American cars that have changed the automobile industry

KARLOVAČKA GIMNAZIJASREMSKI KARLOVCI

MATURSKI RAD

IZ ENGLESKOG JEZIKA

American cars that have changed the automobile industry

Mentor: Učenik:

Nebojša Pajić Aleksandar Poštić

Sremski Karlovci, maj 2010.

Contents

Contents......................................................................................................................................1

1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................3

2. The HEMI engine...................................................................................................................4

3. The V8 engine.........................................................................................................................5

4. Fresh from the assembly line..................................................................................................6

4.1. Basic information:............................................................................................................6

4.2. History:............................................................................................................................6

4. 3. Design:............................................................................................................................6

4.4. Characteristics:.................................................................................................................7

4.5. Ford model T today:.........................................................................................................7

3. US police force's finest...........................................................................................................8

5.1. Basic information:............................................................................................................8

5.2. History:............................................................................................................................8

5.3. Design:.............................................................................................................................8

5.4. Characteristics:.................................................................................................................9

5.5. Impala SS today:..............................................................................................................9

6. Chevrolet's wing...................................................................................................................10

6.1. Basic information:..........................................................................................................10

6.2. History:..........................................................................................................................10

6.3. Design:...........................................................................................................................10

6.4. Characteristics:...............................................................................................................11

6.5. Corvette Stingray today:................................................................................................11

7. Bigger is always better..........................................................................................................12


7.2. History:..........................................................................................................................12

7.3. Design:...........................................................................................................................12


7.5. Dodge Charger today:....................................................................................................13

8. The wild mustang..................................................................................................................14

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8.2. History:..........................................................................................................................14

8.3. Design:...........................................................................................................................14


8.5. Ford Mustang today:......................................................................................................15

9. Literature...............................................................................................................................16

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1. Introduction

When we talk about the advance in the automobile industry, then we have to remember the 30's and 60's. The problem in the 20's was to make the car easier to control. The Ford T was controlled mostly by handles.. The gas pedal didn't existed, there was a lever like on a tractor. The brake that we know today didn't existed either. There was a pedal that activated the engine brake similar to engine brakes that have buses and trucks today. This problem was solved very quickly by installing pedals. When this problem was solved, many car manufactures started to produce faster cars. "Speed and reliability" was the tag-line.

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2. The HEMI engine

The HEMI engine was born in the 50's. The first car with a hemi engine was a Jaguar, but it was a 6 - cylinder engine and it was the platform for the Chryslers V-8 HEMI that delivered 180 horsepower. 180 horsepower was a huge amount of power in the 50's, even some people never thought that they would see a 180 HP (horsepower) car in their lifetime. The first one was called the "331 HEMI" because it had a 331 cubic inch engine.

So, where comes this huge power from? First, there is one thing to explain. The most important thing is to use all the power we can get from an engine stroke. There are few thing that needs to be improved.

- all the gas in the cylinder has to be burned, so any unburned gas is unused energy

- the peek pressure should be at the right angle of the crankshaft so the maximum amount of energy is used

- for a greater explosion more air and fuel has to be sucked in the combustion chamber

- heat creates higher pressure, so the loss of heat on the chamber walls means loss of power

The HEMI engine has all of these advantages, but there are disadvantages too. The HEMI engine can have only 2 valves, but why? The name "HEMI" can explain it all. "HEMI" stands for its hemispherical design of the combustion chamber. So to put in a HEMI 4 valves would be very difficult and expensive. Some interesting fact: NASCAR uses cars with HEMI engines with 2 valves. The only problem is the rule that says: only HEMIs can be used with 2 valves. Now the question is: How are we going to put 4 valves into a HEMI engine?

And here is the answer! A redesign of the HEMI engine. The new modified engine has a pent roof design of the combustion chamber. This design has the same advantages as the hemispheric HEMI and it can have 4 valves. From now on we have the open road for some modifications and improving the engines. Later on in the HEMI engines were put 2 spark plugs so the whole gas is burned in the combustion chamber.

