Northrop Corporation Hawthorne, CA

For to co n InstRute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 370 omen

The Air to Air Attack Management Simulation Program

Ron Marchi Nor th rop C o r p o r a t i o n

Hawthorne, C a l i f o r n i a C o l l e e n Sweeney

U n i t e d S t a t e s A i r Force Wright L a b o r a t o r i e s

Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio

INTRQDUCTION

The N o r t h r o p C o r p o r a t i o n , u n d e r t h e A i r- t o- A i r A t t a c k Management (A3,) c o n t r a c t d e v e l o p e d and d e m o n s t r a t e a n a d v a n c e d f i r e c o n t r o l s y s t e m e q u i p e d w i t h a n a u t o m a t e d s e n s o r manager t o i n c r e a s e weapon sys tem e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n b e y o n d v i s u a l r a n g e a i r c o m b a t engagements . T h i s p a p e r w i l l p r e s e n t t h e g o a l s o f t h e A3M p r o g r a m , a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e u n i q u e hardware and s o f t w a r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n implemented i n t h e F l i g h t S i m u l a t i o n L a b o r a t o r y a t N o r t h r o p a n d a b r i e f summary o f t h e r e s u l t s .

The o b j e c t i v e of t h e A3M program i s t o p r o v i d e t h e p i l o t w i t h g r e a t e r s i t u a t i o n a l a w a r e n e s s w h i l e r e d u c i n g p i l o t work load , r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h e r s u r v i v a b i l i t y . To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s o b j e c t i v e a d v a n c e d i n t e g r a t e d f i r e c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m s were d e v e l o p e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a n a u t o m a t e d s e n s o r m a n a g e r a n d a n i n t e r n e t t e d f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t y . U t i l i z i n g ADA code t h e A3M s y s t e m was l o a d e d and r u n on f l i g h t w o r t h y 1750A p r o c e s s o r s . The p rogram c u l m i n a t e d i n a p i l o t - i n - t h e l o o p e v a l u a t i o n a t N o r t h r o p s F 1 i g h t S i m u l a t i o n L a b o r a t o r y a g a i n s t b o t h a i r b o r n e and ground b a s e d t h r e a t s .

The p r i m a r y A3M s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of a n O p e r a t i o n a l F l i g h t Program (OFP) d i v i d e d i n t o s i x f u n c t i o n a l t a s k s : t h e A l g o r i t h m Manager , S e n s o r M a n a g e r , M u l t i- S o u r c e I n t e g r a t i o n , I n t e r n e t t e d F u n c t i o n , F i r e C o n t r o l a n d P i l o t / V e h i c l e I n t e r f a c e .

The F l i g h t S i m u l a t i o n L a b o r a t o r y i n t e r f a c e d t h e hardware and deve loped

C o p y r i g h t 0 1 9 9 2 b y N o r t h r o p C o r p o r a t i o n . P u b l i s h e d by t h e American I n s t i t u t e o f A e r o n a u t i c s a n d A s t r o n a u t i c s , I n c w i t h p e r m i s s i o n .

t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e c o n s i s t i n g of c o m p l e x s e n s o r m o d e l s a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t m o d e l s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e p i l o t - i n - t h e - l o o p t e s t i n g . A comple te s e n s o r s u i t e was needed f o r t h e t e s t i n g of t h e OFP and i n c l u d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g m o d e l s : a f i r e c o n t r o l r a d a r , a n i n f r a r e d s e a r c h a n d t r a c k s e n s o r , a p a s s i v e Radar Warning R e c e i v e r (RWR) / Radio Frequency I d e n t i f i c a t i o n S e n s o r (RFIS) , a J o i n t T a c t i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n System ( J T I D S ) , an I n t r a - f l i g h t D a t a L i n k ( I D L ) , a n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n F r i e n d o r Foe s y s t e m ( IFF) , and d e f e n s i v e a v i o n i c s . A l l o f t h e s e n s o r models were coded i n F o r t r a n on t h e Encore computer sys tem.

The t h r e a t e n v i r o n m e n t u s e d t o tes t t h e A3M sys tem i n c l u d e d b o t h a i r - t o - a i r a n d g r o u n d - t o - a i r d e f e n s e s y s t e m s . The a i r - t o - a i r t h r e a t s were made up of b o t h manned a i r c r a f t a n d unmanned computer c o n t r o l l e d a i r c r a f t . A l l a i r c r a f t h a d t h e u s e of medium r a n g e r a d a r g u i d e d m i s s i l e s , s h o r t r ange a l l - a s p e c t i n f r a r e d miss i les and g u n s . The g r o u n d t h r e a t was m o d e l e d w i t h a n i n t e g r a t e d a i r d e f e n s e sys tem. The A3M t e s t u s e d two manned b l u e a i r c r a f t e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e A3M OFP s o f t w a r e , s i x manned red a i r c r a f t , and s i x computer c o n t r o l l e d a i r c r a f t s p l i t between t h e b l u e and red teams .

l a t i o n Hardware Sof tware r a t i o n

The A i r- t o- A i r A t t a c k Management program conduc ted t h e p i l o t - i n - t h e l o o p e v a l u a t i o n s i n N o r t h r o p ' s F l i g h t S i m u l a t i o n L a b o r a t o r y . The s i m u l a t i o n c o m p u t e r h a r d w a r e u s e d f o r t e s t i n g i n c l u d e d a ne twork o f Encore Concept 32 /9780s , E n c o r e M i c r o S e l s , F l o a t i n g P o i n t System A r r a y P r o c e s s o r s , S i l i c o n G r a p h i c s 4D/80 G T s , and Adage 3 0 0 0 s . F i g u r e s 1 and 2 show t h e hardware and s o f t w a r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

J Red Force Hardware/Software Configuration

Relative Geometry Radar Cross Sectio

AE TASCO 1750

Blue 2 OFP

pilot 0

-I I I i I I

SG 4Dn0

Blue Force Hardware/Software Configuration Figure 2

The s i m u l a t i o n hardware w a s c e n t e r e d a round f o u r Encore Concept 32/9780 t i e d t o g e t h e r t h r o u g h R e f l e c t i v e Memory. Each machine c o n t a i n e d two p r o c e s s o r s w i t h a t h r o u g h p u t of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 MIPS. The f o l l o w i n g s o f t w a r e was d i s t r i b u t e b e t w e e n t h e f o u r E n c o r e computers :

1. 2 . 3 .

4.

