American History - Klein Independent School...

American History STAAR Review – Part 2

George Washington’s Presidency

_______________: act or decision that sets an example for others to follow, like a tradition

Precedent

Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy

• Created the cabinet• Hamilton and the

Department of Treasury set up the national bank to stabilize the national economy

• Crushed the Whiskey Rebellion to establish the authority of national government

• Wanted to stay neutral

• Jay’s Treaty with England (removed redcoats)

• Pickney’s Treaty with Spain (allowed U.S. to use MI River)

• Set many precedents: Mr. President, cabinet, 2 terms, Farewell Address

• Farewell address: Warned against permanent alliances and political parties

America’s First Political Parties

• In Congress, and across the nation, differences in beliefs existed about the ____________________________on several issues, many ________

• By the mid- 1790s, these differing beliefs took shape into 2 distinct political parties, ____________ and ________________________

Federalists Democratic – Republicans

Leader: Alexander HamiltonFavored: • Rule by the wealthy• Strong Federal Gov’t• Emphasis on Manufacturing• Loose interpretation of the

Constitution• British alliance• National Bank• Protective Tariffs

Leader: Thomas JeffersonFavored: • Rule by the people• Strong State Gov’t• Emphasis on Agriculture• Strict interpretation of the

Constitution• French alliance• State Banks• Free trade

role of the national government economic

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Federalists or Democratic Republican?

“State governments should be given more power. The national government can already do too much!”

Democratic Republican

“Protective Tariffs will help American manufacturing businesses”

Federalists

“I believe the Constitution has implied powers, meaning powers not written directly in the Constitution”Federalists

John Adam’s Presidency


• Alien and Sedition Act: limited the criticism of the national government

• Naturalization Act: Made it harder to become a citizen

• VA and KY Resolutions: States’ Right to nullify these laws in their state

• XYZ Affair: America’s poor relationship with France led to Adams increasing the national Army and creating a navy

• Marbury vs. Madison led to Judicial Review

• Used diplomacy to avid war

Judicial Review

Adam’s Midnight

Appointments

Supreme Court Case Marbury vs. Madison

Outcome of case: Judicial

Review

________________: The right of the Supreme Court to determine if a law is constitutional or not

Judicial Review

Gibbons vs. OgdenIssue: Dispute over who has the right to operate steamboats between New York and New Jersey

Outcome: Supreme Court ruled Federal law is above state law and Congress has the power to regulate commerce among several states

McCulloch vs. MarylandIssue: Maryland tried to put a tax on the National Bank to kill it in its states

Outcome: Supreme Court ruled the National Bank is CONSTITUTIONAL because it is “necessary and proper”

Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency


• Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million in 1803

• Economic Policy “Laissez Faire” which means let alone (government should leave the economy alone)

• Passed Embargo Act, which failed, and later Non-Intercourse Act to deal with impressment from England and France

• 2 Terms• Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the U.S.

• Lewis and Clark Expedition gained knowledge of the Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase

Draw in the Louisiana Territory on to the map below:

James Madison’s Presidency


• War Hawks in Congress wanted war with Great Britain to gain territory in Canada

• After war, built roads and canals to help transport goods in the expanding nation

• War of 1812 against Great Britain

• Treaty of Ghent

• War of 1812 is best known as “Mr. Madison’s War”

War of 1812

Causes• Impressments• Trade Embargos• War Hawks

Major Events• Burning of Washington D.C.• Treaty of Ghent (no land exchanged)• Battle of New Orleans (Jackson becomes famous)

Effects• War increased manufacturing of

supplies which helped boost the U.S. into the Industrial Revolution

Mr. Madison’s War

James Monroe’s Presidency


• Missouri Compromise: Missouri admitted as slave state and Maine as free, 36’30 line created and no more slavery above that line

• Era of Good Feelings: time of growth and expansion

• Adams-Onis Treaty: paid Spain $5 million for Florida

• Monroe Doctrine: warned Europe to stay out of Western affairs

• Monroe Doctrine was a policy of Neutrality

Washington vs. Monroe Venn Diagram

Washington’s Farewell Address

Monroe’sMonroe Doctrine

Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram above. In the differences area, explain the presidents policy. In the similarity area, explain why these two domestic policies are similar.