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Picture 1. - head overview

3. The V8 engine

As mentioned the Chrysler V-8 HEMI engine was over the limit. The confusing fact is what stands the "V" for in the name? The engine has 8 cylinders but not in a row, one after another, then the cylinders are positioned in a "V" shape. The "V" shape consumes less room so the cars were lighter and smaller. When the car is lighter that means... it can go faster. That's the tag-line: Speed and reliability! Let us see what advantages a V-engine can give to us.

Rolls-Royce Legalimit was the first car in the history that had a V8 engine and was made in 1904. The engine was so unreliable so it didn't last for long. Cadillac took the idea to improve it a little bit and to make it more reliable. The Cadillac L-head was born. It was created in 1914 and handmade. It was really unreliable but it did its job. There were also attempts and everyone failed! Till 1949. Ford made the first successful V8 engine, the only problem was the flathead design. And the same look and concept are used today. Two years later Chrysler answered to Ford. They build the 331 HEMI V8 that we had discussed earlier. From 1951 the V8 had a bright future.

Now let's see the heart of a V8. There are two types of a V8 engine. The first type is with the flat plane crankshaft, and the second with a cross plane crankshaft. The first ones had a flat plane crankshaft like a 4 piston engine. The first V8 with a cross plane crankshaft came up in 1929 (Cadillac).

There is a thing that is very important for a V8 engine. The first order and second order balance. If an engine has an imbalance the engine would tear itself apart if the vibrations are to strong. The first order balance is, the rocking moment that one piston would cause is directly cancelled by another at the other end of the engine. The second order imbalance, at any given instant, the velocities of the pistons traveling upward does not equal the negative velocities of the cylinders traveling downward. The net velocity of all eight cylinders is therefore not equal to zero, which causes vibrations. The flat plane V8 has a first order balance but a second order imbalance. The cross plane has a first order imbalance but a second order balance. This is why the cross plane V8s are still alive.

Out there are a lot of V8 enthusiasts and they all love the sound of a V8. Some say there are some engines that sound like two running four piston engines at the same time. That are the flat plane V8s. Everybody loves the sound of a V8, and this is a cross plane V8. This is because of the irregular firing order of the pistons so the pressure in the exhaust build up and then we can hear the noise in the tailpipe.

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Picture 2. - Exhaust sound scheme

Overview:

Manufacturer: FordModel: TProduction: 1908 - 1927Engine: 177 in3 (20 HP) Transmission: 2 speedWeight: 1,200 pounds (540 Kg)Fuel capacity: 10 gallons (38

4. Fresh from the assembly line

4.1. Basic information:

Sure you can guess the car. It's the Ford model T or so called "Tin Lizzie". The importance is not the car, it's the way this car is build. The "T" came from a assembly line as the first car that is not totally handcrafted. The first "T" came exactly 12.8.1908 from the assembly line and its production lasted till 1927. Of course there were significant changes in the design and in the engine. This car was made for the family and to be cheap, so the "Tin Lizzie" could run on gasoline, kerosene and ethanol. An interesting fact is that the Ford model T was declared as the car of the century, and we all know why. It was the first car that had interchangeable parts.

4.2. History:

There were 19 cars that were the predecessor of the Ford model T. The first prototype was the Ford model A. And the T was based on it. Before the T the Ford model S should be on the assembly line. The model S was a bigger version of the model N so it couldn't fit on the line. The Ford model T was on the move and ready to be sold.

4. 3. Design:

The first generation of the Ford model T was a open-body touring car. Closed cars are more expensive to build so Henry Ford continued to produce the T with a open body. The "T" didn't had any doors, so it got them in 1911 in the second generation. In 1915 Henry showed the closed version of the "T" as sedans, coupes and trucks. The truck was called the Ford model TT. The first generation of the model "T" had radiators and the lights were made out of brass, as light they used acetylene. The next generation got electric lights powered with a magneto until the cars got a battery as a source of electricity. The look of the car hadn't changed dramatically, only small changes were applied. America in the 1918 was covered in black. Why? Henry said: "The customer can have his car painted in any color he wants, as long as it remains black." The black color dried very fast and was cheap. To satisfy the needs of his customers there were 30 black colors at disposal.