5 .

Blue A i r c r a f t Sensor S u i t e ( 2 ) E l e c t r o n i c O r d e r of B a t t l e model I n t e r a c t i v e Computer ized A i r c r a f t

Ai r- to- Air and Sur face- to- Air Weapons Data C o l l e c t i o n

Models (6)

Two F l o a t i n g P o i n t S y s t e m A r r a y P r o c e s s o r s w e r e l i n k e d t o t h e Encore n e t w o r k , e a c h w i t h a t h r o u g h p u t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 M I P S . The A r r a y P r o c e s s o r s h o s t e d t h e a i r f r a m e s f o r t h e p i l o t e d a i r c r a f t a n d t h e r e l a t i v e g e o m e t r y a n d r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n computa t ions f o r a l l a i r c r a f t .

The B l u e F o r c e a i r c r a f t u s e d a combina t ion of TASCO 1750, and S i l i c o n Graph ics 4D/80 GT computers t o h o s t t h e O p e r a t i o n a l F l i g h t P r o g r a m a n d t h e P i l o t V e h i c l e I n t e r f a c e d i s p l a y s . The TASCO compute r s c o n s i s t e d o f s i x M I L - STD 1750A p r o c e s s o r s and Random Access Memory mounted on a VME bus b a c k p l a n e . Each p r o c e s s o r h a s a t h r o u g h p u t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 M I P . The OFP s o f t w a r e was d i s t r i b u t e d a c r o s s t h e s i x p r o c e s s o r s . The S i l i c o n G r a p h i c s h o s t e d t h e P V I d i s p l a y s o f t w a r e .

The R e d F o r c e a i r c r a f t u s e d a c o m b i n a t i o n o f E n c o r e M i c r o s e l s a n d Adage 3 0 0 0 compute r s . Each M i c r o s e l h a s a t h r o u g h p u t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 M I P S and h o s t e d t h e a v i o n i c s f o r a R e d f o r c e a i r c r a f t . The Adage 3 0 0 0 h o s t e d t h e P V I d i s p l a y s o f t w a r e .

F o r b o t h t h e b l u e a n d red f o r c e m a n n e d a i r c r a f t , p i l o t s u s e d I n t e r a c t i v e C o n t r o l S t a t i o n s ( I C S s ) f i g u r e 3 . Each I C s c o n s i s t e d of a 1 9 " c o l o r m o n i t o r f o r t h e Head Down D i s p l a y s , Head Up D i s p l a y s and t h e o u t t h e window v i e w . A t o u c h s c r e e n membrane c o v e r e d t h e d i s p l a y s a n d was u s e d f o r b u t t o n c o n t r o l on t h e Head Down D i s p l a y s . Each s t a t i o n a l s o was e q u i p w i t h a s t i c k and t h r o t t l e w i t h Hands On S t i c k And T h r o t t l e (HOSAT) c o n t r o l s .

An a d d i t i o n a l t h r e e M i c r o s e l s were u s e d t o h o s t t h e I n f r a r e d S i g n a t u r e model, t h e Blue F o r c e AWACS/GCI model, and t h e R e d F o r c e G C I model.

F i g u r e 3

Blue Force A i r c r a f t

Two b l u e f o r c e a i r c r a f t t y p e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e t e s t , a n A3M b l u e a i r c r a f t a n d a " b a s e l i n e " b l u e a i r c r a f t . The A3M b l u e a i r c r a f t r e p r e s e n t e d a g e n e r i c f i g h t e r w i t h performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n o f a i r s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r . The s e n s o r a n d a v i o n i c s s u i t e a b o a r d e a c h a i r c r a f t c o n s i s t e d o f a n ESA r a d a r , I R S T , RWR/RFIS, IFF, I D L , d e f e n s i v e a v i o n i c s , and t h e A3M OFP. The " b a s e l i n e " b l u e a i r c r a f t u s e d t h e same a i r f r a m e and s e n s o r s u i t e , w i t h o u t t h e I D L mode l . The " b a s e l i n e " b l u e a i r c r a f t u s e d t h e A3M OFP w i t h t h e f u n c t i o n a l i t y u n i q u e t o A3M removed (Sensor Manager, M S I , and INF) .

B lue Force O p e r a t i o n a l F l i g h t P r o g ram

The A3M O p e r a t i o n a l F l i g h t Program p r o v i d e d t h e a d v a n c e d f i r e c o n t r o l , a t t a c k management, d a t a f u s i o n , a n d s e n s o r manager c a p a b i l i t i e s t o s u p p o r t t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n o f a i r - t o - a i r a t t a c k a i r c r a f t . The Algor i thm Manager c o o r d i n a t e s and c o n t r o l s a l l of t h e OF?

s o f t w a r e . The S e n s o r Manager i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l o c a t i n g t h e d u t i e s of t r a c k , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , s e a r c h , o r s p e c i a l f u n c t i o n t o e a c h o f t h e s e n s o r s . The t r a c k u p d a t e s a r e s c h e d u l e d b y t h e s e n s o r manager b a s e d on a p r i o r i t y c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h a t t r a c k . A s e n s o r m o n i t o r f u n c t i o n p r o v i d e s a f e e d b a c k l o o p between t h e s e n s o r s and t h e s e n s o r manager . The M u l t i - S o u r c e I n t e g r a t i o n ( M S I ) i n t e g r a t e s i n p u t s f rom ownship s e n s o r s t o d e t e r m i n e a s s o c i a t i o n a n d c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h c u r r e n t MSI t r a c k s , p r o v i d e k i n e m a t i c d a t a f u s i o n , and form c o n s e n s u s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s . T h e I n t e r n e t t e d F u n c t i o n ( I N F ) f u s e s MSI t r a c k s f r o m a l l a i r c r a f t t h a t a r e c u r r e n t l y w i t h i n r a n g e of t h e i n t r a - f l i g h t d a t a l i n k t o p roduce common I N F t r a c k s f o r t h e i n t e r n e t t e d f o r c e . The I N F a l s o p r o v i d e s p a s s i v e r a n g i n g t o g e n e r a t e r a n g e f rom 2-D t r a c k s . F i r e

. C o n t r o l c o n t a i n s t h e a l g o r i t h m s f o r p r i o r i t i z i n g t h r e a t s , a l l o c a t i n g weapons, comput ing weapons employment p a r a m e t e r s , s t e e r i n g f o r e n g a g e m e n t , and p e r f o r m i n g k i l l a s s e s s m e n t . T h e ~ i l o t / V e h i c l e I n t e r f a c e ( P V I ) d e t e r m i n e s what i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be d i s p l a y e d a n d i n t e r p r e t s commands from t h e p i l o t .

