsel o he New York Ciy

criminal jusice coordinaor, a role in which she helped develop and implemen

criminal jusice iniiaives and legislaion in areas including human racking,

sexual assaul and amily violence, frearms, ideniy he, indigen deense, and

jusice-sysem improvemens. She previously served as an assisan New York

sae atorney general and a sa atorney law clerk or he Second Circui Cour o

Appeals. She is a graduae o Sarah Lawrence College and Brooklyn Law School.

Charles Posner is he Sae Communicaions Assisan a he Cener or American

Progress. Prior o joining CAP, he worked a Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research,

where he specialized in U.S. poliical issues, and wih Organizing or America in

Ohio on campaigns o overurn a voer suppression law and proec collecive-bar-

gaining righs or public-secor unions. Posner graduaed wih a bachelors degree

in poliical science rom Brown Universiy.


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Methodology | www.americanprogress.o

Methodology

Selecting the 10 measures

Te 10 measures o gun violence used in his repor have been seleced o reec

a broad picure o gun violence in America, wih an emphasis on aal gun vio-

lence. All raes were adjused or populaion. We sared wih he hree key overall

measures o aal gun violence: oal gun deahs, gun homicides, and gun suicides.

oal gun deahs over he mos recen 10-year period (2001 o 2010) were also

included o accoun or a muliyear rend among he saes, as well as o lend ur-her weigh o wha we el was he broades and mos imporan measure o gun

violence: overall gun deahs.

o complemen hese measures, hree oher measures wih a ocus on paricular

groups were included o provide a more deailed sory behind aal gun deahs:

homicides among women, which is a key indicaor o domesic violence; deahs

among children ages 0 o 17, o underscore he greaes gun ragedies o all; and

law-enorcemen agens eloniously killed wih a frearm, a measure o how gun

violence pus a risk hose who have sworn o proec he public. Because o lim-

ied single-year oals or hese hree measuresparicularly or saes wih small

populaionswe insead used 10-year averages rom he mos recen 10-year

period o more accuraely accoun or each saes oucomes.

We also included wo measures ha are key indicaors o illegal gun racking: a

saes crime-gun expor rae, or he rae a which guns purchased in a sae are hen

used and recovered in crimes in oher saes; and ime o crime, which shows he per-

cenage o crime guns used in crimes less han wo years aer heir original purchase.

Te fnal measure among our 10 measures was aggravaed assauls wih a frearm, he

mos serious nonaal gun-violence measure ha provides sae-level daa.

Te rankings o he srengh o sae gun laws are drawn rom a repor by he

Law Cener o Preven Gun Violence. Teir 2012 repor uses a 210-poin scale

based on dozens o caegories o gun regulaions o deermine he srengh o a


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saes gun laws. More deails on he repors mehodology can be ound awww.

smargunlaws.org. I should be noed ha his ranking o saes by he Law Cener

o Preven Gun Violence is no he only way o measure he srengh o gun laws.

Oher organizaions have produced similar rankings43 or singled ou several gun-

relaed laws or review.44 In he view o he auhors o his repor, however, he

Law Cener o Preven Gun Violence ranking was among he mos comprehensiveand well researched, and i relied on he mos up-o-dae sources.

Aggregating the measures

In order o deermine an aggregae ranking across he 10 oucomes, we calculaed

he mean ranking o each sae across he 10 measures. For saes ha did no

have daa or one or more o he measures, we calculaed he mean o only hose

measures in which hey appeared. Under his approach, each o he 10 measures

couns equally in he oucome o he aggregaed ranking.

Correlation is not causation

While his repor has demonsraed a correlaion beween he relaive srengh or

weakness o a saes gun-relaed laws and he prevalence o various ypes o gun

violence in he sae, his alone does no prove a direc causal link beween hese

wo acors. As discussed above, numerous acors inuence he raes o any ype o

violence or crime in a sae, including gun violence. Tis repor does no conclude

ha weak gun laws alone cause gun violence or ha srong gun laws alone preven

gun violence bu raher ha he associaion suggess a poenial causal relaionship.

