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American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

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American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism
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Page 1: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

American Imperialism and World

War IFrom Isolationism

to Internationali

sm

Page 2: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events 1867

– French withdraw from Mexico 1889

– First Pan-American conference held 1893

– Sugar planters, aided by U.S. Marines overthrow Hawaii’s Queen Liluokalani

1895– Venezuela boundary dispute with

Britain– Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio

Page 3: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events 1896

– William McKinley becomes President defeating William Jennings Bryan

1898– Marie Curie discovers radium– U.S.S. Maine explodes and sinks– War with Spain– Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, and

Hawaii acquired

Page 4: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1899

– Philippine insurrection begins

1900

– Boxer uprising in China

– William McKinley reelected

– John Hay institutes Open Door Policy

with China

Page 5: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events 1901

– Platt amendment to Cuban constitution

– Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Great Britain

– Theodore Roosevelt becomes President after McKinley is assassinated

1903– Columbian senate rejects canal treaty

– Panama revolution occurs with United States aid

Page 6: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events 1904

– Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine announced

1905– Russo-Japanese peace treaty made at

Portsmouth 1908

– William Howard Taft becomes President defeating William Jennings Bryan

– Henry Ford introduces the Model T

Page 7: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1910

– The Mexican Revolution begins

1911

– William Howard Taft institutes Dollar

Diplomacy with Latin American

nations

Page 8: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1912– Woodrow Wilson elected President

defeating Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft

1913– China’s Qin Dynasty topples

Page 9: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1914– Americans occupy Vera Cruz, Mexico

– Hollywood, California becomes the center of movie production in the United States

– The Panama Canal opens

– Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated

– World War I begins in Europe, August 1st

Page 10: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1915– Lusitania sunk by German submarine

– Austrian ambassador expelled from the United States

– Albert Einstein proposes his general theory of relativity

– Alexander Graham Bell makes the first transcontinental phone call

Page 11: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1916– Virgin Islands purchased from

Denmark

– Wilson reelected President

– United States offers mediation in European war

– Battles of Verdun and Somme claim millions of lives

Page 12: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1917– Germany declares unrestricted

submarine warfare– Zimmerman note published, March

1st

– Russian Revolution begins– Puerto Ricans becomes U.S. citizens– Mexico revises and adopts its

constitution– War declared on Central Powers,

April 6th

Page 13: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1918– Wilson offers Fourteen Points

peace program– United States troops help check

German offensive– Armistice signed , November 11th

– Eighteenth Amendment outlaws alcoholic beverages – Prohibition begins

Page 14: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1918– Wilson proposed the League of

Nations– Congress passes the Sedition

Act– The Bolsheviks establish a

Communist regime in Russia– World War I ends

Page 15: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events 1919

– Treat of Versailles signed, June 28th

– Treaty defeated in Senate, November 19th

– Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote

– A worldwide influenza epidemic kills over 30 million

Page 16: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Timeline of Events

1920

– Treaty again defeated in Senate, March 19th

– Harding (Republican) defeats Cox for President

Page 17: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

American Expansionism

American wanted to expand its size and throughout the 19th century toward the Pacific Ocean

Many leaders in the U.S. felt America should become more imperialistic

Imperialism ~ the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

Page 18: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Global Competition

European nations ~ establishing colonies for centuries

Africa ~ prime target of European nations ~ by early 20th century only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

Asia ~ competition continued especially in China

Japan ~ old feudal system replaced with a strong central government

Page 19: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Global Competition

Factors that fueled American Imperialism– Desire for military strength

– Thirst for new markets

– Belief in cultural superiority

Page 20: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Desire for Military Strength

American leaders advised the U.S. to build up its military strength

Admiral Alfred T. Mahan (U.S. Navy) ~ urged government official to build up American naval power in order to compete with other powerful nations

U.S. between 1883 & 1890 built 9 steel-hulled cruisers

Modern ships Oregon and Maine transformed the country into the world’s 3rd largest naval power

Page 21: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Thirst for New Markets

Advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce more than American citizens could consume

Foreign trade was the solution to American over-production and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression

Page 22: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Belief in Cultural Superiority

Cultural factors were used to justify imperialism

Americans complete the philosophy of Social Darwinism and racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons

U.S. had a responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples”

Page 23: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Seward’s Folly

William H. Seward, Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson acquired Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia

Often called “Seward’s Icebox” or Seward’s Folly” because people thought it was silly to buy the territory

In 1959, Alaska became a state and for about 2 cents per acre America acquired a land rich in timber, minerals (gold), & oil

Page 24: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Seward’s Folly

Page 25: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Seward’s Folly

Page 26: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Hawaii 1867 ~ U.S. took over Midway Islands (1300

miles north of Hawaii)

Hawaiian Islands were economically important to the U.S.

Since 1790s merchants had stopped their on their way to China and East India

1820s ~ Yankee missionaries founded Christian schools and churches on the islands

Their children & grandchildren became sugar planters & sold their crop to the U.S.

Page 27: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Hawaii

Page 28: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Hawaiian Sugar American sugar planters accounted for

75% of the islands’ wealth

Labor was imported from Japan, Portugal, and China

By 1900, foreign immigrant laborers outnumbered native Hawaiians by 3 to 1

White planters profited from close ties with the U.S.

1875 ~ U.S. agrees to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free

Page 29: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Hawaiian Sugar Over next 15 years, Hawaiian sugar

production increased nine times

McKinley Tariff of 1890 brought an end to duty-free sugar

Hawaiian sugar planters now faced competition in the American market

American planters now wanted Hawaii to be annexed by the U.S.

Page 30: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Annexation of Hawaii U.S. military and economic leaders

knew the value of Hawaii

1887 ~ pressured Hawaii to allow the U.S. to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor became a fueling station for American ships

Page 31: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

End of a Monarchy 1887 ~ King Kalakaua was forced to

amend Hawaii’s constitution, limiting voting rights to only wealthy landowners

1891 ~ King Kalakaua died and Liliuokalani, his sister became queen

Queen Lil proposed removing the property-owning qualification for voting

To stop what she was trying to do, a revolution was organized upon the insistence of Ambassador John L. Stevens

Page 32: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

End of a Monarchy

Page 33: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

End of a Monarchy Marines helped to overthrow Queen Lil

and set up a government headed by Sanford B. Dole

Grover Cleveland directed that Queen Lil be restored to her throne

Dole refused to relinquish power and Cleveland eventually and formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii

Cleveland would not consider annexation unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it

Page 34: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

End of a Monarchy

Page 35: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

End of a Monarchy 1897 ~ William McKinley will agree to

the annexation of Hawaii

1898 ~ August 12th ~ Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory

Hawaiians were never given the choice to be annexed

1959 ~ Hawaii became the 50th state of the U.S.

Page 36: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

End of a Monarchy

Page 37: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Spanish American War 1898 ~ U.S. went to war to help

Cuba win its independence from Spain

U.S. involvement in Latin American and Asia increased greatly as a result of the war and continues today

Page 38: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Cuba Rebels Against Spain

Spain ~ losing most of its colonies by the end of the 19th century

Spain’s colonies– Philippines– Guam– Some outposts in Africa– Cuba– Puerto Rico

Page 39: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Cuba Rebels Against Spain

America had an interest in Cuba because it is 90 miles south of Florida

1854 ~ diplomats recommended the purchase of Cuba to Franklin Pierce

Spain’s response was they would rather sink it into the ocean then sell to the U.S.

1868-1878 ~ Cubans rebelled against Spain ~ Americans were sympathetic to their cause

Page 40: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Cuba Rebels Against Spain

America had an interest in Cuba because it is 90 miles south of Florida

1854 ~ diplomats recommended the purchase of Cuba to Franklin Pierce

Spain’s response was they would rather sink it into the ocean then sell to the U.S.