• Speech gave at the end of 2nd term

• Warned against political parities and permanent alliances

• Set precedent of neutrality and

giving a farewell address

• Warned European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere

• Policy continued throughout U.S. History

Both were policies of

Neutrality

Andrew Jackson

In the _______________, there was no winner because no one won the majority of the electoral college votes. __________________made a deal with Speaker of the House, ______________, saying that if the House of Representatives choose Adams as President, J.Q. Adams would make Henry Clay the _________________. The House of Representatives choose J.Q. Adams as president and Andrew Jackson called this the “________________”. However, voting requirements changed between 1824 and 1828, allowing Jackson to win by a landslide 1828!

Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams

Henry Clay

Secretary of State

Corrupt Bargain

Voting Requirements

Election of 1824 Election of 1828

• White• Male• 21 or older• Own Property

• White• Male• 21 or older

How did the Election of 1828 expand suffrage?

Gave more people, who did not own property, the right to vote.

Andrew Jackson

The Democratic Party that we have today first started with Andrew Jackson. Complete the diagram below to see the progression of political parties throughout American history.

Federalists: 1790s-1815Democratic Republicans:

1790s

Republicans: 1820s

National Republican (Whig)

Republicans - 1854

Jacksonian Democrat

Democrats – 1830s

Andrew Jackson and the Nullification Crisis

The Story: Congress passed a Tariff of 1828 that increased tariffs on goods from Europe. This Protective Tariff protected Northern Industries while making products more expense for Southern planters. Southerners nicknamed this tariff the “Tariff of Abominations”, because they hated it so much. Vice President John C. Calhoun believed in states’ rights, and believed states could limit the power the of National government in their own state. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act which declared the tariff illegal in their state. South Carolina threatened to secede, withdraw, if the tariff was not lifted. Henry Clay created a compromise lowering the tariff but also giving the President more power to use force if a state threatened to secede again.

Cause: Effects:

Nullification Crisis

• Tariff helped the North at the expense of the South

• South Carolina tries to nullify the tariff and threatens to secede from the Union

• Henry Clay creates a compromise that lowers the tariff but gives the president more power to use force if a state threatens to secede

Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act• Indian Removal Act: Gave the president power to move Native Americans west

of the Mississippi River• Jackson began to remove many Native American tribes in the Southeast to

Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma

Cherokees refused to move and took their case

to the Supreme Court

Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees

and said they could stay in Georgia

Worcester vs. Georgia

Ho

wev

er… • President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s

ruling and made the Cherokees move anyways• Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Native Americans

to Indian Territory where they lost their homeland and many lost their lives on the way

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny: The belief in the God given right that America should expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific

What do you see in this picture that relates to Manifest Destiny?

Westward Expansion Map

Label: 1. Original 13

Colonies2. Northwest

Territory3. Florida4. Louisiana

Purchase5. Oregon Country6. Texas

Annexation7. Mexican Cession8. Gadsden

PurchaseO

rigi

nal 1

3 Co

loni

es

Northwest Territory

Florida

Louisiana Purchase

Oregon Territory

Texas Annexation

Mexican Cession

Gadsden Purchase


Oregon Country,

1846

Economic Social Political

Fur Trade Bring Christianity to Native Americans

Split the territory with Great Britain at the 49th parallel


Texas Annexation,

1845


Texas could pay off war debt with money from annexation

Many Americans lived in Texas

Polk won election of 1844 by supporting annexation of Texas


Mexican Cession,

1848

Gadsden Purchase,

1853


U.S. paid $15 million for Cession and $10 million for Gadsden after Mexican War

Gain California and Utah, which led to Gold Rush and Mormon Migration

Ended the disputes between Mexico and the U.S.



Agriculture, shipping, and trade expanded

Many groups,49ers, rushed to California, boomtowns

California applied for statehood as a free state

California Gold Rush,

1849

U.S.-Mexican War

Texas gains independence from Mexico

Texas as a Republic

Texas is annexed to the U.S.

