-
Compaction Grouting - A Half-Century Review
Sam Bandimere, Aff.M.ASCE1
1 Grouting Consultant, Broomfield, CO. [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
It has been approximately 50 years since Jim Warner and Ed Graf
started using low-mobility grouts for geotechnical grouting
applications. The purpose of this paper will be to review technical
advances and lessons learned over this period of time and the
future possibilities for this ground treatment application.
Compaction grouting is no different than any other technological
discovery. When reviewed over time, there are a lot of advances
made for numerous reasons. With proper research came a better
understanding of the technical issues involved as the application
relates to soil mechanics. Also, the technological advances of
other issues such as equipment, instrumentation, computer
monitoring, contractors experience, and most of all, case
histories, played a major role in the advancements of the
compaction grouting application. Ed Graf was the first to document
the term of Compaction Grouting in describing the use of a stiff
grout to densify soils, but Jim Warner was the one who took the
compaction grouting spokesmans position by publishing the most
articles and technical papers over the years. Over-time, numerous
spin-off applications have required the term Low-Mobility Grout be
used to describe and measure the effectiveness of newer
applications which will be mentioned later.
A half century of compaction and low-mobility grouting
applications have brought exciting opportunities to the future of
ground treatment methods that have well-established engineering
methodologies for pre- and post- construction applications.
EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT
When Jim Warner and Ed Graf developed the concept of pumping a
very stiff grout for the purpose of densifying and/or stabilizing
soils, it was a very controversial and unique approach to Grouting.
Because both of them had to develop the technique over a period of
time, there is really no definite date that can be attributed to
the systems real start, but generally can be tied to documented
projects as early as the mid-to-late 1950s. Due to the fact that
the approach was discovered and developed by two separate
contractors at about the same time is a testament to the fact that
the American free-enterprise system works best when there is a
competitive spirit for the development of any new idea or approach
to an established industries mode of operandi.
5
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1664
Compaction Grouting - A Half-Century Review
Sam Bandimere, Aff.M.ASCE1
1 Grouting Consultant, Broomfield, CO. [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
It has been approximately 50 years since Jim Warner and Ed Graf
started using low-mobility grouts for geotechnical grouting
applications. The purpose of this paper will be to review technical
advances and lessons learned over this period of time and the
future possibilities for this ground treatment application.
Compaction grouting is no different than any other technological
discovery. When reviewed over time, there are a lot of advances
made for numerous reasons. With proper research came a better
understanding of the technical issues involved as the application
relates to soil mechanics. Also, the technological advances of
other issues such as equipment, instrumentation, computer
monitoring, contractors experience, and most of all, case
histories, played a major role in the advancements of the
compaction grouting application. Ed Graf was the first to document
the term of Compaction Grouting in describing the use of a stiff
grout to densify soils, but Jim Warner was the one who took the
compaction grouting spokesmans position by publishing the most
articles and technical papers over the years. Over-time, numerous
spin-off applications have required the term Low-Mobility Grout be
used to describe and measure the effectiveness of newer
applications which will be mentioned later.
A half century of compaction and low-mobility grouting
applications have brought exciting opportunities to the future of
ground treatment methods that have well-established engineering
methodologies for pre- and post- construction applications.
EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT
When Jim Warner and Ed Graf developed the concept of pumping a
very stiff grout for the purpose of densifying and/or stabilizing
soils, it was a very controversial and unique approach to Grouting.
Because both of them had to develop the technique over a period of
time, there is really no definite date that can be attributed to
the systems real start, but generally can be tied to documented
projects as early as the mid-to-late 1950s. Due to the fact that
the approach was discovered and developed by two separate
contractors at about the same time is a testament to the fact that
the American free-enterprise system works best when there is a
competitive spirit for the development of any new idea or approach
to an established industries mode of operandi.
5
9
2
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
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1664
Compaction Grouting - A Half-Century Review
Sam Bandimere, Aff.M.ASCE1
1 Grouting Consultant, Broomfield, CO. [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
It has been approximately 50 years since Jim Warner and Ed Graf
started using low-mobility grouts for geotechnical grouting
applications. The purpose of this paper will be to review technical
advances and lessons learned over this period of time and the
future possibilities for this ground treatment application.