B l u e Force Senso r S u i t e

T h e A3M b l u e f o r c e a i r c r a f t used and a d v a n c e d s e n s o r s u i t e t h a t i n c l u d e d t h r e e t r a c k i n g s e n s o r s ; a m u l t i m o d e r a d a r w i t h and E l e c t r o n i c a l l y S c a n n e d Array (ESA) a n t e n n a , an I n f r a r e d Search and Track ( I R S T ) , a n d J o i n t T a c t i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n S y s t e m (JTIDS) , two i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s e n s o r s ; a R a d a r W a r n i n g R e c e i v e r (RWR) a n d I d e n t i f i c a t i o n F r i e n d o r Foe ( I F F ) and an i n t e r n e t t i n g d a t a l i n k .

The s e n s o r s u i t e o p e r a t e d i n a 2 0 0 m i l l i s e c o n d c y c l e t i m e and a c t e d as t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n t h e OFP a n d t h e s i m u l a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t . The S e n s o r Manager i n t h e OFP c o n t r o l l e d t h e s e n s o r s f u n c t i o n s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e p i l o t o v e r r i d e o f t h e r a d a r and IRST s e a r c h volumes and t h e mode of t h e r a d a r . S e n s o r t r a c k i n f o r m a t i o n is p r o c e s s e d t h r o u g h t h e OFP b e f o r e b e i n g d i s p l a y e d t o t h e p i l o t .

The r a d a r model u s e d on t h e A3M b l u e

a i r c r a f t s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n of a r o l l - s t a b i l i z e d , p u l s e d D o p p l e r a i r b o r n e r a d a r , e q u i p p e d w i t h a n e l e c t r o n i c a l l y s c a n n e d a r r a y a n t e n n a , c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i o n i n a v a r i e t y o f s e a r c h , t r a c k a n d s p e c i a l p u r p o s e modes. The r a d a r model r e c e i v e s a s i n p u t f rom t h e s i m u l a t i o n env i ronment : t a r g e t r e l a t i v e g e o m e t r y a n d r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n , a n d f r o m t h e OFP o p e r a t i o n a l commands. The r a d a r model d e l i v e r e d an o u t p u t t o t h e OFP t a r g e t t r a c k f i l e s a n d r a d a r a c t i v i t y f e e d b a c k , a n d t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t t a r g e t i 11 u m i n a t i o n r e c o r d s , which a r e u s e d a s i n p u t by o t h e r a i r c r a f t ’ s s e n s o r s u i t e f o r e m i s s i o n d e t e c t i o n models .

The radar model r u n s i n a 2 0 0 m i l l i s e c o n d c y c l e and i s c o n t r o l l e d by t h e S e n s o r Manager i n t h e O F P . The Sensor Manager commands t h e r a d a r model i n t h e t y p e of s e a r c h t o pe r fo rm, and t h e volume of s p a c e t o s e a r c h . The r a d a r model s u p p o r t s t h e f o l l o w i n g modes of o p e r a t i o n :

1. A c t i v e Search While Track (ASWT) 2 . P a s s i v e Search Whi l e Track(PSWT) 3 . Low P r o b a b i l i t y of I n t e r c e p t

4 . A i r Combat Maneuvering (ACM) Sea rch While Track ( L P I )

The S e n s o r Manager a l s o c o m m a n d e d t r a c k i n g and s p e c i a l p u r p o s e u p d a t e s which are i n t e r l a c e d w i t h t h e s e a r c h modes of t h e r a d a r model . The S e n s o r Manager r e q u e s t s t h e t y p e o f u p d a t e and p r o v i d e s t h e radar model w i t h t h e i n t e n d e d t r a c k i n d e x a n d l o c a t i o n (az imuth , e l e v a t i o n , and r a n g e ) f o r t h e r a d a r t o s t a r e . The r a d a r m o d e l s u p p o r t s t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i a l purpose s e r v i c e s :

1. Update 2 . B u r s t Ranging 3 . Target I d e n t i f i c a t i o n 4 . R a i d Assessment 5 . K i l l Assessment 6 . Missile Update

The r a d a r model i s a b l e t o p r o c e s s m u l t i p l e t r a c k i n g and s p e c i a l p u r p o s e u p d a t e s per c y c l e . The u p d a t e s a r e p r o c e s s e d i n a f i r s t - i n f i r s t - o u t manner. T a r g e t I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , K i l l Assessment , and Missile Update e x t e n d o v e r m u l t i p l e c y c l e s . These u p d a t e s and commanded u p d a t e s which t h e r a d a r model d o e s n o t have t i m e t o e x e c u t e i n t h e c u r r e n t c y c l e a r e placed i n a c a r r y - o v e r l i s t f o r e x e c u t i o n i n t h e n e x t c y c l e . Missile Upda tes have t h e h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y f o l l o w e d b y K i 11

A s s e s s m e n t , U p d a t e , B u r s t R a n g i n g , T a r g e t I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , a n d R a i d Assessment .

The r a d a r m o d e l ' s d e t e c t i o n a n d t r a c k i n g a l g o r i t h m s a r e t h e same f o r a l l a c t i v e modes of o p e r a t i o n d i f f e r i n g o n l y i n t h e waveform and power b e i n g u s e d . The radar model i s c a p a b l e o f u s i n g f o u r power l e v e l s ( F u l l , L P I 1 , 2 , 3 ) a n d f i v e waveforms (High P u l s e R e p e t i t i o n F r e q u e n c y (HPRF) , Medium P u l s e R e p e t i t i o n Frequency (MPRF), LPI 1 , 2 , 3 ) . The d e t e c t i o n p r o c e s s s t a r t s w i t h d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d w e l l t i m e needed f o r a d e t e c t i o n . Targets found w i t h i n t h e a n t e n n a ' s b e a m , t h r o u g h r e l a t i v e geometry c a l c u l a t i o n s , d u r i n g t h e d w e l l a r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e minimum r e s o l u t i o n l i m i t s of t h e r a d a r model . For e a c h g r o u p of t a rge t s a s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o a n d p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e t e c t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d . A random draw i s made a g a i n s t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e t e c t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e t a r g e t i s detected. Once a d e t e c t i o n i s made t h e r a d a r model e m u l a t e s t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s p r o c e s s b y making a random draw b a s e e d on t h e t r a c k t a i l number a n t i m e s i n c e l a s t u p d a t e . F o r ta rge ts t h a t do n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h a n e x i s t i n g t r a c k t h e Ale r t- Conf i rm p r o c e s s i s i n i t i a t e d , and an a d d i t i o n a l t h r e e s u c c e s s f u l dwells a r e r e q u i r e d t o f u l l y r e s o l v e t h e t a r g e t . T r a c k s a r e i n i t i a t e d o r u p d a t e d u s i n g a s i m p l e , piece-wise l i n e a r model of an a d a p t i v e- g a i n Kalman f i l e r .

