[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 27th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and...

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1

Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in a Closed Circuit Wind Tunnel with Short Test Section

A. C. Avelar1, L. B. M. Pires

2

Institute of Aeronautics and Space, Aerodynamic Division, São José dos Campos, SP, 12228-904, Brazil

and

G. Fisch 3

Institute of Aeronautics and Space, Atmospheric Science Division, São José dos Campos, SP, 12228-904, Brazil

The majority of the Brazilian rockets are launched from the Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara (CLA), which is a Brazilian Launch Center. Despite of presenting several

desirable aspects due to its proximity of the Equator, it has a peculiar topography due to the

existence of a coastal cliff, which modifies the atmospheric boundary layer characteristic in a

way that can affect rocket launching operations. The flow pattern in this region has already

been previously studied by observational data, numerical simulations and also by

experiments in a small wind tunnel. In the current work, a larger aerodynamic wind tunnel was adapted to study the flow pattern at the CLA. Since this wind tunnel has a short test

section, passive devices, as spires and screens, were used such that an atmospheric boundary

layer profile was obtained in its test section. In this paper the procedure for atmospheric

boundary layer formation will be described along with some preliminary results of flow field

measurements on a simplified model of the CLA region, using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique will be presented.

I. Introduction

he majority of the Brazilian rockets are launched from the Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara (CLA). This

Brazilian Launch Center has a privileged geographical location, 2o 18’ S, at the sea coast, which enables the

operation of suborbital vehicles and satellites with safety launchings in several directions over the Atlantic Ocean.

Characteristics as desirable climate conditions, with a well defined rain regime and winds of tolerable intensity,

allow an effective use of the year calendar. A detailed description of Alcântara climate can be found in Ref.1.

Geological stability and low demographic density in the region allow the development of several sites of launching

and logistic support. In spite of several favorable aspects, the CLA region has a peculiar topography due to the

occurrence of a coastal cliff of 40 m, Fig. 1, which modifies the atmospheric boundary layer characteristic in a way

that can affect rocket launching operations, since the rockets launching pad is located around 150 m from the border.

Another important occurrence in CLA is the formation of an Internal Boundary Layer (IBL) as a consequence of

a surface change: the wind blowing from the oceanic, smooth, surface interacts with the low woodland vegetation,

rough surface, modifying itself with the formation of an IBL. Because of both occurrences, the coastal cliff and the

IBL formation, a detailed knowledge of the wind flow pattern in the CLA region is very important since the Mobile

Integration Tower (MIT) is located 150m from the edge of this coastal cliff and suffers the influence of this complex

flow. The MIT dimensions are 10m length, 10m width and 50m height, and several modules of the rockets are integrated

1Researcher, Institute of Aeronautics and Space/Aerodynamics Division, [email protected]

2Post-doc student (current position), Lab for Environmental Physics at University of Georgia, [email protected].

3Researcher, Institute of Aeronautics and Space, Atmospheric Sciencs Division. [email protected]

T

27th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference28 June - 1 July 2010, Chicago, Illinois

AIAA 2010-4343

Copyright © 2010 by Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.


2

inside this building. The trajectory, guidance and control of the rockets can be influenced by the wind profile,

especially near the surface1. The IBL growth inside the atmospheric flow in the region of CLA has already been

studied through wind tunnel measurements, from anemometric tower and numeric simulations (Ref.2, Ref.3). Those

previous wind tunnel studies have been carried out in a small aeronautical tunnel in which the maximum Reynolds

number achieved was of 8x104.

Figure 1 - CLA general view.

The goal of the present paper is to describe the adaptations that have been carried out in the TA-2 wind tunnel,

which is an aeronautical tunnel with a short test section, in order to obtain an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

formation, and present some preliminary results of PIV measurements of CLA wind flow pattern. The experiments

reported in this paper are a continuation of the previous study mentioned above with the aim of simulating the CLA

flow pattern in a higher Reynolds number, closer to the real values reached in CLA, between 106 e 10

7, and look at

some important occurrences in the flow passing over the TMI. TA-2 wind tunnel allows also a deeper investigation

of CLA flow characteristics due to its better optical access for PIV. The Reynolds number, based on the coastal cliff

height, achieved in the present study was of 6 x 105. A simplified method, spires associated with an arched screen,

has been employed for the atmospheric boundary layer formation in this first investigation. Since the results

obtained were satisfactory, further studies will be conducted in TA-2 wind tunnel using different methods for ABL

formation in order to simulate also the CLA turbulence characteristics. The velocity flow maps obtained shows that

the flow pattern over the TMI, that is blunt body, is very complex and confirm the importance of Reynolds number

to characterize the wind flow pattern in CLA.