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Picture 3. - Ford model T 1908

4.4. Characteristics:

The Ford T had a 177 cubic-inch four cylinder engine that delivered 20 horsepower. Top speed of the car was between 40 and 45 mph (64-72 kph), it depended on the model. The "T" was the first car with a detachable head so the repairs could be cheaper and faster. The fuel consumption was very low in that time 11.1 L in open road and 18.7 L in town conditions. A flywheel magneto was installed in the car so the spark plug could ignite. The flywheel magneto is similar to our modern alternator. For the starting of the engine there was a hand crank that created a small amount of electricity to start the engine. It was soon removed as the battery became the standard equipment in 1926. The "T" had a 10 gallon (38 liter) tank that was mounted beneath the driver's seat. They feed with fuel the carburetor with gravity. The fuel pump wasn't invented then. So, if you go up a steep hill and are low on fuel, the engine would shut down. The solution: go in reverse up the hill.

The Ford model T was a rear wheel drive vehicle. It had a three speed gearbox, but the third gear was reverse. There were 3 pedals. the right one was the engine brake, the middle pedal was the reverse gear, and the left one for changing between high and low gear.

The wheels were wooden artillery wheels, with steel welded-spoke. The tires were pneumatic clincher type tires because this type of tire could only sustain 4.1 bar pressure so the tires don't fall of the rims at greater speeds. A so high pressure made the ride very uncomfortable. There were 4 semi-elliptical spring that were mounted to the axels to soften the ride a little bit. And after all this we always get angry if we have a flat tire that was in the 20's more common.

A standard 4 seat open tourer cost 850 $ equivalent to 20.513 $ today. In the 1920 the price had fallen down to 290 $ (3.258 $) so an average man could buy a Ford T with a four month salary.

4.5. Ford model T today:

And still today the Ford model T is on the streets, mostly as hot rods. There is one type of hot rods called the T-bucket. The name tells it all. These hotrods have the base form a Ford Model T and they are extremely modified. They use the body from a model T roadster (2 seater). The shape of the body gives it the name because it really looks like a bucket. In these hot rods were mostly V8 HEMIs. This huge amount of power were transfer to really wide rear tires that could handle the power. The T-bucket is mostly made for street show-off, but there are enthusiast out there who spice it a little bit with huge engines. These are the only modifications, these hot rods look like a modern Ford model T and they represent the car of the century even today!

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Picture 4.- Custom T-Bucket Hotrod 2009

Overview:

Manufacturer: ChevroletModel: ImpalaProduction: 1958 - 2010Engine: 457 in3 (>500 HP) Transmission: 4 speedWeight: 3.900 pounds (1.800 Kg)Fuel capacity: 20 gallons (76 L)

3. US police force's finest


This shouldn't be a tough one. You can see it in many movies as a police car like in Smala Sussie, or The Bat people. And yes, it is the Chevrolet Impala. The Impala was the best sold car in its time. The first Impala was made in 1958 as a answer to the Ford Galaxy and Plymouth Fury. It was the most expensive model that Chevrolet created, but still it was sold very well. There are nine generations of the car and they are still produced. Sold over 13 million cars!

5.2. History:

There is not much to tell about its history. The first Impala came as a hardtop, and it was the first Chevrolet show off car. It didn't had an predecessor, a fresh new design. Chevrolet's engineers said: "prestige car within the reach of the average American citizen." And this was the Impala. An advertisement in the 60's: "Here is the luxury leader of the low-price field." The Impala was the American icon in the 80's, everybody loved the Impala SS (Super Sport edition 1964). It belongs to the fourth generation of the Impalas and the first SS model came out in 1961 as a hardtop.