Compaction grouting is no different than any other technological
discovery. When reviewed over time, there are a lot of advances
made for numerous reasons. With proper research came a better
understanding of the technical issues involved as the application
relates to soil mechanics. Also, the technological advances of
other issues such as equipment, instrumentation, computer
monitoring, contractors experience, and most of all, case
histories, played a major role in the advancements of the
compaction grouting application. Ed Graf was the first to document
the term of Compaction Grouting in describing the use of a stiff
grout to densify soils, but Jim Warner was the one who took the
compaction grouting spokesmans position by publishing the most
articles and technical papers over the years. Over-time, numerous
spin-off applications have required the term Low-Mobility Grout be
used to describe and measure the effectiveness of newer
applications which will be mentioned later.
A half century of compaction and low-mobility grouting
applications have brought exciting opportunities to the future of
ground treatment methods that have well-established engineering
methodologies for pre- and post- construction applications.
EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT
When Jim Warner and Ed Graf developed the concept of pumping a
very stiff grout for the purpose of densifying and/or stabilizing
soils, it was a very controversial and unique approach to Grouting.
Because both of them had to develop the technique over a period of
time, there is really no definite date that can be attributed to
the systems real start, but generally can be tied to documented
projects as early as the mid-to-late 1950s. Due to the fact that
the approach was discovered and developed by two separate
contractors at about the same time is a testament to the fact that
the American free-enterprise system works best when there is a
competitive spirit for the development of any new idea or approach
to an established industries mode of operandi.
5
9
2
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
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E
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3
4
1664
Compaction Grouting - A Half-Century Review
Sam Bandimere, Aff.M.ASCE1
1 Grouting Consultant, Broomfield, CO. [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
It has been approximately 50 years since Jim Warner and Ed Graf
started using low-mobility grouts for geotechnical grouting
applications. The purpose of this paper will be to review technical
advances and lessons learned over this period of time and the
future possibilities for this ground treatment application.
Compaction grouting is no different than any other technological
discovery. When reviewed over time, there are a lot of advances
made for numerous reasons. With proper research came a better
understanding of the technical issues involved as the application
relates to soil mechanics. Also, the technological advances of
other issues such as equipment, instrumentation, computer
monitoring, contractors experience, and most of all, case
histories, played a major role in the advancements of the
compaction grouting application. Ed Graf was the first to document
the term of Compaction Grouting in describing the use of a stiff
grout to densify soils, but Jim Warner was the one who took the
compaction grouting spokesmans position by publishing the most
articles and technical papers over the years. Over-time, numerous
spin-off applications have required the term Low-Mobility Grout be
used to describe and measure the effectiveness of newer
applications which will be mentioned later.
A half century of compaction and low-mobility grouting
applications have brought exciting opportunities to the future of
ground treatment methods that have well-established engineering
methodologies for pre- and post- construction applications.
EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT
When Jim Warner and Ed Graf developed the concept of pumping a
very stiff grout for the purpose of densifying and/or stabilizing
soils, it was a very controversial and unique approach to Grouting.
Because both of them had to develop the technique over a period of
time, there is really no definite date that can be attributed to
the systems real start, but generally can be tied to documented
projects as early as the mid-to-late 1950s. Due to the fact that
the approach was discovered and developed by two separate
contractors at about the same time is a testament to the fact that
the American free-enterprise system works best when there is a
competitive spirit for the development of any new idea or approach
to an established industries mode of operandi.
5
9
2
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
C
E
_
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1664
306B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Cyan_08/01/2012_16:17:32306B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Magenta_08/01/2012_16:17:32306B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Yellow_08/01/2012_16:17:32306B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Black_08/01/2012_16:17:32
Grouting and Deep Mixing 2012
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-
THE PAST
Until the Compaction Grouting approach was conceived, the
standard methods of grouting were to utilize fluid grouts that
could penetrate cracks and/or permeate a medium such as soil or
gravels. The unique approach of the Compaction Grouting method was
that the grout did not penetrate nor permeate, but actually created
an interface between it and the medium being treated, thereby
displacing and creating an advancing mass made with the incoming
grout. The main advantage to this method was the control the
injection had over the grouts travel-index. This had huge
implications for their ability to accurately estimate grout
quantities, but they also found that the pressures required to
place these stiff grouts far exceeded the grouting industries
standards of 1 psi. per foot of depth as established by agencies
such as the Bureau of Reclamation, TVA, and the engineering
community as a whole. This meant that they had to establish a whole
new train of thought throughout an industry that was
well-established and entrenched with specifications and
requirements that did not allow for such pressures, flow rates and
volume restraints. However, they found that with proper mix
designs, injection rates, and volume controls, for the first time
in the grouting industries history, they could actually control the
lifting and re-leveling of structures. This caught the attention of
some very innovative and forward thinking engineers in the
California area. As Warner and Graf and their collegian engineers
strove to get a better understanding of why this grouting method
seemed to do things the industry had never been able to do before,
they committed themselves to extensive before-and-after on-site
tests as well as numerous independent tests to establish its
credibility and validity. Thus were written the first two technical
papers for which the industry will forever be indebted (Graf, 1969;
Warner, 1974). Because this approach required mixing and pumping
equipment that did not exist (at that time), Jim Warner and Ed Graf
had to make and/or modify their slabjacking equipment that was
never intended to mix and pump such a stiff grout. Ed Graf chose to
modify an old Koehring Mudjack (1930s era) machine and Jim Warner
modified a (1960s era) plaster pump which he named a G-1200. Both
of these systems were of the more labor intensive batch mixing
methods for mixing and pumping grout. Both of these pumps had their
limitations due to the fact that they were simply modified machines
of their era, but the fact remains, these were the machines that
established the basics of the compaction grouting application.