1868-1878 ~ Cubans rebelled against Spain ~ Americans were sympathetic to their cause

Page 41: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Cuba Rebels Against Spain

Cuban revolt was not successful 1886 ~ Cuban people forced

Spain to abolish slavery American’s begin investing

millions in large sugar cane plantations on the island

1895 ~ Jose Marti ~ a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York launched a second revolution

Page 42: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Jose Marti

Page 43: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Cuba Rebels Against Spain

Marti organized Cuban resistance using guerilla warfare and deliberately destroying American owned sugar mills and plantation

Marti was counting on American interference ~ Cuba Libre!

Public opinion was split in the U.S. Business people wanted the

government to support Spain (protect business interests)

Page 44: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Cuba Rebels Against Spain

Other Americans wanted to support the rebel cause

It reminded them of Patrick Henry’s “Give me liberty or give me death” speech

Page 45: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

War Fever Escalates 1896 ~ Spain send general

Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to restore order

Weyler tried to crush the rebellion Herded entire population of

central and western Cuba into concentration camps

About 300,000 filled the camps Thousands died from hunger and

disease

Page 46: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Valeriano Weyler

Page 47: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Headline Wars Weyler’s actions fueled a newspaper

circulation war between Hearst and Pulitzer

Both printed exaggerated accounts of Weyler’s brutality (poisoning wells, throwing children to sharks)

Yellow journalism ~ sensation style of writing which exaggerates news to lure and enrage readers

Hearst and Pulitzer fanned war fever

Page 48: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Headline Wars Hearst sends Frederick

Remington, a painter to Cuba to draw sketches

Remington felt war was unlikely Hearst supposedly replied “You

furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”

Page 49: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Frederic Remington

Page 50: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The De Lome Letter

McKinley came in office in 1897 Wanted to avoid war with Spain Tried diplomatic means to resolve the

crisis and at first efforts seemed to work

Spain recalled General Weyler, modified its policy toward concentration camps and offered Cuba limited self-government

Page 51: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The De Lome Letter

1898 ~ February ~ the New York Journal published a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S.

Letter criticized President McKinley, calling him “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”

Spanish government was embarrassed and apologized, the minister resigned

Americans were angered by the insult

Page 52: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The De Lome Letter

 

Page 53: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

1898 ~ McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect Americans property

February 15, 1898 ~ the ship exploded in Havana harbor killing more than 260 men

Not really known why the ship exploded 1898 ~ American newspapers claimed the

Spanish had blown up the ship Hearst offered $50,000 dollars for the

capture of the Spaniards who blew up the ship

Page 54: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

Page 55: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

Page 56: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

Page 57: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

Page 58: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

War with Spain Erupts “Remember the Maine” became the

rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba April 9, 1898 ~ Spain agreed to all of the

U.S. demands including 6 month cease fire Even with the concessions, U.S. public

wanted war April 11, 1898 ~ McKinley asked Congress

for the authority to use force against Spain April 20, 1898 ~ Congress agreed and the

U.S. declared war

Page 59: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Spanish American War Map

Page 60: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The War in the Philippines

Spanish believed the U.S. would invade Cuba

U.S. chose to fight in the Philippines first April 30th ~ Commodore George Dewey

steamed into the harbor May 1st ~ gave command to open fire on

the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay 7 hours later ~ the Spanish fleet was

destroyed or captured Victory allowed U.S. troops to land in the

Philippines

Page 61: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The War in the Philippines

Dewey had the support of the Filipinos who also wanted freedom from Spain

Over next 2 months ~ 11,000 Americans joined forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo

August 1898 ~ Spanish troops surrendered to U.S. forces

Page 62: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The War in the Philippines

Page 63: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The War in the Philippines

Page 64: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The War in the Caribbean

Hostilities began with the blockade of Cuba Admiral William T. Sampson sealed up the

Spanish fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba

U.S. able to show superiority of its naval forces

Army ~ small professional force with a larger inexperienced and ill-prepared volunteer force