5.3. Design:

The design was totally new. As a basic shape they took the Impala third generation but they added the Coke bottle design (the middle of the car was smaller than the front and the back of the car). This design gave it the muscle car look. The windows didn't had the outside rim like in the third generation, the dashboard was made out of wood, the front grill was out of aluminum. The X-frame was used in the fourth generation to give the car stability because the car was bigger than its predecessor. And the most important was the mark. From the beginning it was Super Sport, after 1966 it became Impala SS. And later on, it depended on the engine. If it had a 427 cubic-inch engine, then it would be SS427. First the SS and then the engine it was running. That was the scheme they used it till the end. The Impala SS was not a performance package anymore. It was a car model for itself!

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Picture 5.- Chevrolet Impala SS 1965


The Impala from 1961 had a 6 cylinder in-line engine and was the weakest of all Impalas. The engine was taken from fourth generation Impalas that didn't had the upgrade package called Z03. Then they came to a idea to put in a V8 348 cubic-inch 5.7L with 305 hp, 340hp and 350hp. This is the birth of the first Impala SS and it had the Z03 performance package. The Z03 package had the following upgrades: springs, shocks and special sintered metallic brake linings. In 1962 the Impala SS had the weakest package, an in-line 6 cylinder 235 cubic-inch 3.9 L 135hp engine. This was the only engine that was put in an Impala that wasn't a V8 HEMI engine. In 1969 Chevrolet brought the turbo-jet engines to the market. The strongest was the L72 engine with 427 cubic-inch 7.0L with 425 hp. It had special SS427 badging everywhere, inside and outside the car. This was the Impala SS 1968-1969. The fourth generation ends in the 1970 with the 427 engine that had 335 hp, and id wasn't even a SS but it had a Z24 upgrade package. The Impala SS stopped producing in 1969 until 1994 the first Impala SS eight generation came out.

5.5. Impala SS today:

The Impala has its ninth generation from 2005-present. The Impala SS lived only in 1994 and it wasn't really a success like the fourth generation. One thing still remains the same. The Impala from 1965 - 72 are the most powerful car in its class, if its SS or not. There are still enthusiasts who take care of this car and let this legend still live.

In 2007 the Impala ninth generation replaced the Chevrolet Monte Carlo. Now the spirit of the Impala is back on the racing track. NASCAR has another name for the Impala, they call it the "Car of tomorrow".

The Impala is still being used in the US police force. The ninth generation has two models for the police, the 9C1 and the 9C3, both with V6 engines. They haven't used the SS V8 engine with 303 hp because Chevrolet won't use SS engines on police cars that are wrecked every day. Instead, they put the SS package into today civilian cars.

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Picture 6. - Chevrolet Impala 2009 (9L1)

Overview:

Manufacturer: ChevroletModel: Corvette (Stingray)Production: 1952 - 2010Engine: 454 in3 (425 HP) Transmission: 3 speedWeight: 3.520 pounds (1.600 Kg)Fuel capacity: 36 gallons (136 L)

6. Chevrolet's wing6.1. Basic information:

In 1952 Chevrolet introduced the Corvette to the world. It was a 2-seater and remained today. They made 6 generations of the Corvette. The most important generation was the C3 generation because of it particular design. After the "Stingray" Aerodynamics got a whole new meaning! The "Stingray" began to exist in the C2 generation but hasn't anything new. It was only a platform for the next generation.

6.2. History:

Were going to talk about the "Stingray" in the C3 generation, so it has a quiet large history. Of course the C1 generation is its predecessor and the interesting fact is that it doesn't look like it is a Chevrolet. The Corvette C1 was more like a Jaguar E-Type. There are discussions that maybe the basic shape is taken from the Jaguar E-type. The C2 generation has a totally new design which looks more like a "Chevy". As told the C3 generation has the basic shape of the "C2 Stingray". There is still a problem the C3 Stingray was made as a prototype, and it was called Mako Shark II. The designer was Larry Shinoda and the concept was initiated in the early 1964.