Other methodological considerations

Wih respec o crime-gun race daa, i should be noed ha, while analysis o

race daa is a useul way o gauging inersae racking o crime guns, i has some

limiaions. Firs, crime-gun race daa does no accoun or all crime guns, as no

all crime guns are recovered by law enorcemen and no all crime guns ha arerecovered are raced. Second, or a variey o reasons, no all crime-gun races are

successul. In 2009 AF was unable o ideniy he source sae in 39 percen o

all race atemps.45 Despie hese limiaions on crime-gun race daa, i remains a

valuable source o inormaion regarding inersae racking o guns.
http://www.smartgunlaws.org/http://www.smartgunlaws.org/http://www.smartgunlaws.org/http://www.smartgunlaws.org/


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Methodology | www.americanprogress.o

Anoher acor ha inuences raes o gun violence in a sae is he law-enorce-

men pracices in he sae and local communiies. Vigorous and consisen

enorcemen o sae laws designed o preven gun violence is crucial o such laws

being eecive. Tis repor does no atemp o measure how eecively or ine-

ecively gun laws are enorced or o evaluae enorcemen o such laws in any o

he rankings discussed herein.


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Endnotes

1 Centers or Disease Control, WISQARS (Web-based In-jury Statistics Query and Reporting System): Fatal InjuryData, available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/atal.html (last accessed March 2013).

2 Ibid.

3 Politiact, Corey Booker says 34 Americans are killed byguns every day, December 27, 2012, available at http://www.politiact.com/new-jersey/statements/2012/dec/27/cory-booker/cory-booker-says-34-americans-are-killed-guns-ever/.

4 Centers or Disease Control, WISQARS: Fatal InjuryData.

5 Harvard School o Public Health, Firearm access is arisk actor or suicide, available at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/means-matter/risk/(lastaccessed March 2013).

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.


9 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School o Public Health,Center or Gun Policy and Research, Intimate PartnerViolence and Firearms (YEAR), available at http://www.

jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hop-kins-center-or-gun-policy-and-research/publications/IPV_Guns.pd.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid.


13 Child Trends Data Bank, Teen Homicide, Suicide, andFirearm Deaths, available at http://www.childtrendsda-tabank.org/?q=node/174 (last accessed March 2013).

14 American Academy o Pediatrics Policy Statement,Firearm-Related Injuries Aecting the Pediatric Popu-lation, available at http://neoreviews.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/130/5/e1416.ull (last accessedMarch 2013).


16 National Law Enorcement Ocers Memorial Fund,Law Enorcement Facts, available at http://www.nleom.org/acts/enorcement/(last accessed March2013).

17 Federal Bureau o Investigation, Uniorm CrimeReports: Violent Crime, available at http://www.bi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/violent-crime/violent-crime (last accessed

March 2013).

18 Federal Bureau o Investigation, Ocers FeloniouslyKilled, available at http://www.bi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/2011/ocers-eloniously-killed/ocers-eloniously-killed (last accessed March 2013).

19 Federal Bureau o Investigation, Table 27: Law Enorce-ment Ocers Feloniously Killed: Type o Weapon,20022011, http://www.bi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/2011/tables/table-27 (last accessed March 2013).

20 Federal Bureau o Investigation, Uniorm CrimeReports: Violent Crime.

21 Federal Bureau o Investigation, Aggravated Assault,available at http://www.bi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/violent-crime/aggravated-assault (last accessed March 2013).

22 Federal Bureau o I nvestigation, Uniorm Crime Reports:Violent Crime.

23 Mayors Against Illegal Guns, Trace the Guns: The LinkBetween Gun Law and Interstate Gun Tracking(2010), available at http://tracetheguns.org/report.pd,p.4.