About 125,000 Americans had volunteered to fight

Page 65: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The War in the Caribbean

Training camps for new soldiers lacked supplies and effective leaders

Not enough modern guns to go around and officers were more interested in their time serving during the Civil War than training the volunteers

Page 66: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Rough Riders June 1898 ~ American forces land in

Cuba heading towards Santiago Army ~ 17,000 men including 4 African-

American regiments Rough Riders ~ volunteer cavalry under

the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt

July 1st ~ Rough Riders and 2 African-American regiments charge up Kettle Hill

Victory cleared the way for infantry to attack San Juan Hill

Page 67: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Rough Riders July 3rd ~ Spanish fleet tries to escape Naval battle occurs and ends in the

destruction of the Spanish fleet July 25th ~ America invades Puerto Rico

Page 68: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Rough Riders

Page 69: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Treaty of Paris August 12th ~ U.S. and Spain sign an

armistice Secretary of State, John Hay called it “a

splendid little war” Actual fighting lasted only 16 weeks December 10th ~ U.S. and Spain met in

Paris to agree on a treaty Spain turned over Cuba, Guam and

Puerto Rico to the U.S. U.S. bought the Philippines for $20 million

Page 70: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Debate over the Treaty Treaty caused a huge debate in Congress Main argument ~ whether the U.S. had

the right to annex the Philippines Real issue ~ imperialism McKinley needed to justify imperialism ~

“there was nothing left for us to do but take them all [the Philippine Islands], and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them”

Philippines had been Christian for centuries

Page 71: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Debate over the Treaty Prominent Americans presented a variety of

arguments ~ political, moral, and economic ~

Some felt the treaty violated the D of I by denying self-government to the newly acquired land

Booker T. Washington ~ U.S. should settle race relation problems at home before take on social problems elsewhere

Samuel Gompers ~ feared Filipino immigrants would compete for American jobs

Page 72: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Debate over the Treaty February 6, 1899 ~ annexation

question settled ~ Senate approved the Treaty of Paris

U.S. empire included Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

Page 73: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Acquiring New Lands Puerto Rico

– Not all wanted independence– Some wanted statehood, other some local

self-government

Military Rule – U.S. forces under General Nelson A Miles

occupied the island– Miles assured the people that Americans

would protect them– U.S. military would control Puerto Rico until

Congress made changes

Page 74: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Acquiring New Lands Return to Civil Government

– Puerto Rico strategically important to U.S.– Helped in maintaining U.S. presence in the

Caribbean and for protecting a future canal Americans hoped to build across the Isthmus of Panama

– 1900 ~ Foraker Act ~ ended military rule and set up a civilian government

– Act gave the president of the U.S. power to appoint a governor and members of the upper house of its legislature

– Puerto Ricans could only elect the lower house

Page 75: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Acquiring New Lands 1901 ~ Insular Cases ~ U.S. Supreme

Court ruled that the Constitution did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories

Congress retained the right to extend U.S. citizenship

1917 ~ granted the right to Puerto Ricans

1917 ~ gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature

Page 76: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Acquiring New Lands

Page 77: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Acquiring New Lands Cuba and the United States

– U.S. recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain in 1898

– U.S. passed Teller Amendment which stated the U.S. had no intention of taking over Cuba

– Treaty of Paris guaranteed Cuba its independence

American Soldiers– Jose Marti thought U.S. would become another

Spain– Under American occupation, U.S. left in office the

leaders who had served Spain– Those who protested they were imprisoned or

exiled–

Page 78: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Teller Amendment

Page 79: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Acquiring New Lands American military government

– provided food and clothing for thousands of families

– Helped farmers put land into cultivation– Organized elementary schools– Improved sanitation – Improved medical research– Helped eliminate yellow fever

Page 80: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Platt Amendment 1900 ~ Cuba wrote a constitution for an

independent government Constitution did not specify the relationship

between the U.S. and Cuba 1901 ~ U.S. insisted on the Platt

Amendment– Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its

independence or permit a foreign power to take control of any part of its territory

