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American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607 – 1692
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Page 1: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

American Life in the Seventeenth Century

1607 – 1692

Page 2: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Unhealthy ChesapeakeDiseases ravaged the people in the ChesapeakeMalaria Fever, shivering, pain in the joints and headache Spread by being bitten by an infected mosquito

Dysentery Inflammation of intestines leading to bloody diarrhea and

dehydration Caused by drinking infected water or contact with people

already infectedTyphoid Infectious bacteria that causes fever and diarrhea Caused by contact with infected food, water, or other

people already infected

Page 3: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

Low life expectancy 1/2 the people born in Chesapeake did not

survive to 20th birthday Few lived to 40 (women) or 50 (men)

Page 4: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

Chesapeake grew slowly in 1600s Mostly from new immigrants from Europe

Chesapeake immigrants Most immigrants were single men in late teens

or early 20s Most new immigrants died soon after arrival Survivors competed for scarce women

Outnumbered 6 to 1 (1650); 3 to 2 (1700)

Page 5: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

Families were few and fragile Most men could not find mates Most marriages ended with death of spouse in 7

years Few children reached adulthood with both

parents; almost none knew a grandparent Weak family ties reflected in high number of

premarital pregnancies 1/3 of brides already pregnant when married

Page 6: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

Chesapeake settlers struggled on Native-born developed immunities to diseases

that ravaged original immigrants More women came, allowing for more families End of 1600s – white population grew because

of its birthrate (not immigration as before)

Page 7: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Tobacco Economy

Chesapeake well-suited to tobacco growing Some settlers planted tobacco before corn

Tobacco depleted soil Settlers moved inland for more land Further encroached on Indian land, provoking

further attacks

Page 8: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century

Page 9: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Tobacco Economy

Overproduction of tobacco led to price depression 1.5 million pounds exported in 1630s; 40

million pounds exported by 1700 Chesapeake farmers responded by growing

even more tobacco

Page 10: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Tobacco Prices, 1618 – 1710

Page 11: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Tobacco Economy

The problem of labor Family procreation too slow for need Indians died too quickly from contact with

whites (because of diseases) African slaves cost too much money

Page 12: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Tobacco Economy

“indentured servants” White English displaced farmers Voluntarily mortgaged work in Chesapeake to get transatlantic

passage and “freedom dues” (a few barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small piece of land)

“headright system” Encouraged indentured servants to come Whoever paid the passage of the laborer got 50 acres of land Masters – not servants – received benefits (in land)

Some masters got huge estates by importing many servants

By 1700 – 100,000 indentured servants had come to Chesapeake, 3/4 of all European immigrants

Page 13: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Tobacco Economy

Indentured servants’ difficult lives “white slaves” who had hope of eventual freedom Harsh punishment (including lengthened service) for

misbehavior Land grants as part of freedom dues became less

common as good land became more scarce After freedom, poor workers had little choice but to

rent themselves out to former masters for very low wages

Page 14: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion

Late 1600s – large numbers of young, poor discontented men in Chesapeake area Little access to land or women for marriage

1670 – Virginia assembly disenfranchised most landless men

Page 15: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 – 1,000 Virginians, led by 29-year-old planter Nathaniel Bacon rebel Most rebels were frontiersman forced into

backcountry searching for land Rebels resented Governor Berkeley’s close

relations with Indians Monopolized fur trade (with Indians) in area Refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier

settlements

Page 16: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Nathaniel Bacon

Page 17: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s Rebellion Rebels attack Indians, whether they were

friendly or not to whites Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown Burned the capital Rebels went on rampage of plundering

Bacon suddenly died of disease Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and

hanged 20 rebels

Page 18: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Bacon’s Rebellion

Page 19: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s rebellion exposed resentment between inland frontiersman and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations Rebellion suppressed, but resentment remained Upper class planters searched for laborers less

likely to rebel Led to large-scale African slavery

Page 20: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Colonial Slavery

1500 – 1800 – 10 million Africans carried as slaves to New World Only 400,000 came to North America

Most of these came after 1700 Most went to South America or West Indies

Page 21: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Page 22: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Colonial Slavery

Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves only numbered 2,000 (out of 35,000 total

population) Only 7% of the 50,000 people in all the southern plantation

colonies together Struggling white colonists could not afford high prices

for slaves who might die soon after arrival White servant were fall less costly than Africans

Page 23: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Colonial Slavery

1680s – changes in Europe and America led to African enslavement Rising wages in England meant less people willing to

sell themselves as indentured servants in America Large planters fearful of large numbers of mutinous

former servants (demonstrated by Bacon’s Rebellion) Established planters with a generation (or more) in