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1665
THE PAST
Until the Compaction Grouting approach was conceived, the
standard methods of grouting were to utilize fluid grouts that
could penetrate cracks and/or permeate a medium such as soil or
gravels. The unique approach of the Compaction Grouting method was
that the grout did not penetrate nor permeate, but actually created
an interface between it and the medium being treated, thereby
displacing and creating an advancing mass made with the incoming
grout. The main advantage to this method was the control the
injection had over the grouts travel-index. This had huge
implications for their ability to accurately estimate grout
quantities, but they also found that the pressures required to
place these stiff grouts far exceeded the grouting industries
standards of 1 psi. per foot of depth as established by agencies
such as the Bureau of Reclamation, TVA, and the engineering
community as a whole. This meant that they had to establish a whole
new train of thought throughout an industry that was
well-established and entrenched with specifications and
requirements that did not allow for such pressures, flow rates and
volume restraints. However, they found that with proper mix
designs, injection rates, and volume controls, for the first time
in the grouting industries history, they could actually control the
lifting and re-leveling of structures. This caught the attention of
some very innovative and forward thinking engineers in the
California area. As Warner and Graf and their collegian engineers
strove to get a better understanding of why this grouting method
seemed to do things the industry had never been able to do before,
they committed themselves to extensive before-and-after on-site
tests as well as numerous independent tests to establish its
credibility and validity. Thus were written the first two technical
papers for which the industry will forever be indebted (Graf, 1969;
Warner, 1974). Because this approach required mixing and pumping
equipment that did not exist (at that time), Jim Warner and Ed Graf
had to make and/or modify their slabjacking equipment that was
never intended to mix and pump such a stiff grout. Ed Graf chose to
modify an old Koehring Mudjack (1930s era) machine and Jim Warner
modified a (1960s era) plaster pump which he named a G-1200. Both
of these systems were of the more labor intensive batch mixing
methods for mixing and pumping grout. Both of these pumps had their
limitations due to the fact that they were simply modified machines
of their era, but the fact remains, these were the machines that
established the basics of the compaction grouting application.
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1665
THE PAST
Until the Compaction Grouting approach was conceived, the
standard methods of grouting were to utilize fluid grouts that
could penetrate cracks and/or permeate a medium such as soil or
gravels. The unique approach of the Compaction Grouting method was
that the grout did not penetrate nor permeate, but actually created
an interface between it and the medium being treated, thereby
displacing and creating an advancing mass made with the incoming
grout. The main advantage to this method was the control the
injection had over the grouts travel-index. This had huge
implications for their ability to accurately estimate grout
quantities, but they also found that the pressures required to
place these stiff grouts far exceeded the grouting industries
standards of 1 psi. per foot of depth as established by agencies
such as the Bureau of Reclamation, TVA, and the engineering
community as a whole. This meant that they had to establish a whole
new train of thought throughout an industry that was
well-established and entrenched with specifications and
requirements that did not allow for such pressures, flow rates and
volume restraints. However, they found that with proper mix
designs, injection rates, and volume controls, for the first time
in the grouting industries history, they could actually control the
lifting and re-leveling of structures. This caught the attention of
some very innovative and forward thinking engineers in the
California area. As Warner and Graf and their collegian engineers
strove to get a better understanding of why this grouting method
seemed to do things the industry had never been able to do before,
they committed themselves to extensive before-and-after on-site
tests as well as numerous independent tests to establish its
credibility and validity. Thus were written the first two technical
papers for which the industry will forever be indebted (Graf, 1969;
Warner, 1974). Because this approach required mixing and pumping
equipment that did not exist (at that time), Jim Warner and Ed Graf
had to make and/or modify their slabjacking equipment that was
never intended to mix and pump such a stiff grout. Ed Graf chose to
modify an old Koehring Mudjack (1930s era) machine and Jim Warner
modified a (1960s era) plaster pump which he named a G-1200. Both
of these systems were of the more labor intensive batch mixing
methods for mixing and pumping grout. Both of these pumps had their
limitations due to the fact that they were simply modified machines
of their era, but the fact remains, these were the machines that
established the basics of the compaction grouting application.