6.3. Design:

Now the most important thing is the design. The prototype Mako Shark II has a platform and it was the Mako Shark I. The Mako Shark I was also a prototype for the C2 generation. The idea was to make a car to look like a fish. And, yes they made it. The redesign of the Mako Shark I to II was a success. Bill Mitchel the owner of Chevrolet was pleased with the work, but he didn't know what they created. As we all know fishes are hydrodynamic and a fish in the air would be aerodynamic. So this car is very aerodynamic! They didn't even know that. The car has a coefficient of an airplane wing. Mostly the C3 generation were coupe and convertible cars. All Corvettes have 2 doors so there is nothing to talk about.

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Picture 7. - Chevrolet Corvette Stingray 1974


The C3 Stingray from 1968 has the same engine from the C2 generation and had an automatic 3 speed transition. In 1969 there was a change and switching to small block engines. There were two small block engines, a 327 cubic-inch and a 350 cubic-inch. The most powerful was the ZL1 engine upgrade package which had 427 cubic-inch (7L) and delivered 430 hp. In 1971 they introduced a upgraded version of the ZR1. It was a 454 cubic-inch (7.4L) engine. This one was used till 1973. The reason - the ZR1 engine was a rare optional engine that consumed a lot of fuel, and the sales were low only 11.571 in 4 years!

In 1973 Corvette changed form a muscle car to a touring sports car. The radial tires have given the Stingray a much smoother and comfortable ride. In the next year the Stingray came with the L48 small block engine that delivered 195 hp. This little baby made 0-60 in 6.8 seconds. Many car magazines have test-driven the 1974 Stingray and all comments were a plus for the car. In 1975 ended the era of the real Stingray, because the production of the

most powerful 454 engine has stopped and the Stingray didn't had anymore the dual exhaust

system. From 1975 the Corvette should be more convenient so its basic package had a 205 hp engine but the Stingray became lighter. 0-60 in 7.7 seconds! This made the Stingray one of the fastest cars with an automatic transmission. The L48 and L82 engines became a little bit stronger in 1976 and that's the only big change till 1982 when the C3 generation ended.

6.5. Corvette Stingray today:

The Corvette still exists as the C6 generation. It's considered as the new American muscle car with more than 500 brake horsepower. From 1989 the Corvette is being used for the Indianapolis 500 pace cars. It may be the most successful American race car ever made. In 2009 Chevrolet introduced the Stingray concept. It is based on the C3 generation, but it is mixed a little bit with the C6 generation. Chevrolet said that the C6 generation won't end until 2012 . After that the C7 generation will come out. Will see if the C7 generation will be based on the Stingray concept 2009!

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Picture 8. - Mako Shark II 1965

Overview:

Manufacturer: DodgeModel: ChargerProduction: 1966 - 2010Engine: 426 in3 (375 HP) Transmission: 4 speedWeight: 3.520 pounds (1.600 Kg)Fuel capacity: 19 gallons (72 L)

7. Bigger is always better7.1. Basic information:

If you hear "General Lee" or "Dukes of Hazzard" then you should know what car we are talking about. The famous Dodge Charger performed series of jumps in the TV series "Dukes of Hazzard". They call it "General Lee" There are 3 Chargers we have to consider. The first one is the huge rear wheel drive muscle car made 1966-1978 in 4 generations. The next one is the is the front wheel drive hatchback made 1983-1987. The last one is the 2006 Dodge Charger, a rear wheel drive sports sedan.

7.2. History:

The Dodge Charger was born in1966 based on the Chrysler B platform. (That's why it call the B-body.) Why a new Dodge if they had the Cornet? Because in 1964 Pontiac lunched its GTO, Buick the Gran Sport, Oldsmobile the 442. All these were new stronger muscle cars that had a modern design and were better on the track than the Cornet. Magazines said: "The Cornet's styling and design was conservative!" So something had to be done to improve the sales. The next thing... 1966 the birth of the Charger!

