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American Education Policy
What Works
Link to Education data
Chapter 9 key terms
Expanding the federal role race\religion Unequal funding –states
serano v priest; San Antonio v Rodriquez Equality outside the US Merit pay, Bilingual ed School vouchers, pro and con Charter schools | NCLB
The Coleman Report
James S. Coleman, et. al., “Equality of Educational Opportunity”, 1966
surveyed 600,000 students, 60,000 teachers, 4,000 schools
study required by 1964 Civil Rights Act, purpose: to measure the lack of equal
educational opportunity in the U. S.
Findings:
schools serving black pupils not physically inferior to schools serving white pupils.
money spent, class size, laboratories,guidance counseling, teacher salaries,teacher qualification had no effecton academic achievement.
Findings..............
Students with parents with high socio-economic status (SES) had higher scholastic achievement.
Students who went to school with students whose parents had high SEShad higher scholastic achievement.
Thomas F. Pettigrew
reanalyzed Coleman’s data: Black students attending mostly white
schools averaged two grade levels higher achievement than black pupils in segregated schools.
White students’ in integrated schoolsno worse than white students in segregated schools.
Policy Implications:
Stop worrying about money? Family background: compensate with:
HEAD START. Peer Group Influences:
SCHOOL BUSING
David Armour:
“The Evidence on Busing,” 1972 study of the effects of a Boston School
Busing program
Findings:
Black students bused to white schools did not improve their performance relative to those who were not bused.
Bused students were more likely to go on to better colleges
other studies generally support these findings.
Coleman Report II
“Trends in School Desegregation” Private schools more integrated than
public schools (sort of) School Busing causes “White Flight” (not a very good study)
What about HEAD START?
1968 Ohio-Westinghouse Study No long-term cognitive gains for Head
Start pupils compared to similar non-Head Start pupils.
subsequent studies equally divided.
Perry Pre-School Program(controlled experiment)
66 students in long-term high quality program. no long-term improvement in cognitive scores. BUT..
more likely to be employed, go to college 20% fewer drop outs, less crime fewer special education assignments
Other studies:
Compensatory education program show no effect
Worker training programs show no effect. Whole Language learning (vs. phonics) Bilingual Education
So, What Does Work?
Coleman Report III
“High School Achievement,” 1982 Compares students in public high
schools with students in private (Catholic) high schools.
Measures changes in Reading, Science and Math during high school.
Comparison based on students with similar family SES
Findings
Private school students do better BECAUSE:
more academic course workmore homeworkbetter attendancestricter discipline
Public Schools can do the same thing
Other studies:
Project STAR (1990) – small class size in early grades has long term positive effect. (controlled experiment)
Vouchers: Harvard study (2000) finds 9% gain for black students after two years on school vouchers (experiment in New York, Washington and Dayton).
Other Possibilities
Single-Sex Education Longer School Days \ School Year Standardized Testing Ending Social Promotion Merit Pay Home Schooling Parenting skills
Liberal Programs Bilingual Education Affirmative Action Multicultural
Education School busing Whole language
learning Teacher salaries Finance equity
Social promotion Self esteem Student rights Critical thinking
(sort of) New math Sex education
Conservative programs
Higher standards Local control School Vouchers School Prayer Discipline Home schooling Higher teacher
standards
Phonics Back to basics Merit pay for
teachers Old math Abstinence
education Standardized test Local standards
Neither Liberal nor Conservative
Longer school day Longer school year Same sex schools (con?) Smaller class size (lib?) Smaller schools School uniforms (con?)