P a s s i v e Detect i o n and Trac k i n q

The r a d a r m o d e l ' s d e t e c t i o n a n d t r a c k i n g a l g o r i t h m s a r e t h e same f o r a l l p a s s i v e modes. The r a d a r model o p e r a t e s p a s s i v e l y t o detect e m i s s i o n s made b y o t h e r p l a t f o r m s . The radar mode l d e t e r m i n e s which t a r g e t s a r e w i t h i n t h e p o i n t i n g a n g l e o f t h e a n t e n n a a n d a r e d i r e c t i n g e m i s s i o n s t o w a r d s t h e ownsh ip . The t a r g e t s a r e t h e n p u t t h r o u g h t h e same d e t e c t i o n and t r a c k i n g p r o c e d u r e s a s i n A c t i v e mode d i f f e r i n g o n l y i n t h e c o n s t a n t s used i n t h e s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o c a l c u l a t i o n s .

S e a r c h While Track

The r a d a r model e x e c u t e s i n t h e same manner f o r t h e t h r e e Search While T r a c k m o d e s : A c t i v e , P a s s i v e a n d Low P r o b a b i l i t y o f I n t e r c e p t , o n l y

d i f f e r i n g i n t h e e m i s s i o n l e v e l d u r i n g t h e s e a r c h . ASWT c o n d u c t s t h e s e a r c h u s i n g f u l l power a n d u s i n g HPRF and MPRF on a l t e r n a t i n g bars of t h e s e a r c h . PSWT a n d L P I s e a r c h p a s s i v e l y b r o a d c a s t i n g no e m i s s i o n s w h i l e l o o k i n g f o r e m i s s i o n s f rom o t h e r a i r c r a f t . A t t h e s t a r t of t h e e x e c u t i o n c y c l e t h e r a d a r model comple tes any dwells which ex tended o v e r t h e p r e v i o u s c y c l e bound. The r a d a r model t h e n p e r f o r m s a n y u p d a t e s i n t h e c a r r y- o v e r l i s t , t h e n e x e c u t e s t h e commanded u p d a t e s f o r t h e c u r r e n t c y c l e . W i t h t h e t i m e r e m a i n i n g t h e r a d a r model p e r f o r m s a s e a r c h of t h e volume. While t h e Sensor Manager commands t h e volume t o b e s e a r c h e d t h e r ada r model m a i n t a i n s , f r o m c y c l e t o c y c l e , t h e c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n o f t h e beam. The volume i s s e a r c h e d i n a p a t t e r n a l t e r n a t i n g f rom l e f t - t o - r i g h t t o r i g h t - t o - l e f t s c a n s on s u c c e s s i v e b a r s . The r a d a r m o d e l d e t e r m i n e s what p o r t i o n of t h e volume can be s e a r c h d u r i n g t h e remain ing t i m e i n t h e c y c l e . Targets w i t h i n t h e sub- volume are p u t t h r o u g h t h e d e t e c t i o n a n d t r a c k i n g p r o c e s s . A l l t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n s a r e r e p o r t e d t o t h e O F P . The s e a r c h - w h i l e - t r a c k modes o f t h e radar r e p o r t t h r o u g h t h e f e e d b a c k t h e t i m e s p e n t u p d a t i n g a n d c r e a t i n g t r a c k s found d u r i n g t h e s e a r c h and t h e t i m e s p e n t s e a r c h i n g .

I n t h e A i r Combat Maneuvering mode, t h e r a d a r model s i m u l a t e s t h e s e a r c h i n g of a s m a l l volume of space and t r a c k i n g of a s i n g l e p r i o r i t i z e d t a r g e t . ACM o p e r a t e s i n o n e o f t w o modes ; B o r e s i g h t o r V e r t i c a l A c q u i s i t i o n which d e f i n e t h e d i f f e r e n t volumes t h e r a d a r model w i l l s e a r c h f o r t a r g e t s . Upon e n t e r i n g t h e ACM mode t h e r a d a r model w i l l s e a r c h t h e d e s i g n a t e d volume u s i n g f u l l power and t h e MPRF waveform, and p r i o r i t i z e a l l t h e t a r g e t s f o u n d based on r a n g e . A f t e r s e a r c h i n g t h e e n t i r e volume t h e radar model w i l l i n i t i a t e a S i n g l e T a r g e t Track of t h e number o n e p r i o r i t y t a r g e t b y r e p e a t i n g d w e l l s a t t h e t r a c k s l o c a t i o n u n t i l a d e t e c t i o n i s made. The r a d a r model w i l l c o n t i n u e t h e S i n g l e T a r g e t T r a c k p r o c e s s each c y c l e u n t i l one of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s i s m e t : 1) t h e r a d a r model f a i l s t o detect t h e t a r g e t , 2 ) t h e r a d a r model r e c e i v e s a Bump command, a command t o rrbumplr t o t h e n e x t t a r g e t i n t h e p r i o r i t y l i s t , 3 ) t h e t a r g e t moves o u t s i d e t h e a n t e n n a ' s f i e l d - o f - r e g a r d , a t which t i m e t h e radar model r e v e r t s

back t o t h e s e a r c h mode o f ACM. The Bump command c h a n g e s t h e t a r g e t selected f o r S i n g l e T a r g e t Track t o t h e n e x t t a rge t i n t h e p r i o r i t y l i s t .

The I n f r a r e d Search and T r a c k (IRST) mode l u s e d on A3M b l u e a i r c r a f t s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a s c a n n i n g i n f r a r e d d e t e c t i o n s y s t e m . The IRST model o p e r a t e s i n a v a r i e t y o f modes s u p p o r t i n g s e a r c h , t r a c k , a n d t a rge t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The IRST m o d e l r e c e i v e s a s i n p u t f rom t h e s i m u l a t i o n env i ronment , t a rge t r e l a t i v e geometry and i n f r a r e d s i g n a t u r e s , and f rom t h e OFP o p e r a t i o n a l commands. The I R S T model d e l i v e r s as o u t p u t t o t h e OFP t a r g e t t r a c k f i l e s .