America, had income to spend on slaves

Page 24: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Colonial Slavery

Rise of slavery in America Mid 1680s – black slaves outnumbered white servants 1698 – Royal African Company lost charter (granted in

1672) for monopoly on slave transport to Americas Americans (especially Rhode Islanders) moved in to transport

slaves to America Mid 1700s – slaves came to outnumber whites in some

Southern colonies

Page 25: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Colonial Slavery

The slave trade Most came from west coast of Africa (Senegal to

Angola) Captured by African coastal tribes, transported to coast,

and sold to European and American buyers Branded and bound on the coast Middle Passage

Brutal transport by ship from Africa to New World Africans packed onto ships Up to 20% died

Sold in New World on auction blocks in port cities

Page 26: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Diagram of a Slave Ship

Page 27: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Colonial Slavery

As number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat Slavery transformed from economic to economic and

racial institution Early 1600s – differences between slave and servant

unclear Beginning in 1662 – “slave codes”

Decreed strict conditions of slavery Made blacks (and their children) property (“chattels”) for life

of white masters Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write Conversion to Christianity did not qualify slave for freedom

Page 28: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Africans in America

Black slaves in deep South was harshest Worked on rice and indigo plantations Climate bad for health Labor was difficult and lonely (because

plantations were so spread out) Mostly male laborers (meaning no family life

for most) Slaves population only increased with fresh

imports

Page 29: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Africans in America

Black slaves in Chesapeake had easier life than Deep South Primarily grew tobacco Less physical demanding crops Plantations closer together (allowing for more social

contact among Africans) Increasing number of female slaves made families

possible Increasing children made Chesapeake slaves one of the few

slave societies in history to perpetuate itself through natural reproduction

Page 30: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Africans in America

Black culture Distinctive from American and African culture

Religion, speech, customs Gullah

Unique black language developed on islands off South Carolina

Blend of English and several African languages

Page 31: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Africans in America

Slave revolts 1712 – rebellion in New York

12 whites killed; 21 blacks executed (some by burning at stake with slow fire)

1739 – Stono Rebellion in South Carolina Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish Florida Stopped by white militia

Overall, few slave rebellions occurred Slaves much more easy to manage than white indentured

servants

Page 32: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Spread of slavery led to widened gap between upper and lower classes among whites 1700s – defined hierarchy of wealth of status

developed

Page 33: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Highest level was elite group of white planters Large gangs of slaves worked huge tracts of

land “first families of Virginia” (established before

1690) Dominated House of Burgesses (Virginia’s

assembly) Hard-working and businesslike group

Page 34: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Small farmers Far below planters in wealth and power Largest social group Owned some land and possibly even 1 or 2

slaves Lived poor, bare existence

Page 35: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Landless whites Mostly unlucky former indentured servants Worked for wages on others people’s farms or

in trades

Page 36: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Indentured servants Those still working under contract End of 1600s – numbers decreased as they were

replaced by black slaves

Page 37: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Black slaves Lowest level of society No hope of eventual freedom or change in

condition

Page 38: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Southern Society

Southern society revolved around plantation Few cities developed

Urban professional class (like lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge

Poor roads Most transportation done over waterways

Page 39: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Family

Healthier climate in New England Clean water, cool temperatures retarded growth

of disease Settlers added 10 years to their lives after move

from England Average lifespan of 70 years

Page 40: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Family

New Englanders generally migrated as families Population grew from natural reproduction Early marriage (by early 20s); women bore

children every 2 years until menopause Typical woman would have 10 children (with 8

surviving past infancy) Many women died during childbirth

Women came to fear pregnancy

Page 41: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Family

Lives of children Stable, nurturing environment Expected to learn obedience Received guidance from parents but also

grandparents Family stability reflected in low premarital

pregnancy rate and generally strong, tranquil social structure in colonial New England

Page 42: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Family

Women in New England Southern women’s rights advanced because men

frequently died young Women allowed to keep property and inherit husband’s estate

New England women gave up property rights upon marriage Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and women in

marriage Widows did have secure rights to property (in contrast with

England)

Page 43: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Family

Early women’s rights Women seen as morally weaker than men (from story

of Eve in Bible) Wife should subject herself to husband Women could not vote

Husband’s power over wife was not absolute Punishment handed out to abusive spouses

Midwives (who delivered babies) created network of women who shared trials of pregnancy and motherhood

Page 44: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Family

Puritan laws kept up integrity of marriages Divorce rare Separated couples ordered to reunite Adultery and abandonment few reasons for

divorce Adulterers publicly whipped and forced to wear

capital letter “A” on clothing for rest of life

Page 45: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Life in the New England Towns