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1665
THE PAST
Until the Compaction Grouting approach was conceived, the
standard methods of grouting were to utilize fluid grouts that
could penetrate cracks and/or permeate a medium such as soil or
gravels. The unique approach of the Compaction Grouting method was
that the grout did not penetrate nor permeate, but actually created
an interface between it and the medium being treated, thereby
displacing and creating an advancing mass made with the incoming
grout. The main advantage to this method was the control the
injection had over the grouts travel-index. This had huge
implications for their ability to accurately estimate grout
quantities, but they also found that the pressures required to
place these stiff grouts far exceeded the grouting industries
standards of 1 psi. per foot of depth as established by agencies
such as the Bureau of Reclamation, TVA, and the engineering
community as a whole. This meant that they had to establish a whole
new train of thought throughout an industry that was
well-established and entrenched with specifications and
requirements that did not allow for such pressures, flow rates and
volume restraints. However, they found that with proper mix
designs, injection rates, and volume controls, for the first time
in the grouting industries history, they could actually control the
lifting and re-leveling of structures. This caught the attention of
some very innovative and forward thinking engineers in the
California area. As Warner and Graf and their collegian engineers
strove to get a better understanding of why this grouting method
seemed to do things the industry had never been able to do before,
they committed themselves to extensive before-and-after on-site
tests as well as numerous independent tests to establish its
credibility and validity. Thus were written the first two technical
papers for which the industry will forever be indebted (Graf, 1969;
Warner, 1974). Because this approach required mixing and pumping
equipment that did not exist (at that time), Jim Warner and Ed Graf
had to make and/or modify their slabjacking equipment that was
never intended to mix and pump such a stiff grout. Ed Graf chose to
modify an old Koehring Mudjack (1930s era) machine and Jim Warner
modified a (1960s era) plaster pump which he named a G-1200. Both
of these systems were of the more labor intensive batch mixing
methods for mixing and pumping grout. Both of these pumps had their
limitations due to the fact that they were simply modified machines
of their era, but the fact remains, these were the machines that
established the basics of the compaction grouting application.
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
3A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
593A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1665
307A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Cyan_08/01/2012_16:17:32
307A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Magenta_08/01/2012_16:17:32
307A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Yellow_08/01/2012_16:17:32
307A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Black_08/01/2012_16:17:32
Grouting and Deep Mixing 2012
Dow
nloa
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-
In 1976-1977, Jim Warner sold his company, at which time, Wally
Baker (founder of the Hayward Baker Company) and Richard Berry
(founder of Rembco Engineering) purchased some of Jim Warners
G-1200 pumps which started a national interest (and competition)
for the compaction grouting application. There were some major
projects performed with these machines that continued to establish
the credibility of the compaction grouting application on a
national level. This established a second generation of compaction
grouting applicators.
Fig 1. Warner G-1200 Grout Plant
In 1979, Dr. Wally Baker, Jim Warner and Dr. Norbert Schmidt of
The University of Rolla decided to hold a one-week Fundamentals of
Grouting continuing education course in St. Louis, MO. In
attendance at that course was a young slabjacking contractor, Sam
Bandimere, who happened to have a project which really needed the
controls of this compaction grouting application that Jim Warner
presented. Upon finding out that there were no more G-1200 machines
available, Mr. Bandimere decided to look at the developing concrete
pumping industry to see if there would be a way to modify and apply
the technologies of that industry to the compaction grouting
application. Mr. Bandimere made an official presentation of that
equipment at the 1982 New Orleans specialty ASCE Conference.
Throughout the 1980s, Mr. Bandimere continued developing what
later became known as the Denver System. Some of the unique
capabilities developed by this system were:
1. The continuous and automated mix system for mixing the grout.
2. The integration and use of bulk materials. 3. Pumps that allowed
the grout envelope to be opened up for the inclusion
of gravels in the mix designs. 4. Drilling and casing systems
that allowed for more accurate placement of
grout in both the up-stage and down-stage placement procedures.