Mexico is angered by Texas annexation

Border disputes lead to fighting

Mexican American War

Treaty of G.H./Mexican Cession

U.S. buys Gadsden Purchase

Manifest Destiny done

Mexican-American WarTexas gains independence

from MexicoManifest Destiny is

complete

Texas as a RepublicU.S. buys Gadsden

PurchaseTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,

U.S. gains Mexican Cession


Border disputes leads to fighting


U.S.-Mexican War

Texas gains independence from Mexico

Texas as a Republic



Border disputes lead to fighting

Mexican American War

Treaty of G.H./Mexican Cession

U.S. buys Gadsden Purchase

Manifest Destiny done

Causes of War with Mexico Effects of war with Mexico

1. Texas Annexation2. Border dispute between the

Nueces river and the Rio Grande

1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo2. America gained the Mexican

Cession

Industrial Revolution

• _______________built the first factory in the U.S. after he memorized the plans and brought them from England

• Factory System: a system of bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency

• _____________________opened the first textile mill in Massachusetts using the factory system

Francis Cabot Lowell

Samuel Slater

North: Rocky, thin soil, rushing rivers, coal and iron supply, good coasts for portsSouth: Fertile soil, swampy coasts, long growing season

• Soil was rocky and could not farm• Many rushing rivers for power• Close to coal and iron for supplies• Close to many ports for trading

How was the geography different in the North and the South?

Most of the factories were in the North because….


Invention Inventor What did it do? What was its effect?

Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Machine that removed the

seeds from the cotton fibers

Increase the need to slave labor, slave trade, and

increased cotton growing in the

South


Invention Inventor What did it do? What was its effect?

Interchangeable Part

Eli Whitney Parts that could be put together

to create a product

Mass production of goods, use of assembly lines, lowered cost of

goods


Transportation Inventor/Builder

What did it do? What was its effect?

Steamboats Robert Fulton, Clermont was

the first steamboat to

travel from New York to Albany

Steam engines used to power boats up river

against a current

Improved the transportation of goods that was

cheaper and faster


Transportation Inventor/Builder

What did it do? What was its effect?

Transcontinental Railroad

N/A Connected the Pacific to the Atlantic coast

Brought new settlers to the

west and opened up new markets

and towns

Population Growth in Urban Centers

What are reasons why population is growing in urban areas and shrinking in rural areas?

Towns developed on railroad lines and canal

People are moving west Example: Boomtowns in California

People move to cities in search of new economic opportunities

Women migrating to cities to work in factories

www.elderweb.com

http://www.elderweb.com/book/appendix/1800-1990-changes-urbanrural-us-population

Reform Movements

Reform Movement What they were reforming?

Important Individuals

Impact/Significance?

Abolitionists Movement

William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman

- 13th Amendment freed slaves after the Civil War - Paved the way for the Women’s Rights Movement

End slavery in the U.S.

Reform Movements


Important Individuals


Women’s Rights Movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

- Held first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848, wrote the Declaration of Sentiments - Women eventually gained the right to vote in 1920

Suffrage (voting) for women

Reform Movements


Important Individual(s)


Temperance Movement

Carrie Nation 18th Amendment which banned the production and sale of alcohol (later repealed by the 21st)

Campaign against the sale and drinking of alcohol that was linked to alcohol abuse and breaking up families

Reform Movements




Prison Reform and Care of the

Disabled

Dorthea Dix –went to teach Sunday school in prisons

Improvements in prison life through laws

Terrible treatment of mentally ill and prisoners in prison

Reform Movements




Public Education

Horace Mann Free public education expanded

Education was seen as a way to decrease poverty and crime

Reform Movements




Labor Reform Organized reform for better wages and working conditions

Labor Unions – organized workers in same job

Went on strike till demands were met

Immigration

Immigrant group Why did they come? What did they do?

Irish Immigrants Potato Famine Settled in cities, found jobs in factories and mills

Chinese Immigrants Many heard about the Gold that could be found in California

Many settled in San Francisco and worked on the Transcontinental Railroad

____________________: a person who moves from one country to another. Such a movement is called ______________________

Immigrant

Immigration

Free-Enterprise System

_____________________________: the freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation

What are the benefits to a free-enterprise system?

Free-Enterprise System

North vs. South Perspective on Slavery

Northern Perspective Southern Perspective

•Slavery was a moral issue

•Slavery was evil

•If slavery was not abolished, it could bring God’s judgment

•Slavery was an economic necessity

•Slavery was a way of life and part of their society

•Wanted to move slavery west

The North and the South had differing view on slavery. This was a leading cause of the Civil War.