24 Ibid, p. 5.

25 Ibid, p. 6.

26 Mayors Against Illegal Guns, Trace the Guns.

27 Ibid, p. 8.


29 Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Gun Laws Matter2012: Understanding the Link Between Weak Lawsand Gun Violence, available at http://smartgunlaws.org/gun-laws-matter-2012-understanding-the-link-between-weak-laws-and-gun-violence/(last accessedMarch 2013).

30 Noah Kristula-Green, Americas Gun Violence Map,The Daily Beast, July 20, 2012, available at http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/20/gun-violence.html.

31 Eric W. Fleegler and others, Firearm Legislation andFirearm-Related Fatalities in the United States,JAMA

Internal Medicine (2013), available at http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1661390; TheJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School o Public Health,Center or Gun Policy and Research, Legal status andsource o oenders frearms in states with the leaststringent criteria or gun ownership (2012).

32 Kevin Murphy, Missourians wont need sheris permis-sion to buy concealable gun, Kansas City Star, August27, 2007, available at http://www.wmsa.net/news/KCStar/kcs_072408_mo_wont_need_pta.htm.

33 Mayors Against Illegal Guns, The Impact oEliminating Missouris Background Check Require-ment (2013), available at https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:HI1_UbMrqy8J:libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/9/42/7/1365/MAIG_Back-ground_Checks_Charts_Missouri_2.28.13.pd+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj4Q9Zc8htqsakSsY8XR

Er_Pyqy7DrQmja35griqHO2TunjhDVpjhvIUrJv7y7gt-6T9ypdCF1mX2fgP8a_Dm9w6c1D44F8LScrnkd2SyJI-aAjrw4QeDk-a4l7bn2zHtjRP&sig=AHIEtbSnaYui7EsKsPx4s6KJ9GMYBeEJTQ.

34 Ibid.
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Endnotes | www.americanprogress.o

35 Daniel W. Webster, Proposals to Reduce Gun Violence:Protecting our Communities While Respecting theSecond Amendment, Testimony beore the SenateSubcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, andHuman Rights, February 12, 2013, available at http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pd/2-12-13WebsterTestimo-ny.pd.

36 Close Federal Gun Loophole, The Denver Post, April 20,2010, available at http://www.denverpost.com/opin-ion/ci_14916364.

37 Mayors Against Illegal Guns, Trace the Guns, n.32.

38 Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, ProhibitedPurchasers Generally Policy Summary (2012), availableat http://smartgunlaws.org/prohibited-purchasers-generally-policy-summary/.

39 Garen J. Wintemute and others, Eectiveness o Denialo Handgun Purchase by Violent Misdemeanants,(2002), available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdles1/nij/grants/197063.pd.

40 Stop Illegal Trafcking in Firearms Act o 2013 , 113thCong., 1st Sess., available at http://www.gpo.gov/dsys/pkg/BILLS-113s54rs/pd/BILLS-113s54rs.pd.

41 Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Straw PurchasesPolicy Summary (2012), available at http://smartgun-laws.org/straw-purchases-policy-summary/.

42 David S. Fallis and James V. Grimaldi, Va. data showdrop in criminal frepower during assault gun ban,The Washington Post, January 23, 2011, available athttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/22/AR2011012203452.html.

43 Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, Brady 2011State Scorecard, available at http://www.bradycam-

paign.org/stategunlaws/ (last accessed March 2013).

44 Mayors Against Illegal Guns, Trace the Guns; TheJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School o Public Health,Center or Gun Policy and Research, Legal status andsource o oenders frearms in states with the leaststringent criteria or gun ownership.