The IRST mode l r u n s i n a 2 0 0 . m i l l i s e c o n d c y c l e t i m e a n d i s

c o n t r o l l e d by t h e Sensor Manager i n t h e OFP. The S e n s o r Manager commands t h e volume o f s p a c e t o s e a r c h a n d t h e mode o f o p e r a t i o n . The IRST model s u p p o r t s t h e f o l l o w i n g modes o f o p e r a t i o n :

1. T r a c k While Scan 2 . S i n g l e T a r g e t Track 3 . T a r g e t I d e n t i f i c a t i o n

Drge t D e t e c t i o n and Trac-

The IRST mode l u s e s t h e same d e t e c t i o n and t r a c k i n g a l g o r i t h m s f o r a l l modes of o p e r a t i o n . Targets found w i t h i n t h e a p e r t u r e ' s f i e l d- o f- v i e w are g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e minimum r e s o l u t i o n l i m i t s o f t h e IRST model . For e a c h g r o u p of t a r g e t s a s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o a n d p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e t e c t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d . A random draw i s made a g a i n s t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e t e c t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e t a r g e t h a s been detected. Once a d e t e c t i o n i s made t h e IRST m o d e l a t t e m p t s t o cor re la te t h i s t a rge t w i t h a n e x i s t i n g t r a c k b a s e d on t h e t a r g e t ' s t a i l number a n d a random draw a g a i n s t t h e t h e t r a c k ' s c o r r e l a t i o n t h r e s h o l d . T r a c k s a r e i n i t i a t e d o r u p d a t e d u s i n g a s imple , piece-wise l i n e a r model of a n a d a p t i v e- g a i n Kalman f i l e r .

T r a c k While Scan

While i n Track While Scan mode t h e I R S T model s i m u l a t e s t h e s e a r c h i n g of a s p e c i f i e d volume of s p a c e . While t h e S e n s o r Manager commands t h e volume t o be s e a r c h e d t h e IRST model m a i n t a i n s

f r o m c y c l e t o c y c l e t h e c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n o f t h e a p e r t u r e ' s p o i n t i n g a n g l e . The volume i s s e a r c h e d i n a p a t t e r n a l t e r n a t i n g from l e f t - t o - r i g h t t o r i g h t - t o - l e f t s c a n s on s u c c e s s i v e b a r s . The IRST model d e t e r m i n e s what p o r t i o n o f t h e volume c a n be s e a r c h d u r i n g t h e c y c l e , t a r g e t s w i t h i n t h e s u b- v o l u m e a r e p u t t h r o u g h t h e d e t e c t i o n a n d t r a c k i n g p r o c e s s . A l l t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n a r e r e p o r t e d t o t h e OFP .

u l e Tarcret Track

While i n t h e S i n g l e T a r g e t T r a c k mode t h e IRST mode l s i m u l a t e s t h e t r a c k i n g o f a s i n g l e t a r g e t . The Sensor Manager p r o v i d e s t h e t r a c k i n d e x and l o c a t i o n ( a z i m u t h and e l e v a t i o n ) , t h e IRST model s l e w s t h e a p e r t u r e t o t h e desired l o c a t i o n and a t t empts t o detect t h e i n t e n d e d t a r g e t . The IRST model w i l l c o n t i n u e s t a r i n g a t t h e i n t e n d e d t a r g e t u n t i l t h e S e n s o r Manager c h a n g e s t h e mode o r t h e I R S T model f a i l s t o detect t h e t a r g e t f o r two s u c c e s s i v e c y c l e s .

T a r a e t I d e n t i f i c a t i o n I ,

While i n t h e Target I d e n t i f i c a t i o n mode t h e IRST mode l s i m u l a t e s t h e f o c u s e d s t a r i n g a t a d e s i g n a t e d t a r g e t . The S e n s o r Manager p r o v i d e s t h e I R S T mode l w i t h t h e t a r g e t i n d e x a n d l o c a t i o n . The IRST model slews t h e a p e r t u r e t o t h e desired l o c a t i o n a n d w i l l make up t o t h r e e dwells t o o b t a i n a d e t e c t i o n . W i t h a s u c c e s s f u l d e t e c t i o n t h e IRST model r e c o r d s i n t h e t r a c k f i l e t h e t a r g e t ' s c l a s s a n d a s s o c i a t e d c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l .

J o i n t T a c t i c a l I n f o r m a t h m i o n Svstem

The J o i n t T a c t i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n s D i s t r i b u t i o n S y s t e m ( J T I D S ) m o d e l s i m u l a t e s t h e p r o c e s s i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d a c r o s s a JTIDS n e t . The JTIDS model o p e r a t e s au tonomous ly f rom a n y c o n t r o l o f t h e s e n s o r manager. Each c y c l e t h e JTIDS model m o n i t o r s t h e n e t f o r new messages b e i n g b r o a d c a s t . N e w messages r e c e i v e d a r e c o n v e r t e d f rom t h e AWACS c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m t o t h e ownship c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m and r e p o r t e d t o t h e OFP.

The R a d a r Warn ing R e c e i v e r / R a d i o F r e q u e n c y I d e n t i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m (RWR/RFIS) m o d e l s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a p a s s i v e r a d i o f r e q u e n c y r e c e i v e r . The RWR/RFIS model r e c e i v e s a s i n p u t f r o m t h e s i m u l a t i o n env i ronment , t a rge t r e l a t i v e geometry a n d t a r g e t i l l u m i n a t i o n r e c o r d s , and f rom t h e OFP o p e r a t i o n a l commands. The RWR/RFIS model d e l i v e r s a s o u t p u t t o t h e OFP t a r g e t t r a c k r e p o r t s . The RWR/RFIS m o d e l r u n s i n a 2 0 0 m i l l i s e c o n d c y c l e t h e RWR o p e r a t e s autonomously and t h e RFIS i s c o n t r o l l e d by t h e Sensor Manager.