5
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4
1666 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
In 1976-1977, Jim Warner sold his company, at which time, Wally
Baker (founder of the Hayward Baker Company) and Richard Berry
(founder of Rembco Engineering) purchased some of Jim Warners
G-1200 pumps which started a national interest (and competition)
for the compaction grouting application. There were some major
projects performed with these machines that continued to establish
the credibility of the compaction grouting application on a
national level. This established a second generation of compaction
grouting applicators.
Fig 1. Warner G-1200 Grout Plant
In 1979, Dr. Wally Baker, Jim Warner and Dr. Norbert Schmidt of
The University of Rolla decided to hold a one-week Fundamentals of
Grouting continuing education course in St. Louis, MO. In
attendance at that course was a young slabjacking contractor, Sam
Bandimere, who happened to have a project which really needed the
controls of this compaction grouting application that Jim Warner
presented. Upon finding out that there were no more G-1200 machines
available, Mr. Bandimere decided to look at the developing concrete
pumping industry to see if there would be a way to modify and apply
the technologies of that industry to the compaction grouting
application. Mr. Bandimere made an official presentation of that
equipment at the 1982 New Orleans specialty ASCE Conference.
Throughout the 1980s, Mr. Bandimere continued developing what
later became known as the Denver System. Some of the unique
capabilities developed by this system were:
1. The continuous and automated mix system for mixing the grout.
2. The integration and use of bulk materials. 3. Pumps that allowed
the grout envelope to be opened up for the inclusion
of gravels in the mix designs. 4. Drilling and casing systems
that allowed for more accurate placement of
grout in both the up-stage and down-stage placement
procedures.
5
9
4
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
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:
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3
4
1666 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
In 1976-1977, Jim Warner sold his company, at which time, Wally
Baker (founder of the Hayward Baker Company) and Richard Berry
(founder of Rembco Engineering) purchased some of Jim Warners
G-1200 pumps which started a national interest (and competition)
for the compaction grouting application. There were some major
projects performed with these machines that continued to establish
the credibility of the compaction grouting application on a
national level. This established a second generation of compaction
grouting applicators.
Fig 1. Warner G-1200 Grout Plant
In 1979, Dr. Wally Baker, Jim Warner and Dr. Norbert Schmidt of
The University of Rolla decided to hold a one-week Fundamentals of
Grouting continuing education course in St. Louis, MO. In
attendance at that course was a young slabjacking contractor, Sam
Bandimere, who happened to have a project which really needed the
controls of this compaction grouting application that Jim Warner
presented. Upon finding out that there were no more G-1200 machines
available, Mr. Bandimere decided to look at the developing concrete
pumping industry to see if there would be a way to modify and apply
the technologies of that industry to the compaction grouting
application. Mr. Bandimere made an official presentation of that
equipment at the 1982 New Orleans specialty ASCE Conference.
Throughout the 1980s, Mr. Bandimere continued developing what
later became known as the Denver System. Some of the unique
capabilities developed by this system were:
1. The continuous and automated mix system for mixing the grout.
2. The integration and use of bulk materials. 3. Pumps that allowed
the grout envelope to be opened up for the inclusion
of gravels in the mix designs. 4. Drilling and casing systems
that allowed for more accurate placement of
grout in both the up-stage and down-stage placement
procedures.
5
9
4
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
C
E
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:
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:
3
4
1666 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
In 1976-1977, Jim Warner sold his company, at which time, Wally
Baker (founder of the Hayward Baker Company) and Richard Berry
(founder of Rembco Engineering) purchased some of Jim Warners
G-1200 pumps which started a national interest (and competition)
for the compaction grouting application. There were some major
projects performed with these machines that continued to establish
the credibility of the compaction grouting application on a
national level. This established a second generation of compaction
grouting applicators.
Fig 1. Warner G-1200 Grout Plant
In 1979, Dr. Wally Baker, Jim Warner and Dr. Norbert Schmidt of
The University of Rolla decided to hold a one-week Fundamentals of
Grouting continuing education course in St. Louis, MO. In
attendance at that course was a young slabjacking contractor, Sam
Bandimere, who happened to have a project which really needed the
controls of this compaction grouting application that Jim Warner
presented. Upon finding out that there were no more G-1200 machines
available, Mr. Bandimere decided to look at the developing concrete
pumping industry to see if there would be a way to modify and apply
the technologies of that industry to the compaction grouting
application. Mr. Bandimere made an official presentation of that
equipment at the 1982 New Orleans specialty ASCE Conference.
