American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Economic Interests1. Economic Interests1. Economic Interests1. Economic Interests

•U.S. wants to open up new markets that will import U.S. goods.•U.S. wants to gain access to new raw materials to feed growing U.S. industries.

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests•U.S. should build

up its merchant fleet•To protect the merchant fleet, the U.S. needed refueling stations and bases throughout the world

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurden

The Hierarchyof Race

The Hierarchyof Race

•There are superior and inferior races in the world.

•As the greatest race, it is the white man’s burden (job) to educate, civilize, and uplift the “lesser” races of the world.

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

•Believed it was their Christian duty to spread the faith to “heathen” lands around the world.

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

•All land on the North American is claimed.

•America would have to look elsewhere to find new markets and sources of raw materials.

Purchase of AlaskaPurchase of Alaska

• In 1867 In 1867 William SewardWilliam Seward bought bought Alaska from Russia Alaska from Russia for $7.2 millionfor $7.2 million

• Critics dubbed this Critics dubbed this ““SewardSeward’’s follys folly””

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

•Missionaries were the first Americans to establish a presence in Hawaii.

•Goal: Bring Christianity to the “savage” island people.

Sugarcane in HawaiiSugarcane in HawaiiSugarcane in HawaiiSugarcane in Hawaii

•Other Americans arrive in Hawaii to become sugar plantation owners.

•Hawaii’s economy flourishes with 1875 treaty that allows sale of Hawaiian sugar without a duty.

•White planters force Bayonet Constitution on Hawaiians

• Only wealthy white planters can vote

• Pearl Harbor is given to U.S.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

•Liliuokalani comes to power and states she will get rid of the Bayonet Constitution.•Hawaii for Hawaiians!!!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

McKinley Tariff hurts Sugarcane planters

Desire to become U.S. territory to avoid tariffs

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen led anbusinessmen led anuprising against uprising against Queen Queen LiliuokalaniLiliuokalani

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole becomes the President becomes the President of the Republic of of the Republic of Hawaii Hawaii

Bill Clinton signs a formal apology to the Hawaiians on November 23, 1993

Spheres of Spheres of InfluenceInfluence

Spheres of Spheres of InfluenceInfluence

•Great Britain, Russia, France, Germany and Japan carved out spheres of influence. •U.S. is the last imperial power to arrive in China.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Righteous and The Righteous and Harmonious Fists.Harmonious Fists.

Disliked foreign Disliked foreign imperialists.imperialists.

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

•The Japanese were isolated for hundreds of years.•Everything changes when Commodore Matthew Perry arrives.

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854 •Perry’s

modern fleet and weapons intimidate Japan.

•They realize that resistance is futile.

•Japan’s ports open to U.S. trade.

Background of CubaBackground of Cuba

• Cuba is one of Spain’s Cuba is one of Spain’s last colonies in the last colonies in the western hemisphere. western hemisphere.

• Want independence Want independence and begin revolting. and begin revolting.

• Leaders are exiled and Leaders are exiled and some come to the U.S. some come to the U.S.

Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler’’s s ““ReconcentrationReconcentration”” Policy Policy

Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler’’s s ““ReconcentrationReconcentration”” Policy Policy

•Real and exaggerated reports of Spanish misrule.•Americans become sympathetic for Cuban cause.

““Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism””““Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism””

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

““You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I and I’’ll furnish the war!ll furnish the war!””

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weakweak

Insult to national prideInsult to national pride

Leads to increasing Leads to increasing tension between Spain tension between Spain and U.S.and U.S.

• In 1898 In 1898 battleship battleship Maine exploded Maine exploded in Havana, in Havana, CubaCuba

• 266 Americans 266 Americans die & ship sunkdie & ship sunk

• It was there to It was there to protect protect Americans and Americans and their their investmentsinvestments

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

““That Splendid Little WarThat Splendid Little War””

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

““That Splendid Little WarThat Splendid Little War””The The ““Rough Rough

RidersRiders””The The ““Rough Rough

RidersRiders””

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam to the U.S.Guam to the U.S.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

•Teller Amendment to war resolution promised Cuba would not become a colony, BUT

•Cuba essentially becomes a U.S. colony in every way but in name

Dewey in the PhilippinesDewey in the PhilippinesDewey in the PhilippinesDewey in the Philippines•Despite U.S. promises to Filipinos during the Spanish-American War, the island nation is not granted independence.

•Philippine resistance against U.S. begins.

•Dewey and U.S. adopt same methods of control as Spain had used (concentration camps).

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

U.S. supported his U.S. supported his independence independence movement against movement against Spain, then declared Spain, then declared him an outlaw.him an outlaw.

Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War

• U.S. appointed a U.S. appointed a governor, who would governor, who would appoint the upper appoint the upper house of the legislaturehouse of the legislature

• Filipinos would select Filipinos would select lower houselower house

• The Philippines did not The Philippines did not become an become an independent country independent country until July 4until July 4thth, 1946., 1946.