http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/2-12-13WebsterTestimony.pdfhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/2-12-13WebsterTestimony.pdfhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/2-12-13WebsterTestimony.pdfhttp://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_14916364http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_14916364http://smartgunlaws.org/prohibited-purchasers-generally-policy-summary/http://smartgunlaws.org/prohibited-purchasers-generally-policy-summary/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/197063.pdfhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/197063.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113s54rs/pdf/BILLS-113s54rs.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113s54rs/pdf/BILLS-113s54rs.pdfhttp://smartgunlaws.org/straw-purchases-policy-summary/http://smartgunlaws.org/straw-purchases-policy-summary/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/22/AR2011012203452.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/22/AR2011012203452.htmlhttp://www.bradycampaign.org/stategunlaws/http://www.bradycampaign.org/stategunlaws/http://www.bradycampaign.org/stategunlaws/http://www.bradycampaign.org/stategunlaws/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/22/AR2011012203452.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/22/AR2011012203452.htmlhttp://smartgunlaws.org/straw-purchases-policy-summary/http://smartgunlaws.org/straw-purchases-policy-summary/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113s54rs/pdf/BILLS-113s54rs.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113s54rs/pdf/BILLS-113s54rs.pdfhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/197063.pdfhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/197063.pdfhttp://smartgunlaws.org/prohibited-purchasers-generally-policy-summary/http://smartgunlaws.org/prohibited-purchasers-generally-policy-summary/http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_14916364http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_14916364http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/2-12-13WebsterTestimony.pdfhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/2-12-13WebsterTestimony.pdfhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/2-12-13WebsterTestimony.pdf


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Fact Sheet: Alaska Gun Violence | www.americanprogress.o

Alaskas gun-death rate is al

twice the national norm

20.3

Alaska

10.3

U.S. average

Gun deaths

per 100,000

people, 2010

From 2001 through 2010 Ala

had the highest gun-death r

among children aged 0-17 o

state in the country

Welcome to AlaskaTHE WORST STATE

forCHILDREN

Alaska was ranked dead last

received 0 out of 100 on the

2011 state scorecard from th

Brady Campaign

100

In 2009 Alaska exported crim

guns at a rate more than tw

times the national average

33.4

Alaska

14.1

U.S.

average

Exports per 100,000 inhabitan

FAcT ShEE T

Alaska Gun Violence

On key measures, Alaska has been hit harder by gun violence than any other state

in the country.

As o 2010, Alaska had he wors gun deah rae in he naion20.3 deahs per

100,000 people, almos wice he naional norm o 10.3 deahs per 100,000

people.1 Alaska had more suicides per capia rom guns han any oher sae in 2010, and

almos wo-and-a-hal imes he naional average.2

Am ong women and chi ldren, Alaskas rates of fa tal gun violen ce remai n

extraordinarily high.

From 2001 hrough 2010 Alaska had he highes gun homicide rae among

children ages 017 o any sae in he counry, a hree imes greaer han he

naional average.3

Te gun homicide rae among women in Alaska rom 2001 hrough 2010 was

12h wors in he counry.4

Those putting themselves in harms way to protect Alaskans from criminal gun

violence are at a higher risk to become victims of it.

Law-enorcemen ocers were eloniously killed by guns a a rae higher han all

bu wo oher saes beween 2002 and 2011.5

Al askas gun-safety rat ings are among the ver y worst in th e nati on.

Brady Campaign o Preven Gun Violence pu Alaska dead las 2011 sae score-

card o gun laws and gave he sae 0 ou o a possible 100 poins or sensible

gun-violence prevenion measures.6

Te Daily Beas lised Alaska as he hird deadlies gun sae in America in

2011 because o is combinaion o permissive gun laws and a high rae o gundeahs.7

Te Law Cener o Preven Gun Violence gave Louisiana an F, ranking i 39h

ou o he 50 saes.8


52/72


Alaskas distanc e from other state s does not stop it from contributing to il legal gun

trafficking and crime in other states.

In 2009 Alaska had he ourh-highes rae o guns sold inside he sae ha wen

on o be used in crimes in oher saesmore han double he naional average.

Tese crime-gun expors are a key marker o illegal gun racking.9

Endnotes

1 Centers or Disease Control and Prevention, Fatal InjuryData, available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/w

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America Under the Gun

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