II. Methodology

The experiments reported in this paper have been carried out in the TA-2 wind tunnel facility located in the

Institute of Aeronautics and Space (IAE). The TA–2 is a closed-circuit aerodynamic subsonic wind tunnel. Its test

section has 2.10m height, H, and 3.00m width, W. A 1600 HP motor produces a maximum speed of 120m/s through

the test section. The turbulence level of the tunnel is around 0.1%. A schematic representation of TA-2 wind tunnel

is given in Fig. 2.


3

Figure 2 – TA-2 wind tunnel schematic representation.

Some experimental laws can be used to represent the wind profile, for example the Logarithmic and the Power

Law equations4. According to the Logarithmic Law, the vertical variation of the horizontal wind speed, U, from the

surface up to 100-150 m, which corresponds to the superficial boundary layer, can be represented by Eq. (1),

=

0

* ln)(z

z

k

uzU

(1)

where u* is the friction velocity, k is the Von Karman constant, and z0 é the aerodynamic roughness.

The Power Law equation can be defined by,

α

=

n

r

n

r

z

z

zU

zU

)(

)(

(2)

Where U(z) and U(zr) are the mean velocities correspondent to a height zn and a reference height zr. The zr value is

assumed to be 10m, which is the height suggested by the World Meteorology Organization to represent the

horizontal surface wind.

The simulation methods of the atmospheric boundary layer in wind tunnels are divided in passive and active

types5. The passive methods use barriers such as: grates, plain plates, triangular plates, small block, spires, carpets,

etc. The active methods are those that use air jets to form a fluid wall. In the present work passive methods using

screens and spires have been used. The spires consist of triangular steel plates fixed in the test section entrance

which, combined with the bottom wall surface roughness, generates the boundary layer profile at the section test.

The wind velocity profile generated by this method has good agreement with the power law equation, and

turbulence intensities that approach sufficiently to those observed in atmospheric layers limits6.

The spires dimensions depend on the desired boundary layer type and on the wind tunnel size. In the present

work they have been calculated as following6,

Corner vanes

Test section Test

Chambe

Fan

Corner vanes

Control Room

Hot air exit

Cold air inlet

Hot air exit

Cold air inlet


4

n

Eh

2=

(3)

Being,

H

En

2>

(4)

Where n is the number of spires, E is wind tunnel width and H is the wind tunnel height. The relation between h and

boundary layer thickness δ are given by the following empirical equations6:

+

=

21

39,1hα

δ

(5)

+

+=

21

1

H

5,0h

b ϕ

ϕδ

ϕ

(6)

Where b is the spire base width and α is the Power Law equation exponent4 for the velocity profile in the boundary

layer, and φ is defined by,

( ) ( ) ( )

++

−++−

=

211

13,121

2

21 αα

αβ

αβ

βϕ

(7)

and β given is by,

α

δα

β+

=1

H

(8)

The real boundary layer thickness, δ, is assumed to be around 280 m (Ref.6). Consequently, a boundary layer of

2.33m should be obtained since a scale 1:120 has been considered.

The TA-2 test section is 3.0 m wide, 2.1m high and 6.3m long. Then, according to Eq. 2, the number of spires

must be higher than 2.8m. Assuming α equal to 0.15, which is a typical value of smooth surface like the ocean6, the

following configurations have been obtained:

Table 1 – Possible values of h and δ in function of the number of spires (n).

N h (m) δ (m)

3 2.00 1.34

4 1.50 1.00

5 1.20 0.80


5

The value of δ that is closest to 2.33 corresponds to n equal to 3, which was the number of spires used. Each spire is

2.0 m high, with a base width, b, of 0.215, as represented in Fig. 3.

Figure 3 – Spires dimensions.

To obtain an ABL formation the in TA-2 test section, an arched screen7, has been fixed in front of the spires,

Fig. 4.

(a) Setup 1

(b) Setup 2

(c) Setup 3 (d) Setup 4

Figure 4 – Spires and Screens setup.

The formation of the ABL has been monitored using a multi-manometer, with Pitot tubes, for dynamic pressure

measurements, installed along its height, Fig. 5. Several measurements using screens with different configurations

and sizes, Fig. 4, have been conducted for the selection of the most appropriated screen. The ABL velocity profile

has been compared with the Power Law equation assuming α equal to 0.15.


6

The positions where dynamic pressure measurements have been carried out are represented in Fig. 6. The circle in

this is picture is located in the middle of the test section.

Figure 6 – Positions in test section where dynamic pressure has been measured with the multi-manometer.