7.3. Design:

The design is brand new. Based on B-body. The length of the car is astonishing! 5283mm and the width 1948mm. There was an idea to put the rotating headlights into the Charger. They took it from the 1942 DeSoto and when the headlight are off you cant's see them. You can see only a huge one piece grill. The new dashboard was huge just like the whole car. Electroluminescent light were put into the dashboard. The charger was the first car with electroluminescent lighting. In 1968 as the sales dropped a new design was in order. Richard Sias, the designer, improved the design with the coke bottle styling, and the double diamond style. The former taillight that was across the whole rear end was gone. the only thing the second generation had the same with the first generation was the dashboard. After Dodge tried in NASCAR they discovered a big problem. As the Dodge hits 250 kph it was like on ice. the design is more like an airplane wing. It was hard to control because the rear end lifted with the speed. So in 1968 they put a spoiler . This was the first American muscle car that had a spoiler!

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Picture 9. - Electroluminescent dashboard


Because of the size of the car the weight was a serious problem. So they had to put a powerful engine. In the standard package 318 cubic-inch (5.2 L) V8. The most powerful was the mighty 426 HEMI V8. There were 3 transmissions in sale. One 3-speed automatic and two manual, one 3 speed called "three on the tree", and one 4 speed called "four on the floor". In 1967 Dodge give a another engine. It was the 440 Magnum, rated at 375 hp. The R/T performance package came for the 440 Magnum engine in 1968. R/T stands for Road/Track. These upgrades have made the crowd crazy. In 1967 the sales were around 16,000. Only in 1968 96,000 Chargers were sold, including over 17,000 with the R/T package. In 1969 Dodge launched the Dodge Charger R/T SE. SE stands for special edition. The Se didn't brought anything new except leather interior, wooden inserts and chrome bumpers. Dodge wanted with the SE to compare in the NASCAR series. Unfortunately it was a total failure! So to get to their goal, the NASCAR. The Dodge Charger was the platform for two rare cars. The Dodge Daytona and Charger 500.

7.5. Dodge Charger today:

Today the Dodge Charger lives as a legend under the muscle cars. Many enthusiast use it as a drag racing car. To prove how rare this car is here is an example. In Europe a rusty body of a Dodge Charger without engine costs 4000 €. There is no interior nor wheels. Dodge made a new Dodge LX to look like a modern Charger R/T but many fans said that the Charger 1969 is the one and only and it can't be modernized. In 2001 "The fast and furious" came out. In the end of the move you can see a black Charger R/T SE 1969 that has some modifications to look like a 1970 Charger. This movie shows the soul of the Charger. Many teenagers through this move have now interest in the Dodge Charger. So do we really need a movie to teach our children about the legends?

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Picture 10. - Dodge Charger R/T SE 1970

Overview:

Manufacturer: FordModel: MustangProduction: 1964 - 2010Engine: 429 in3 (375 HP) Transmission: 4 speedWeight: 2.570 pounds (1.170 Kg)Fuel capacity: 15 gallons (59 L)

8. The wild mustang


The Mustang is the second most successful model after the Ford A. An interesting fact is that smaller muscle cars are called "pony cars". The Ford Mustang was one of it. Actually it created the pony car class. Pony cars are sport coupes with long hoods and a short rear. Ford launched the Mustang as an answer to the Camaro SS. The interesting thing is how it got its name. You think it is by the horse, but you may be wrong! It got the name form the Americas most successful airplane in that time. The Mustang P-51 that brought the victory in World War II.