Throughout the 1980s, Mr. Bandimere continued developing what
later became known as the Denver System. Some of the unique
capabilities developed by this system were:
1. The continuous and automated mix system for mixing the grout.
2. The integration and use of bulk materials. 3. Pumps that allowed
the grout envelope to be opened up for the inclusion
of gravels in the mix designs. 4. Drilling and casing systems
that allowed for more accurate placement of
grout in both the up-stage and down-stage placement
procedures.
5
9
4
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
C
E
_
V
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1666 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
307B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Cyan_08/01/2012_16:17:32307B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Magenta_08/01/2012_16:17:32307B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Yellow_08/01/2012_16:17:32307B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Black_08/01/2012_16:17:32
Grouting and Deep Mixing 2012
D
o
w
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o
a
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d
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o
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0
3
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.
C
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r
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h
t
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.
F
o
r
p
e
r
s
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n
a
l
u
s
e
o
n
l
y
;
a
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d
.
-
One of the major issues that had to be dealt with was the fact
that everything in the concrete pumping and mixing industry was
(and is) geared to the volume that can be produced. This of course
was counterproductive and violates every technical aspect of the
Compaction Grouting application. Mr. Bandimere spent years fighting
that mindset and would caution that those two concepts are not
mutually compatible yet to this day. One of the major dangers of
falling for a sales pitch that a standard concrete pump can be used
to do compaction grouting is still a fallacy and most certainly
will produce project failures. However, there are now several
concrete pump manufactures who make low volume- high pressure pumps
that are readily available. As a general rule, if a pump has a
capacity of more than 20 cu. yds/hr. and pressure capability of
less than 1,500 psi., it is not a pump recommended for compaction
grouting applications.
Due to Mr. Bandimeres involvement in the Grouting Industries
educational, professional and academia forums, in 1989, Mr.
Bandimere started shipping rigs to international destinations which
took the compaction grouting technology to an international level.
By the mid-to-late 1990s, compaction grouting was being performed
regularly on just about every continent. In 1997 at the ASCE
GeoLogan Conference, Mr. Bandimere presented the first Compaction
Grouting State of The Practice paper (Bandimere 1997).
Technological Developments
As the equipment side of the compaction grouting application
rose to new levels, so did the technological and educational
understandings come to the fore-front. Starting with the 1979
Fundamentals of Grouting Course, the era of contractors holding
their Black Magic solutions to grouting applications came to an
end. The 1982, 1992, 2003 and now the 2012 New Orleans Grouting
Conferences, the annual ASCE (GeoInstitute), ACI, DFI and
numerous
Fig 2. Typical Denver System
Fig 3. Cross Section Before Grouting
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1667
One of the major issues that had to be dealt with was the fact
that everything in the concrete pumping and mixing industry was
(and is) geared to the volume that can be produced. This of course
was counterproductive and violates every technical aspect of the
Compaction Grouting application. Mr. Bandimere spent years fighting
that mindset and would caution that those two concepts are not
mutually compatible yet to this day. One of the major dangers of
falling for a sales pitch that a standard concrete pump can be used
to do compaction grouting is still a fallacy and most certainly
will produce project failures. However, there are now several
concrete pump manufactures who make low volume- high pressure pumps
that are readily available. As a general rule, if a pump has a
capacity of more than 20 cu. yds/hr. and pressure capability of
less than 1,500 psi., it is not a pump recommended for compaction
grouting applications.
Due to Mr. Bandimeres involvement in the Grouting Industries
educational, professional and academia forums, in 1989, Mr.
Bandimere started shipping rigs to international destinations which
took the compaction grouting technology to an international level.
By the mid-to-late 1990s, compaction grouting was being performed
regularly on just about every continent. In 1997 at the ASCE
GeoLogan Conference, Mr. Bandimere presented the first Compaction
Grouting State of The Practice paper (Bandimere 1997).
Technological Developments
As the equipment side of the compaction grouting application
rose to new levels, so did the technological and educational
understandings come to the fore-front. Starting with the 1979
Fundamentals of Grouting Course, the era of contractors holding
their Black Magic solutions to grouting applications came to an
end. The 1982, 1992, 2003 and now the 2012 New Orleans Grouting
Conferences, the annual ASCE (GeoInstitute), ACI, DFI and
numerous
Fig 2. Typical Denver System
Fig 3. Cross Section Before Grouting
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1667
One of the major issues that had to be dealt with was the fact
that everything in the concrete pumping and mixing industry was
(and is) geared to the volume that can be produced. This of course
was counterproductive and violates every technical aspect of the
Compaction Grouting application. Mr. Bandimere spent years fighting
that mindset and would caution that those two concepts are not
mutually compatible yet to this day. One of the major dangers of
falling for a sales pitch that a standard concrete pump can be used
to do compaction grouting is still a fallacy and most certainly
will produce project failures. However, there are now several
concrete pump manufactures who make low volume- high pressure pumps
that are readily available. As a general rule, if a pump has a
capacity of more than 20 cu. yds/hr. and pressure capability of
less than 1,500 psi., it is not a pump recommended for compaction
grouting applications.