Once the ABL formation has been assured, a simplified CLA model have been installed in the wind-tunnel test

section to simulate the coastal cliff which has been fixed 530mm from the wind tunnel test section central line, as

represented in Fig. 6. The distance between the screen and the spires from the test section central line was of

4560mm and 7860 mm, respectively. Illustrative pictures of the CLA model in the TA-2 wind tunnel, in scale 1:120,

are presented in Fig. 7. The MTI, which height is 50 m, has 416.7 mm in scale.

Figure 7 – CLA model installed in the wind tunnel test section.

The CLA two-dimensional drawings are presented in Fig. 8. Since the coastal cliff has an irregular structure (see

Fig. 1), the model has been constructed with removable parts to simulate its topology considering inclination of 45o,

70o, 90

o, 110

o and 135

o degrees (Fig. 9). The model allowed also the simulation of the wind incidence directions of

0o, 35

o and 45

o. In present work results for the incidences directions of 0

o, 35

o will be presented.

Figure 5 – Multi-manometer used for the formation of the atmospheric boundary layer.

Wind

Coastal cliff position

(a) (b)

Mobile Integration Tower – MTI


7

Figure 8 – CLA model drawing.

Figure 9 – Coastal cliff inclinations and wind incidence representation.

The model has been built in wood and painted in flat black to minimize laser reflections.

The mean flow velocity was measured by using a Dantec Dynamics Inc. two-dimensional PIV system. The

system consists in a double-cavity pulsed Nd:Yag laser, 15 Hz, with a power output of 200 mJ per pulse at a wave

length of 532 nm (New Wave Research, Inc.) and a HiSense 4M CCD camera (built by Hamamatsu Photonics, Inc.)

with acquisition rate of 11 Hz, spatial resolution of 2048 × 2048 pixels and 7.4µm pixel pitch. A Nikon f# 2.8 lenses

with 105 mm of focal length has been used. The laser light sheet has been shot from the wind tunnel top wall, which

has been replaced by a glass window. The laser sheet has been produced using a cylindrical lens that was placed at

the end of an articulated optical arm, which transmits the laser light from its source to the region of focus (ROF).

This arm has been used to allow the laser sheet displacement over the CLA model surface. The flow was seeded

with theatrical fog (polyethylene glycol water-solution) generated by a Rosco Fog Generator, which was placed

inside the wind tunnel diffuser. The digital camera was mounted on a Dantec Scheimpflug Camera Mounts fixed on

an aluminum trail supported by a three axis-positioning device. The number of image pairs captured per second has

been 5.6, and around 200 image pairs have been averaged for one measurement condition. This number of images

has been chosen after a convergence test from which it was found that this number of image is enough to obtain

mean velocity profiles8. The instantaneous images have been processed using the adaptive correlation option of the

commercial software Dynamic Studio, developed by Dantec Dynamics. A 32 pixels × 32 pixels interrogation

window with 50% overlap and moving average validation has been used.

(a) Top view.

(b) Frontal view.

Wind incidence of 0º.

x

y

Wind incidence of 35º.

Coastal cliff inclinations of 0o

Coastal cliff inclinations > 90o Coastal cliff inclinations < 90o

(a)

(b)


8

III. Results

Regarding the ABL profiles obtained in TA-2 test section, the best boundary layer curves have been obtained

with Setup 4. Fig.9 presents comparisons between the boundary layer profiles obtained in TA-2 with setup 4 and the

Power Law profile obtained in the locations P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 indicated in Fig.4.

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

y/H

Theoretical

pos1

Expon. (pos1)

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

y/H

Theoretical

pos2

Expon. (pos2)

(a) P1 (b) P2

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

y/H

Theoretical

pos3

Expon. (pos3)

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

H/y

teorico

pos4

Expon. (pos4)

(c) P3 (d) P4

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

y/H

Theoretical

pos5

Expon. (pos5)

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

H/y

Theoretical

pos6

Expon. (pos6)

(e) P5 (f) P6


9

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

H/y

Theoretical

pos7

Expon. (pos7)

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

U/Ux

y/H

Theoretical

pos8

Expon. (pos8)

(g) P7 (h) P8

Figure 10 – Boundary Layer profiles in several positions – setup 4.

From Fig. 9 (a-h) it can be noticed that the purpose of obtain an atmospheric boundary layer formation in TA-2

wind tunnel has been achieved using spires associated to an arched screen. The best agreement with the theoretical

profile has been obtained in the central points P6, P1 and P8, as expected, since in these positions the wall effects

are not so important. Further works will be conducted replacing the screen used in this work by roughness on the

wind tunnel floor, which will be simulated using small wood blocks and also a barrier that will be positioned in front

of the spires. It is expected in this way to improve the boundary layer profiles and get also turbulence characteristics

representation.