Tight-knit societies based around small villages and farms Blocked in by Indians, French, Dutch Puritans encouraged all to watch out for moral

health of all others

Page 46: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Life in the New England Towns

Expansion of settlement was orderly As opposed to haphazard growth in Chesapeake New towns legally chartered by colonial authorities Distribution of land and town plan by town fathers

(“proprietors”) Meetinghouse (and town hall) surrounded by houses,

with village green (where militia could train) Each family several pieces of land

Woodlot (fuel), crops, pasture

Page 47: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Life in the New England Towns

Education Towns over 50 families required to provide

elementary education 1/2 the adults were literate 1636 – Harvard College established to train

local boys for ministry College (William and Mary) not established in

Virginia until 1693

Page 48: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

Life in the New England Towns

Town meeting Adult males met together, discussed issues, and

voted “the best school of political liberty the world

ever saw” – Thomas Jefferson

Page 49: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

Mid 1600s – waning religious zeal among Puritans Passage of time and more spread out Puritan

settlements “jeremiad” sermon used by Puritan preachers

Named for Old Testament prophet Jeremiah, who prophesied God’s judgments on Israel unless they repented

Decline in conversions most alarming Testimonials by people who had received God’s grace and

deserved to become members of the church as God’s elect

Page 50: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

1662 – the Half-Way Covenant Modification of the “covenant” between the church and

its believers Church would admit to baptism, but not “full

communion” unconverted children of existing members Weakened the distinction between “elect” and others,

diluting the purity of the original settlement Eventually, Puritan church opened to all, converted or not Fully erased distinction between elect and others Religious purity sacrificed for wider participation

Page 51: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

1692 – the Salem Witch trials Salem, Massachusetts Young girls claimed to be possessed by some

older women “witch hunt” took place 20 people killed, 19 by hanging; 1 by pressing;

2 dogs also hanged

Page 52: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

Witch hunts were then common in Europe Several outbreaks had occurred before in the colonies Often directed against property-owning women

Page 53: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

Causes of the Salem trial were different Not only superstitions of time Reflected widening social stratification of New

England and fear that Puritanism was being corrupted by commercialism Most of the accused witches came from families

associated with Salem’s growing market economy, closer to coast

Accusers came mostly from subsistence farming families in interior of Salem

Page 54: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692

Page 55: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

1693 – witchcraft hysteria ended in Salem Governor acted (alarmed by accusation against

his wife) with responsible members of the clergy Prohibited further trials and pardoned convicted

witches

20 years later – Massachusetts legislature annulled convictions of accused witches Paid reparations to their heirs

Page 56: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Way of Life

Land left mark on New Englanders Difficult farming because of rocky soil Back-breaking work shaped strong character Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not attracted

to farms or harsh religious life) Climate hot in summer, cold in winter

Led to diversified agriculture and industry, instead of relying on a few staple crops (cotton, tobacco)

Small farms because of intersection of rivers and mountains; no broad, fertile expanses of land like in South Black slavery not profitable on small farms

Page 57: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Way of Life

Contrasting Indian vs. English views of land Indians affected land only lightly

Saw right to use the land, but idea of individual ownership of the land was alien to them

English radically affected land Condemned Indians for “wasting” (by not using) the

land Used this as reason for taking land from Indians

Believed their duty was to “improve” the land by clearing forests, farming, building roads and houses

Page 58: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Way of Life

New Englanders left mark on land Introduction of livestock (pigs, horses, sheep,

cattle) Cleared forests to create pastureland, increasing

erosion and flooding Used harbors for business

Shipbuilding using close forests, commerce, fishing

Page 59: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The New England Way of Life

Importance of New England Spread throughout nation Built orderly communities around country “Yankee ingenuity” – nation known for can-do

attitude “New England conscience” – high idealism

inspired later reformers

Page 60: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways

Most colonists were farmers Lived hard and humble, but comfortable lives

Colonists lived in abundance compared to Europeans Land was cheap Received higher wages

Page 61: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways

Most colonists were middle class “Dukes don’t emigrate” – comfortable upper

classes had no reason to leave Poor people (except for indentured servants)

didn’t have the money to emigrate

Page 62: American Life in the Seventeenth Century...Colonial Slavery Early – mid 1600s – few African slaves came to North America 1619 – slaves introduced in Jamestown 1670 – slaves

The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways

Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions in America Much more egalitarian than stratified Europe,

especially northern and middle colonies Some tried to recreate class distinctions, but

generally not successful Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes

occurred to control open class distinctions Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestant rebellion (1676),

Leisler’s Rebellion (1689 – 1691)


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