Due to Mr. Bandimeres involvement in the Grouting Industries
educational, professional and academia forums, in 1989, Mr.
Bandimere started shipping rigs to international destinations which
took the compaction grouting technology to an international level.
By the mid-to-late 1990s, compaction grouting was being performed
regularly on just about every continent. In 1997 at the ASCE
GeoLogan Conference, Mr. Bandimere presented the first Compaction
Grouting State of The Practice paper (Bandimere 1997).
Technological Developments
As the equipment side of the compaction grouting application
rose to new levels, so did the technological and educational
understandings come to the fore-front. Starting with the 1979
Fundamentals of Grouting Course, the era of contractors holding
their Black Magic solutions to grouting applications came to an
end. The 1982, 1992, 2003 and now the 2012 New Orleans Grouting
Conferences, the annual ASCE (GeoInstitute), ACI, DFI and
numerous
Fig 2. Typical Denver System
Fig 3. Cross Section Before Grouting
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1667
One of the major issues that had to be dealt with was the fact
that everything in the concrete pumping and mixing industry was
(and is) geared to the volume that can be produced. This of course
was counterproductive and violates every technical aspect of the
Compaction Grouting application. Mr. Bandimere spent years fighting
that mindset and would caution that those two concepts are not
mutually compatible yet to this day. One of the major dangers of
falling for a sales pitch that a standard concrete pump can be used
to do compaction grouting is still a fallacy and most certainly
will produce project failures. However, there are now several
concrete pump manufactures who make low volume- high pressure pumps
that are readily available. As a general rule, if a pump has a
capacity of more than 20 cu. yds/hr. and pressure capability of
less than 1,500 psi., it is not a pump recommended for compaction
grouting applications.
Due to Mr. Bandimeres involvement in the Grouting Industries
educational, professional and academia forums, in 1989, Mr.
Bandimere started shipping rigs to international destinations which
took the compaction grouting technology to an international level.
By the mid-to-late 1990s, compaction grouting was being performed
regularly on just about every continent. In 1997 at the ASCE
GeoLogan Conference, Mr. Bandimere presented the first Compaction
Grouting State of The Practice paper (Bandimere 1997).
Technological Developments
As the equipment side of the compaction grouting application
rose to new levels, so did the technological and educational
understandings come to the fore-front. Starting with the 1979
Fundamentals of Grouting Course, the era of contractors holding
their Black Magic solutions to grouting applications came to an
end. The 1982, 1992, 2003 and now the 2012 New Orleans Grouting
Conferences, the annual ASCE (GeoInstitute), ACI, DFI and
numerous
Fig 2. Typical Denver System
Fig 3. Cross Section Before Grouting
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
5A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
595A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1667
308A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Cyan_08/01/2012_16:17:32
308A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Magenta_08/01/2012_16:17:32
308A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Yellow_08/01/2012_16:17:32
308A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Black_08/01/2012_16:17:32
Grouting and Deep Mixing 2012
Dow
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-
other conferences have well established and documented the
compaction grouting technological developments.
While the original compaction grouting application was (and
still is) to stabilize and re-level structures, in 1997 Michael
Byle presented a paper at the GeoLogan conference asserting that
the term of Compaction Grouting needed to be changed to Low
Mobility Grouting (Byle 1997). This was a result of the fact that
pumping stiff and low mobility grouts had taken on other
applications. By the early 1990s, there were case histories of
projects being performed where the Low Mobility grouts were being
used for water control, Karst formations were being stabilized,
abandoned mines were being filled and stabilized with the precise
control of low mobility grouts. It was soon discovered that a
properly placed compaction pile could be used for bearing and
restraining elements. Most if not all of these applications really
had very little if anything to
Fig 5. Typical Mine Fill
Fig 6. Typical Earth Retention
Fig 4. Cross Section After Grouting
5
9
6
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_
5
0
8
3
6
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3
4
1668 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
other conferences have well established and documented the
compaction grouting technological developments.