The positions on the model surface where PIV measurements have been carried out for several coastal cliff

inclinations are represented in Fig. 10, and the preliminary velocity fields are presented in Fig. 11 to Fig. 18.

(a)

Coastal cliff inclination smaller than

90º.

Coastal cliff inclination of 90º. Coastal cliff inclination higher than 90º.

Figure 10 – CLA model representation.

In Fig. 11, PIV mean velocity flow maps are presented for the coastal cliff inclination of 45o and wind incidence

direction of 0o.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25U (m/s)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 40050

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

2

1

7

3 5 4 6

8

2 3 4

6

1

7

5

3

1

8

2 4 6 5 7

9

(b) (c)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25U (m/s)(1) (2) (3)


10

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 40

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(4)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

Figure 11 – PIV velocity field for coastal cliff inclination of 45º.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(1)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 4000

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25U (m/s)

(6)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

(8)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

50 100 150 200 250 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(9)

Figure 12 – PIV mean velocity flow maps - coastal cliff inclination of 70º.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 40050

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(2)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (3) (1)

(4)

(7) (9)


11

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 40

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(6)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (7)

Figure 13 – PIV mean velocity flow field – coastal cliff inclination of 90º.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(1)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 30050

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (2)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25U (m/s)

(5)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (6)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (7)

Figure 14 – PIV mean velocity flow maps - coastal cliff inclination of 110 degrees.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

100

200

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25U (m/s)

(1)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (2)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(3)


12

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

Figure 15 – PIV mean velocity flow maps - coastal cliff inclination of 135 º.

From the results presented in Fig. 11 to Fig. 15 it can be clearly observed the appearance of a recirculation bubble

starting in the edge of the coastal cliff for all the inclination angles considered. For the inclinations of 110º and 135º,

recirculation bubbles are displayed also behind the TMI, what is not noticed for the other angles. The flow reattachment can

be identified in Fig. 11(4), and seems to occur also in the other conditions.

Figure 16 to Fig. 18 show mean velocity flow maps, obtained with PIV, for coastal cliff inclinations of 90º, 110º and

135º and wind incidence angle, with the horizontal plane, of 35º.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 (1)

(2)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

U (m/s)

(3)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

0 100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (4)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (5)

Figure 16 - Mean PIV velocity flow maps - coastal cliff inclination 90o - wind incidence angle 35

o.


13

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (1)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(5)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s)

(7)


o.

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U(m/s) (1)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30U (m/s) (3)

x (mm)

y(m

m)

100 200 300 400

100

200

300

400

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 (5)


o.

As observed in the previous results, presented in Fig. 11 to Fig. 13, a recirculation bubble that starts from the

coastal cliff edge is formed over the model surface. It can be noticed also that differently from the flow pattern

obtained for the wind incidence direction of 0o, when this incidence angle is 35

o, a recirculation region is displayed

behind the TMI also for the inclination angle of 90o. This seems to indicate that the wind incident direction has

significant influence on the flow pattern that reaches the TMI.

The recirculation bubble occurrence behind the coastal, observed in most of the configurations investigated in

the present work was not clearly observed in the previous wind tunnel studies, in which the maximum Reynolds

number achieved was 8 x 104. The results obtained from the present study confirm the importance of Reynolds

number to characterize the wind flow pattern in CLA.

IV. Conclusion

In the present study, a simplified method of obtaining a boundary layer formation in an aeronautic wind tunnel

with short test section was described, and some PIV mean velocity flow maps in CLA, simulated in this wind tunnel,

was presented.

The purpose of obtaining a boundary layer formation in TA-2 wind tunnel using simplified passive methods has

been achieved, and mean velocity fields in CLA were obtained using the PIV technique for coastal cliff inclinations

of 45o, 70

o, 90

o, 110

o and 135

o degrees, and for wind incidence direction of 35

o. In all situations investigated, it was

clearly observed the appearance of a recirculation bubble starting in the edge of the coastal cliff for all inclination.

For inclination angles higher than 90 degrees, recirculation bubbles were displayed also behind the TMI, what was

not noticed for the other angles considered for wind incidence of 0o. For wind incidence of 35

o, a recirculation

region was displayed behind the TMI also for the inclination of 90o. These observations indicate that the wind

incident has significant influence on the flow pattern that reaches the TMI.

In the present study Reynolds Number of 6x105 was achieved. In previous wind tunnel study (Ref.8), the

Reynolds number achieved was 8 x 104, and some aspects of the flow pattern around the TMI were not as clearly

identified as in the present work.


14

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the technicians José Rogério Banhara and José Ricardo Carvalho de Oliveira

and the Engineers Alfredo Canhoto, Wellington dos Santos and Matsuo Chisaki for their valuable help to this

research. The authors thank also the Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB) for the financial support.

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