8.2. History:

The first Mustang was made on the 17th

of April 1964. It was based on the second generation of the Ford Falcon. Henry Ford II wanted the car to appeal to women and to attract man too. The design was created in a week. Which is amazingly fast if we consider that this is the most beautiful car America has ever made. There are five generations of the Ford Mustang. The most successful are the first and the fifth generation. The fifth generation is a total makeover of the first generation and it has been done great. The first generation has been a huge success, until the Oil crisis in 1973.

8.3. Design:

The first prototype was a 2-seater, roadster with a mid-positioned engine. Later on they designed a 4-seater. As told before. the base model was the second generation of the Ford Falcon. Every Mustang had only two doors witch didn't changed even today. The designers had five goals: the car should have 4 seats, a floor mounted shifter, to weight less than 2500 pounds, to be shorter than 180 inches and to sell it for 2500 $. In other words. To be a luxury, powerful and comfortable low-priced car. To decrease the production expenses they used the same parts as the Ford Fairlane and Falcon. With a 6-cylinder engine it had 2.570 pounds and with a V8 it had 3000 pounds. They had something to do to decrease the weight.. The next step was decreasing the wheelbase and this one really worked.

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Picture 11. - Ford Mustang 1965 (softop)


The cheapest Mustang in 1965 had a straight 6-cylinder 170 cubic-inch (2.8 L) engine with a 3-speed manual transmission. The most powerful engine in 1965 came with the GT (Gran-touring) package. It was a V8 289 with 225HP. Maybe they had to put a bigger V8 but the bigger engine was also heavier. So the Mustang with the 289 engine had only 2.570 pounds (1.170kg). It had the best power to weight ratio. in 1966 Ford offered a Rally-Pac. This pack had the first AM/FM monaural radio. In 1967 a major redesign happened so the car can fit big-block V8 engines. They tuned up the GT package and the 289 engine up to 320 hp. They had also a Mustang with a 390 engine and a 4-speed manual transmission. 1/4 mile in 13 seconds recorded with this model. So ford wanted to spice it up. Another option was the drag racer with a 428 Cobra Jet engine rater at 335 hp. These Mustangs had a "R" on their badge which meant "racer". In 1969 by restyling the Mustang got 97mm in length. They mounted a 302 engine as the standard package. The 302 was rated at 220 hp. The 1969 302 Mustang was a platform for another racer, called Boss 302 Mustang to meet the Trans Am rules. After that Ford wanted their most successful car to put into professional racing. They made the Boss 429 Mustang for the NASCAR series.

8.5. Ford Mustang today:

There is no man in the world who doesn't know the Ford Mustang. it hasn't to be the first generation. Many people remember the old 60's and 70's. The old mustang is really rare now and highly priced. Only the wealthiest people can afford one. But still today Ford is producing the fifth generation that looks pretty much like the old one. The designers did a great job and kept the main lines that made the Ford Mustang attractive. The Ford Mustang 2010 is now officially in the NASCAR series so they open a new page in the Ford Mustang history.

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Picture 12. - Ford Mustang 2010

9. Literature

1. J. "Kelly" Flory, Jr. "American cars, 1960 to 1972"

2. J. "Kelly" Flory, Jr. "American cars, 1946 to 1959"

3. Heon Stevenson "American automobile advertising, 1930 to 1980"

4. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hemi.htm

5. http://craig.backfire.ca/pages/autos/v8-engines

6. http://www.ritzsite.nl/FORD_1/05_eford.htm

7. http://www.rarecarrelics.com/

8. http://www.chevrolet.com/impala/

9. http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles.php?resultsStyle=asImages&sortBy=4&make=Chevrolet&model=Impala&modelMatch=1&modelInclModel=on

10. http://www.impalaforums.com/resource-center/238822-history-of-the-chevrolet-impala-1958-2011-a.html

11. http://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Chevrolet/Corvette//

12. http://www.chevrolet.com/corvette/

13. http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=Dodge+Charger

14. http://www.fordvehicles.com/cars/mustang/?space=Cars

15. http://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Ford/Mustang//

16. http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23256/american-classic-ford-mustang

17. http://www.deviantart.com/

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