– U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba– Cuba was not to go into debt– U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for

naval stations and refueling stations

Page 81: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Platt Amendment

U.S. refused to withdraw its troops without the passage of the Platt Amendment

Cubans were outraged by the amendment and protested but the U.S. stood firm

1903 ~ Platt Amendment was ratified and remained in effect for 31 years

Cuba became a U.S. protectorate

Page 82: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Platt Amendment

Page 83: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

U.S. Business Interests

U.S. had strong business interests in Cuba

Americans had invested in sugar, tobacco and mining industries, railroads and public utilities

Many business people wanted the U.S. to annex Cuba and make it a territory

U.S. would intervene time and again in the affairs of other nations in the Western Hemisphere

Page 84: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Filipinos Rebel

Filipinos were angry because the Treaty of Paris called for the annexation of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo believed the U.S. had promised independence

Filipinos vowed to fight because of the terms of the treaty

Page 85: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Page 86: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Philippine-American War

February 1899 ~ Aguinaldo led the Filipinos in a revolt

U.S. imposed its authority on a colony that was fighting for freedom

Aguinaldo used guerilla tactics so U.S. forced Filipinos to live in designated areas

Poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed thousands

U.S. was committing the same atrocities as Spain did to Cuba

Page 87: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Philippine-American War

American soldiers (whites) felt the Filipinos were inferior

70,000 U.S. troops sent to the Philippines were African American

African American newspapers believed that by being there, African Americans were helping to spread racial prejudice

Some African Americans deserted to the Filipino side and developed bonds of friendship with them

War lasted 3 years, took 20,000 Filipino lives, 4,000 American lives and cost $400 million

Page 88: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Philippine-American War

Page 89: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Aftermath of the War After the revolt was suppressed, the

U.S. set up a government like that it had put in place in Puerto Rico

U.S. appointed a governor who appointed the upper house

Filipinos elected the lower house Philippines gradually move toward

independence under American rule July 4, 1946 ~ became an independent

republic

Page 90: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Foreign Influence in China

U.S. imperialism in the Philippines gave it a way into Asia

China was a potential market for American products

Presented American investors with new opportunities for large-scale railroad construction

China ~ “sick man of Asia” ~ because of war and foreign intervention

Page 91: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Foreign Influence in China

France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia had established settlements along the coast of China

Countries carved out “spheres of influence” ~ areas where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges

Page 92: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Foreign Influence in China

Page 93: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Open Door Policy U.S. feared that China would be carved up

and American traders would be shut out John Hay in 1899 issued a series of

policies called the Open Door notes Notes were letters addressed to leaders

of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the U.S.

Meant no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China

Other powers reluctantly accepted the policy

Page 94: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Open Door Policy

Page 95: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The Boxer Rebellion China kept its freedom Large cities were dominated by

Europeans Chinese resented the foreign influence

and established secret societies to rid the country of “foreign devils”

Most famous group ~ Boxers ~ because they practiced martial arts

Boxers killed thousands of missionaries, other foreigners & Chinese who had converted to Christianity

Page 96: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The Boxer Rebellion August 1900 ~ British, German,

French, and Japanese troops joined 2,000 American soldiers in a march on the Chinese capital

Boxer Rebellion was put down by the international force

Thousands of Chinese died during the fighting

Page 97: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The Boxer Rebellion

Page 98: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

The Boxer Rebellion

Page 99: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Protecting American Rights

U.S. feared Europeans would try to takeover more of China after the rebellion was put down

John Hay issued a second series of Open Door notes announcing the U.S. would “safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire”

Policy paved the way for greater American influence in Asia

Page 100: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Protecting American Rights

Open Door policy ~ 3 deeply held beliefs– Americans believed that the growth of the