Causes of the Civil War

Right of a state to limit the power of the Federal government

Tax on imports that protected Northern industries at the expense of Southern planters

John C. Calhoun and S. Carolina threaten to secede if tariff of 1828 and 1832 is not lifted

South saw this as an economic necessity, however North saw it as a moral issue

Book by H.B. Stowe about the evils of slavery, abolitionists movement grows in the North

Kansas and Nebraska would use popular sovereignty to determine slavery in their state

Settlers from both sections rushed to Kansas to vote, violence broke out, mini-civil war

Abe Lincoln becomes the first Republican President and S. Carolina is first to secede

States’ Rights

States’ Rights

Tariff of 1828 and 1832

Tariff of 1828 and 1832

Nullification

Crisis

Nullification Crisis

Slavery

Slavery

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas

Election of

1860

Election of 1860

Compromises

Because the North and the South could agree on many issues, ________________ came up with several compromises to help keep the Union together for a short time before the Civil War.

Henry Clay

Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850

1. Missouri would be a slave state2. Maine would be a free state3. Creation of 36’30’’ line – no slavery

above that line in the Louisiana Territory only

1. California would be a free state2. Harsher fugitive slave law3. New Mexico and Utah will use

popular sovereignty to determine slavery

1. In the Missouri Compromise, why did Missouri and Maine have to be admitted at the same time?

2. What parts of each compromise would the South agree with, and which parts would the North agree with?

So the number of slave and free states would stay equal in Congress

South: Missouri slave state and harsher fugitive slave lawNorth: Maine free state and California free state

People of the Compromises

John C. Calhoun: Supporter of states’ rights in the Nullification Crisis, from South Carolina

Daniel Webster: Did not support states’ rights in the Nullification Crisis

Henry Clay: Came up with the following compromises: Great Compromise, Missouri Compromise, and Compromise of 1850

Dred Scott Decision

The Story: ___________moved with his owner from a ________state to a _______ state. When his owner died, Scott sued for his ____________

Dred Scott slave free

freedom

Supreme Court’s

decided…

1. Slaves were not citizens and could

not bring lawsuit to court

2. Slaves were property

3. Congress could not ban slavery in

territories

4. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Civil War Leaders

President

General

Other important individual

President

General

Other important individual

Union Confederacy

Abe Lincoln

Ulysses S. Grant

William Sherman

Jefferson Davis

Robert E. Lee

Stonewall Jackson

William Carney: 1st African Am. to receive Congressional Medal of Honor

Phillip Bazaar: 1st Hispanic to receive Congressional Medal of Honor

The Civil War Battles

Battle Date What Happened Importance

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 South refused to give up fort, firing broke out but no one was injured

First battle of the Civil War

Antietam Sept 18, 1862 Confederate loss, bloodiest battle of war

Lincoln used victory to issue Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Confederate loss meant they would never invade Union again

Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address after this battle

Appomattox Courthouse

April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee (confederate commander) surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant (Union commander)

Civil War is over, Union Victory

Assassination of Lincoln

April 15, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in Ford’s theatre

Reconstruction will look very differently than what Lincoln wanted

Lincoln’s Wise Words

Which idea, liberty, union, equality, or government, is being described in each of Lincoln’s quotes below?

“I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” - Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address

“That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” - Gettysburg Address

Government

Union

Reconstruction

13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment

Freed the slaves in the U.S.

Gave citizenship to former enslaved people

Allowed all male citizens the right to vote

Remember the phrase:

“Free Citizens Vote”

Free: 13th

Citizens: 14th Vote: 15th

1. How did these amendments impact the American way of life?

2. What time period later on in history will be effected by these amendments?

These 3 amendments expanded the rights of all citizens in the U.S.

These amendments lay the foundation for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s

Reconstruction

Hirim Rhodes Revels: 1st African Am. elected to Congress after Civil War

Homestead Act:160 acres of land, improvements-land was yours after 5 years

Dawes Act:Native American families given 160 acres of farmland, remaining reservation land opened up to white settlers

Morrill Act:Western lands for public colleges-state received 30,000 acres for every member of Congress-A&M universities

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