The d e t e c t i o n a l g o r i t h m s a r e t h e same f o r b o t h t h e RWR and RFIS models , d i f f e r i n g o n l y i n t h e b a n d w i d t h a n d s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e r e c e i v e r . F o r t a rge t s found t o be w i t h i n t h e f i e l d - of- view of t h e s e n s o r , t h e ownship i s w i t h i n t h e e m i s s i o n beam of t h e t a rge t , a n d t h e e m i s s i o n i s w i t h i n t h e bandwidth of t h e s e n s o r , a s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o a n d p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e t e c t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d . A random draw a g a i n s t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of d e t e c t i o n i s made t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e t a r g e t i s detected. Upon a s u c c e s s f u l d e t e c t i o n t h e t a r g e t ' s az imuth, t y p e and c l a s s I D i s r e p o r t e d . The az imuth i s based on t r u t h c o r r u p t e d w i t h measurement e r r o r s t a k e n f r o m a N o r m a l ( G a u s i a n ) d i s t r i b u t i o n .

P a d i o Frequencv I d e n t i f i c a t i o n S I

Svstem

R a d i o F r e q u e n c y I d e n t i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m i s c a p a b l e o f o p e r a t i n g i n e i t h e r s e a r c h o r s t a re mode. While i n t h e s e a r c h mode t h e R F I S m o d e l s i m u l a t e s t h e p a s s i v e s e a r c h i n g of a s p e c i f i e d volume of space. While t h e S e n s o r Manager commands t h e volume t o be s e a r c h e d t h e RFIS model m a i n t a i n s f r o m c y c l e t o c y c l e t h e c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n o f t h e a p e r t u r e ' s p o i n t i n g a n g l e . The volume i s s e a r c h e d i n a p a t t e r n a l t e r n a t i n g f rom l e f t - t o - r i g h t t o r i g h t - t o - l e f t s c a n s on s u c c e s s i v e ba r s . The RFIS model d e t e r m i n e s what p o r t i o n o f t h e volume c a n be s e a r c h d u r i n g t h e c y c l e and t a r g e t s w i t h i n t h e s u b- v o l u m e a r e p u t t h r o u g h t h e d e t e c t i o n p r o c e s s . While i n t h e s t a r e mode t h e RFIS model s t a r e s a t t h e commanded l o c a t i o n i n a n a t t e m p t t o de tec t a t a r g e t . The RWR model e a c h c y c l e p a s s i v e l y m o n i t o r s t h e e n t i r e RWR

f i e l d - o f - r e g a r d , e x c l u d i n g t h e volume t h e RFIS model s e a r c h i n t h e c u r r e n t c y c l e , f o r a n y r a d i o f r e q u e n c y e m i s s i o n s .

The I d e n t i f i c a t i o n F r i e n d o r Foe ( I F F ) model s i m u l a t e s a c o o p e r a t i v e , a c t i v e i n t e r r o g a t i o n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m . I n t e r r o g a t i o n o f t a r g e t s a r e made t h r o u g h t h e X-band o f t h e ESA r a d a r , r e s p o n s e s a re m a d e t h r o u g h t h e L-band o f a s e p a r a t e r e c e i v e r s y s t e m . The I F F model s u p p o r t s t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t e r r o g a t e and r e s p o n s e modes:

The s y s t e m d o e s n o t r e s p o n d t o I F F i n t e g r a t i o n s .

T h e s y s t e m r e s p o n d s t o I F F i n t e g r a t i o n s .

The s y s t e m d o e s n o t b r o a d c a s t i n t e g r a t i o n s .

The sys tem i n t e r r o g a t e s a l l t r a c k s t h e r a d a r model h a s u p d a t e d d u r i n g t h e c u r r e n t c y c l e .

The s y s t e m i n t e r r o g a t e s a l l t r a c k s t h e r a d a r model h a s c rea ted d u r i n g t h e c u r r e n t c y c l e .

6 . Directed I n t e r r o g a t e : The s y s t e m i n t e r r o g a t e s a n y t r a c k s found a t a commanded p o s i t i o n .

1. Respond O f f :

2 . Respond On:

3 . I n t e r r o g a t e O f f :

4 . Track I n t e r r o g a t e :

5 . Sea rch I n t e r r o g a t e :

D e f e n s i v e Avion ics MOW

The D e f e n s i v e A v i o n i c s Model (DAM) s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f o n- b o a r d de f e n s i v e d a t a f u s i o n a n d coun te rmeasure deployment . DAM u s e s a n e a r r a n g e i n f r a r e d s y s t e m c a p a b l e o f d e t e c t i n g m i s s i l e s t o a r a n g e o f 2 5 NM and t r a c k i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e RWR/RFIS model t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e ownship i s t h e i n t e n d e d t a r g e t o f m i s s i l e s . The DAM d e p l o y s c h a f f a n d f l a r e s i n r e s p o n s e t o commands f rom t h e p i l o t . The DAM a u t o m a t i c a l l y j a m s m i s s i l e s which h a v e l o c k e d on t o t h e ownsh ip . The DAM a s s o c i a t e s r e p o r t s made by t h e RWR/RFIS a n d I F F m o d e l s t o t r a c k s m a i n t a i n e d by t h e r a d a r , IRST and JTIDS model.

The I n t e r n e t t i n g D a t a L ink ( I D L ) mode l s i m u l a t e s a r a n g e l i m i t e d , c o v e r t , h i g h- f r e q u e n c y d i g i t a l d a t a l i n k employing a t o k e n- p a s s i n g p r o t o c o l

f o r t h e r i g h t t o t r a n s m i t a c r o s s t h e l i n k . The I D L model s u p p o r t s up t o f o u r f o r c e m e m b e r s and t h e s imul taneous o p e r a t i o n o f up t o two da t a l i n k s . The I D L m o d e l r e c e i v e s f r o m t h e s i m u l a t i o n t h e r e l a t i v e geometry of t h e f o r c e m e m b e r s , a n d f r o m t h e OFP messages t o be t r a n s m i t t e d across t h e l i n k . The I D L model p roduces as o u t p u t t o t h e OFP d a t a l i n k s t a t u s i n f o r m a t i o n a s s e e n b y e a c h f o r c e m e m b e r a n d messages r e c e i v e d a c r o s s t h e l i n k . The I D L model d u t i e s i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1. D e t e r m i n e f o r e a c h f o r c e member whe the r it i s a c t i v e i n one of t h e two l i n k , j o i n i n g o r d r o p p i n g from a l i n k , o r f l y i n g au tonomous ly . 2 . De te rmine l i n k e v e n t s ( r e j o i n o r b r e a k ) a n d a s s i g n s p e c i a l p r o c e s s i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o t h e d i f f e r e n t m e m b e r s . 3 . C i r c u l a t e s t h e t o k e n a n d b r o a d c a s t s m e s s a g e s be tween t h e l i n k members.