U.S. economy depended on exports– U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to

keep foreign markets open– U.S. feared that the closing of an area to

American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival

Beliefs became the bedrock of American foreign policy

Page 101: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains

1900 ~ William McKinley was elected to a 2nd term as president

Reelection confirmed that a majority of Americans favored his policies

Anti-Imperialist League came into being– Members included ~ Grover Cleveland,

Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain and many others

– All agreed the U.S. was wrong to rule other people without their consent

U.S. under Theodore Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson would continue to exert its power

Page 102: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

America as a World Power

Teddy Roosevelt and the World– Became president with the

assassination of William McKinley– Did not want European powers to

control the world’s political & economic destiny

– 1905 ~ mediated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan

Page 103: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Russo- Japanese War 1904 ~ Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

declared war on Japan Russia and Japan ~ imperialist powers

competing for Korea Japan struck first with a surprise attack

on the Russian Pacific fleet and destroyed it

Also destroyed a second fleet sent as a reinforcement

Japan secured Korea and Manchuria after a series of land battles

Japan running out of men and money

Page 104: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Russo- Japanese War Japanese officials approached Roosevelt

in secret Asked him to mediate peace negotiations 1905 ~ Russian and Japanese met in

Portsmouth, NH First meeting on presidential yacht Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island and

money from Russia Russians refused Through Roosevelt’s negotiations , Japan

got ½ the island and no money

Page 105: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Russo- Japanese War Japanese were given Russian interests

in Korea and Manchuria Treaty of Portsmouth helped Roosevelt

to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 U.S. and Japan expanded their interest

in East Asia 2 nations continued to talk

Page 106: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Russo- Japanese War

Page 107: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Russo- Japanese War

Page 108: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Russo- Japanese War

Page 109: American Imperialism and World War I From Isolationism to Internationalism.

Panama Canal U.S needed a canal cutting across

Central America Would reduce travel time for

commercial and military ships U.S. and Great Britain in 1850 agreed to

share rights to such a canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 gave the

U.S. exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America

2 possible routes (1) Nicaragua and (2) Panama (a province of Colombia)

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Panama Canal Late 1800s a French company had tried to

build a canal and gave up after 10 years Sent an agent, Philippe Bunau-Varilla to

D.C. to get the U.S. to buy its claim 1903 ~ U.S. bought the claim for $40

million U.S. asked Colombia for permission to

finish building the canal but negotiations broke down

Bunau-Varilla organized a rebellion and Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903 in the presence of 12 U.S. warships

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Panama Canal

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Panama Canal November 18, 1903 ~ U.S. and Panama

signed a treaty – U.S. would pay Panama $10 million plus an

annual rent of $250,000 for an area across Panama ~ the Canal Zone

– Payment began in 1913

Canal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats

Builders fought diseases, and soft volcanic soil

1904 ~ work began on the canal with the clearing of brush and draining of swamps

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Panama Canal

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Panama Canal

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Panama Canal

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Panama Canal 1913 ~ height of construction

– 43,400 workers – ¾ were blacks from the British West Indies– 5,600 workers died from accidents or disease– Total cost to U.S. ~ $380 million

August 15, 1914 ~ canal open for business– 1,000 merchant ships passed through the 1st

year

U.S. – Latin American relations damaged by American support of the Panama rebellion

1921 ~ Congress paid Colombia $21 million for the loss of its territory

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The Roosevelt Corollary Late 19th century Latin American

nations borrowing huge sums of money from European banks

U.S. feared if they defaulted that Europeans would intervene

Roosevelt wanted U.S. to be the dominant power in the Caribbean and Central America

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” ~ African proverb

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The Roosevelt Corollary

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The Roosevelt Corollary December 1904 ~ Roosevelt Corollary

was added to the Monroe Doctrine Warned that disorder in Latin American

might “force the United States … to the exercise of an international police power”

U.S. would not use force to protects its economic interest in Latin America

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The Roosevelt Corollary

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The Roosevelt Corollary

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Dollar Diplomacy United States exercised police power on

several occasions 1911 ~ Nicaragua rebellion left the

country close to bankruptcy Taft arranged for American bankers to

loan Nicaragua the money to pay its debts Nicaragua gave American bankers the

right to collect its customs duties to repay the debt

Nicaragua also allowed U.S. bankers to gain control of the railroad system and national bank