Fed F o r c e A i r c r a f t

The red f o r c e a i r c r a f t r e p r e s e n t e d a g e n e r i c f i g h t e r w i t h p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n of t h r e a t a i r s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r . The s e n s o r and a v i o n i c s s u i t e a b o a r d e a c h a i r c r a f t c o n s i s t e d o f a mul t i- mode r a d a r , a n e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l s e n s o r s y s t e m , a n r a d a r w a r n i n g r e c e i v e r sys tem and a n i n t r a - f l i g h t d a t a l i n k .

The r a d a r model s i m u l a t e s a p u l s e - d o p p l e r m e c h a n i c a l l y - s c a n n e d r a d a r which can o p e r a t e i n f o u r modes, Range While S e a r c h (RWS), T r a c k While Scan (TWS) , S i n g l e T a r g e t Track (STT) , and s u p e r s e a r c h . The RWS mode s i m u l a t e s a m u l t i - t a r g e t s e a r c h c a p a b i l i t y . The TWS mode s i m u l a t e s t h e m u l t i - t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n a n d t r a c k i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s . The r a d a r model p r i o r i t i z e s u p t o 1 0 t a r g e t s based on c l o s i n g v e l o c i t y and r a n g e . The t r a c k a r e of weapons l aunch q u a l i t y . When i n t h e STT mode t h e radar t r a c k s t h e t a r g e t f o u n d a t t h e commanded l o c a t i o n . The t r a c k i s o f weapon l a u n c h q u a l i t y . While i n t h e S u p e r S e a r c h mode t h e r a d a r mode l s e a r c h e s t h e HUD f i e l d - o f - v i e w a n d s w i t c h e s t o STT on t h e f i r s t t a rge t found w i t h i n 1ONM.

The I R S T m o d e l s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a n i n f r a r e d s e a r c h a n d t r a c k s e n s o r which o p e r a t e i n t h e 0 . 5 t o 8 mic ron waveband. The I R S T model c o n c u r r e n t l y s e a r c h e s t h e same volumes a s t h e r a d a r m o d e l . The IRST model g e n e r a t e s t r a c k s w i t h l i n e - o f - s i g h t

b e a r i n g s .

The Radar Warning R e c e i v e r (RWR) model s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a p a s s i v e r a d i o f r e q u e n c y r e c e i v e r . The RWR model p r o v i d e s d e t e c t i o n s o f a i r - t o - a i r a n d s u r f a c e - t o - a i r R a d i o F r e q u e n c y e m i s s i o n s . The s y s t e m i s c a p a b l e o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e az imuth of t h e e m i s s i o n w i t h e r r o r s o f + /- 1 0 degrees and i f t h e e m i s s i o n i s above o r below t h e ownship. The RWR w i l l a l s o c a t e g o r i z e t h e e m i s s i o n s o u r c e b a s e d on t h e f r e q u e n c y .

The I n t r a - f l i g h t D a t a L ink Sys tem s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a n o v e r t s y s t e m w i t h l i m i t l e s s r a n g e a n d p r o v i d e s t h e p o s i t i o n a n d a s p e c t of l i n k m e m b e r s .

E l e c t r o n i c Order of B a t t l e

The E l e c t r o n i c O r d e r of B a t t l e (EOB) model s i m u l a t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a g round b a s e d a i r d e f e n s e s y s t e m which i n t e r a c t s w i t h manned p a r t i c i p a n t s and o t h e r mode l s i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n . EOB c o n s i s t s of t h e f o l l o w i n g models :

1. a network of e a r l y warning radar s i tes

2 . Ai rborne Warning and C o n t r o l System (AWACS) a i r c r a f t .

3 . a network of Sur face- to- Air Missile si tes, w i t h a s s o c i a t e d F i r e C o n t r o l Radars

4 . a t e a m of manned and computer c o n t r o l l e d A i r I n t e r c e p t o r s

5 . a manned Ground C o n t r o l l e d I n t e r c e p t s t a t i o n

6 . a d i g i t a l Command, C o n t r o l , Communications and I n t e l l i g e n c e c e n t e r

7 . Sur face- to- Air M i s s i l e f l y o u t s

The s t r u c t u r e o f t h e EOB model s o f t w a r e i s summarized i n F i g u r e 4 .

EOB r e a c t s t o a i r c r a f t e i t h e r a s f r i e n d l y , h o s t i l e , o r n e u t r a l . I t i n t e r a c t s w i t h manned R e d a n d B l u e F o r c e a i r c r a f t a n d t h e I n t e r a c t i v e Computerized A i r c r a f t models .

S i x I n t e r a c t i v e Computer ized A i r c r a f t t h e number of a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e sin

p i l o t workload. Depending on t h e sceni r e p r e s e n t i n g

W SITE MODEJi M u l t i p l e S i t e s i n Beddown M u l t i p l e R a d a r s p e r S i t e I n d e p e n d e n t R a d a r O p e r a t i o r Communica t ion w/ c31 ~ e n t e i

RADAR MODEL M u l t i p l e R a d a r T y p e s O p e r a t i n g P a r a m e t e r s o Sweep Rate o A n t e n n a H e i g h t o F r e q u e n c y a n d P o l a r i t y o High A l t i t u d e C a p a b i l i t y o Low A l t i t u d e C a p a b i l i t i e : D e t e c t i o n A l g o r i t h m s o D e t e r m i n i s t i c o P r o b a b i l s i t c T a r g e t R a d a r C r o s s S e c t i o n : o M u l t i p l e P a t r e r n s o F u n c t i o n of R a d a r

F r e q u e n c y a n d P o l a r i t y

€31 CENTER MODEL C e n t e r Tracker Weapon A l l o c a t i o n o A I E v a l u a t i o n o SAM S i t e E v a l u a t i o n Weapon A s s i g n m e n t A I Vector Management SAM S i t e Management

GCT CONTROT,T,m A I V e c t o r Management SAM S i t e Management EW S i t e C o n t r o l AWACS C o n t r o l - F i r e C o n t r o l R a d a r M u l t i p l e SAM Types I n t e r f a c e w i t h SAMs I n t e r f a c e wich C31 C e n t e r