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Dollar Diplomacy Nicaraguans heard about the deal and

revolted against President Adolfo Diaz 2,000 marines were sent to Nicaragua to

help with the role which was put down Some marine units were stationed in

Nicaragua until 1933 Taft administration followed the policy

using the U.S government to guarantee loans to foreign countries by American business people

Was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean

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Dollar Diplomacy

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Missionary Diplomacy

1823 ~ Monroe Doctrine warned other nations to stay out of the affairs of Latin American countries

1904 ~ Roosevelt Corollary stated the U.S. had the right to exercise international police power in the Western Hemisphere

1913 ~ Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral tone– U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny

recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests

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The Mexican Revolution

Porfirio Diaz ~ the military dictator of Mexico ~ had rule for more than 3 decades

Diaz was a friend of the U.S. and encouraged Americans to invest in his country

Americans and other foreigners owned most of Mexico’s oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches

Common people were very poor Rich were getting wealthier

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The Mexican Revolution

1911 ~ Francisco Madera along with Mexican workers and peasants overthrew Diaz

Madero promised democratic reforms but was unable to satisfy all parties

1913 ~ General Victoriano Huerta took over the government and executed Madero

Wilson refused to recognize the government Huerta formed ~ called it “a government of butchers”

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Intervention in Mexico Wilson’s plan was “watchful waiting”

He wanted an opportunity to move against Huerta

April 1914 ~ one of Huerta’s officers arrested a small group of American sailors in Tampico

Mexicans quickly released them and apologized

Wilson used the incident to intervene in Mexico and ordered U.S. marines to occupy Vera Cruz

18 Americans and 200 Mexicans died in the invasion

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Intervention in Mexico Incident put the U.S. and Mexico on the brink

of war Argentina, Brazil and Chile stepped in to

mediate– Huerta was to step down– U.S. would withdraw without paying Mexico

damages Mexico rejected the plan U.S. refused to recognize the government of

Huerta Huerta’s government does eventually

collapse Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader,

became president in 1915

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Intervention in Mexico Wilson withdrew American troops and

recognized the government of Carranza

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Rebellion in Mexico Carranza did not have the support of all

Mexicans like others before him Rebels under Francisco “Pancho” Villa

and Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranza’s provisional government

Zapata wanted land reform “It is better to die on your feet than live

on your knees” Villa, a fierce nationalist, courted the

U.S. for support and aid

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Rebellion in Mexico

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Rebellion in Mexico After Wilson recognized Carranza’s

government, Villa threatened reprisals against the U.S.

January 1916 ~ Carranza asked American engineers to come and operate mines in the northern part of Mexico

Villa’s men took the Americans off a train and shot them

March 1916 ~ Villa’s men raided Columbus, NM, killing 17 Americans

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Chasing Villa Americans wanted revenge against Villa Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing

and 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive

Villa eluded Pershing for almost a year Wilson called out 150,000 National

Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican border

Mexico grew angry because of the U.S. forces in the country

June 1916 ~ U.S. and Carranza troops clash

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Chasing Villa

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The End in Sight Carranza demand U.S. withdrawal of

troops Both sides back down ~ U.S. because of

the war in Europe February 1917 ~ Pershing was ordered to

return home 1917 ~ Mexico adopted a new

constitution ~ gave government control over oil and mineral resources and put strict regulations on foreign investors

Carranza ruled oppressively until 1920 when Alvaro Obregon came to power

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The End in Sight

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The End in Sight Obregon’s presidency marked the end of civil

war and the beginning of reform U.S. intervention showed America’s

imperialistic attitude in the early 20th century U.S. pursued and achieved several foreign

policy goals– Expanded its access to foreign markets in order to

ensure continued growth of the domestic economy– U.S. built a modern navy to protect its interests

abroad– U.S. exercised its international police power to

ensure dominance in Latin America


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