SAM FLYOUT MODELS Hiqh F i d e l i t y Missiles Generic Missiles o Lead C o l l i s i o n G u i d a n c e o P u r s u i t G u i d a n c e Endgame Mode Is

D e t e r m i n i s t i c P r o b a b i l i s t i c

M A C S MODEL Racetrack P a t t e r n on S t a t i o n T h r e a t A v o i d a n c e L o g i c High F i d e l i t y P a r t i c i p a n t

J N I T A L I Z A T I ON SOFTWA RE Menu D r i v e n R o u t i n e s A i r c r a f t RCS D a t a F i l e s R a d a r P a r a m e t e r D a t a F i l e s SAM P a r a m e t e r D a t a F i l e s

F i g u r e 4

B o m b e r / S t r i k e r s , Ground C o n t r o l l e d I n t e r c e p t F i g h t e r s , o r E s c o r t F i g h t e r s . The f o l l o w i n g p r o g r a m e l e m e n t s i l l u s t r a t e t h e b a s i c model f l o w :

1. E x e c u t i v e- C a l l s m a j o r r o u t i n e s a t v a r i o u s f rame r a t e s .

2 . S e n s o r s - B r i n g i n t eam a n d EOB communicat ion w h i l e a l s o e s t a b l i s h i n g ownship d e t e c t i o n s and t r a c k s .

3 . Menta l Model R o u t i n e s - Decide a p r i m a r y c o u r s e o f a c t i o n b a s e d o n s e n s o r r o u t i n e i n p u t s .

4 . S t e e r i n g R o u t i n e s - Command i n t e r t i a l g u i d a n c e commands t o f l i g h t r o u t i n e b a s e d on b a s i c menta l c o u r s e of a c t i o n and c u r r e n t t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n .

5 . Weapon R o u t i n e s - S e l e c t , f i r e , and s u p p o r t best weapon.

6 . F l i g h t R o u t i n e s - Using s t e e r i n g i n p u t s , a i r f r ame s t a t e v a r i a b l e s a r e u p d a t e d .

T e s t Co nduct a nd R e s u l t s

To f u l l y e v a l u a t e t h e o v e r a l l b e n e f i t s of t h e A3M a l g o r i t h m s b o t h O f f e n s i v e C o u n t e r A i r ( O C A ) a n d D e f e n s i v e C o u n t e r A i r (DCA) m i s s i o n s were f l o w n . The OCA m i s s i o n s were f lown o v e r enemy t e r r i t o r y w i t h t h e

b l u e f o r c e p e n e t r a t i n g S A M s a n d e n g a g i n g a red f o r c e of f i g h t e r s on Combat A i r P a t r o l . The b l u e f o r c e was g i v e n t h e and p l a c e m i s s i o n s i n t e r c e p t p a c k a g e f i g h t e r s .

a b i l i t y of s e l e c t i n g t h e t i m e of p e n e t r a t i o n . I n t h e DCA

t h e b l u e f o r c e g o a l was t o and d e s t r o y a t a c t i c a l s t r i k e o f b o m b e r s e s c o r t e d b y The red f o r c e had t h e a b i l i t y

of s e l e c t i n g t h e t i m e o f p e n e t r a t i o n and t h e o p t i o n of s p l i t t i n g o r k e e p i n g t h e s t r i k e package a s a s i n g l e u n i t .

A t e s t m a t r i x was b u i l t u s i n g A3M b l u e a i r c r a f t , " b a s e l i n e " b l u e a i r c r a f t , OCA m i s s i o n ( 7 v a r i a t i o n s ) , and DCA m i s s i o n s ( 3 v a r i a t i o n s ) . 110 OCA m i s s i o n s were f lown ( 55 A3M and 55 " b a s e l i n e " b l u e ) a n d 5 0 DCA m i s s i o n s (

25 A3M and 25 " b a s e l i n e" b l u e ) .

Dozens of measures o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e w e r e c o l l e c t e d e x a m i n i n g t r a c k i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s , weapon employment c a p a b i l i t i e s , and s y s t e m s u r v i v a b i l i t y , a l l showing improvement i n t h e A3M s y s t e m o v e r t h e " b a s e l i n e " b l u e s y s t e m a d d i n g t o i n c r e a s e d p i l o t s i t u a t i o n a l awareness .

The f i n a l a n a l y s i s showed t h e f i g h t e r s

0 Test Objective MET:

- Statistically Significant Difference Determined Between the A3M and Baseline System in the OCA Mission

3% More MSI Tracks 40% More IDS 23% More Tracks Within

35% More Tracks When 50nm Engagement Zone

lnternetted

5% More Missile Launches 15 to 18% Increase in Launch Ranges

35% Increase in Engagements in Which Only Blue Launches

Pilot With A3M Had 16% More Engagements; All at BVR Ranges

Missile Performance Was Comparable for Both A3M & Baseline

Approximately 50% of at1 A3M & Baseline MRM Launches Achieved End Game

A3M & Baseline Overall Pk's Were .38 & .36 Respectively

MRM Seeker Turn-On Range Was 38% More Accurate for A3M

F i g u r e 5

e q u i p w i t h t h e A3M s y s t e m k i l l e d 2 2 % more t a r g e t s , an i n c r e a s e of 1 8 % i n man v s man e x c h a n g e s w h i l e r e c e i v i n g 9 % more s h o t s o v e r t h e " b a s e l i n e " s y s t e m . F i g u r e 5 summarized t h e s e r e s u l t s .

R e f e r e n c e s

1. K l o s , K . , E l e c t r o n i c Orde r o f B a t t l e i n a R e a l T i m e Mu l t i D l e Encracr -ement S i m u l a t i o n , A I A A p a p e r 89- 3 3 1 4 , A I A A F l i g h t S i m u l a t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s C o n f e r e n c e , B o s t o n M a s s a c h u s e t t s , August 1 4- 1 6 , 1989.

2 . C l a r k , W . , An I n t e r a c t i V e C o m p u t e r i z e d A i r c r a f t ~ o d & f o

l m e T a c t i c a l S i m u l a t i o n , AIAA p a p e r 90-3160, A I A A F l i g h t S i m u l a t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s C o n f e r e n c e , Dayton Ohio, September 17-19, 1 9 9 0 .

MISSION EFFECTIVENESS

22% More Kills 18% Increase in Fighter

vs Fighter Exchange Ratio 9% More Shots Received

by A3M