While the original compaction grouting application was (and
still is) to stabilize and re-level structures, in 1997 Michael
Byle presented a paper at the GeoLogan conference asserting that
the term of Compaction Grouting needed to be changed to Low
Mobility Grouting (Byle 1997). This was a result of the fact that
pumping stiff and low mobility grouts had taken on other
applications. By the early 1990s, there were case histories of
projects being performed where the Low Mobility grouts were being
used for water control, Karst formations were being stabilized,
abandoned mines were being filled and stabilized with the precise
control of low mobility grouts. It was soon discovered that a
properly placed compaction pile could be used for bearing and
restraining elements. Most if not all of these applications really
had very little if anything to
Fig 5. Typical Mine Fill
Fig 6. Typical Earth Retention
Fig 4. Cross Section After Grouting
5
9
6
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
C
E
_
V
o
l
_
0
2
_
R
e
s
i
z
e
_
A
A
.
j
o
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2
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0
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:
5
4
:
3
4
1668 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
other conferences have well established and documented the
compaction grouting technological developments.
While the original compaction grouting application was (and
still is) to stabilize and re-level structures, in 1997 Michael
Byle presented a paper at the GeoLogan conference asserting that
the term of Compaction Grouting needed to be changed to Low
Mobility Grouting (Byle 1997). This was a result of the fact that
pumping stiff and low mobility grouts had taken on other
applications. By the early 1990s, there were case histories of
projects being performed where the Low Mobility grouts were being
used for water control, Karst formations were being stabilized,
abandoned mines were being filled and stabilized with the precise
control of low mobility grouts. It was soon discovered that a
properly placed compaction pile could be used for bearing and
restraining elements. Most if not all of these applications really
had very little if anything to
Fig 5. Typical Mine Fill
Fig 6. Typical Earth Retention
Fig 4. Cross Section After Grouting
5
9
6
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
C
E
_
V
o
l
_
0
2
_
R
e
s
i
z
e
_
A
A
.
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:
5
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:
3
4
1668 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
other conferences have well established and documented the
compaction grouting technological developments.
While the original compaction grouting application was (and
still is) to stabilize and re-level structures, in 1997 Michael
Byle presented a paper at the GeoLogan conference asserting that
the term of Compaction Grouting needed to be changed to Low
Mobility Grouting (Byle 1997). This was a result of the fact that
pumping stiff and low mobility grouts had taken on other
applications. By the early 1990s, there were case histories of
projects being performed where the Low Mobility grouts were being
used for water control, Karst formations were being stabilized,
abandoned mines were being filled and stabilized with the precise
control of low mobility grouts. It was soon discovered that a
properly placed compaction pile could be used for bearing and
restraining elements. Most if not all of these applications really
had very little if anything to
Fig 5. Typical Mine Fill
Fig 6. Typical Earth Retention
Fig 4. Cross Section After Grouting
5
9
6
A
_
5
0
8
3
6
_
A
S
C
E
_
V
o
l
_
0
2
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:
5
4
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3
4
1668 GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012
308B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Cyan_08/01/2012_16:17:32308B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Magenta_08/01/2012_16:17:32308B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Yellow_08/01/2012_16:17:32308B_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Black_08/01/2012_16:17:32
Grouting and Deep Mixing 2012
D
o
w
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e
r
v
e
d
.
-
do with the original concept of compacting in-situ soils for the
purpose of stabilizing and re-leveling structures. It was also
noted that for most of these applications, the use of high volume
concrete pumps was acceptable, and in fact, almost required.
The Present
In 2010, the Geo-Institutes Grouting Committee published a
Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide, to promote good practice in
compaction grouting. The
purpose of this guide is an attempt to separate the specific
application of Compaction Grouting from the others, because it has
always been a consensus of the industry as a whole, that the term
Compaction Grouting really does have a specific meaning and should
be retained as such.
Compaction Grouting continues to set new records in terms of the
size of projects being performed. This can be quantitatively
expressed in the size of the average contract amounts and also in
the size of structures being stabilized and re-leveled. In 2009, a
655 ft. tall power- plant chimney (Fig. 7) was stabilized and
re-leveled without adversely affecting any of the adjacent and
adjoining structures. Yet, there is still a huge home-owner market
and small projects that continue to demand contractors maintain an
ability to do quality work on a wide spectrum of project sizes both
contractually and technically.
While it may have taken some years to persuade and convince
government agencies and engineering communities that the use of low
mobility grouts at higher pressures did not violate basic soil
mechanic principals, once the concept caught on, the use of its
application took off. It seems that the Fig 8. Typical Home Owner
Project
Fig 7. Power Plant Chimney
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1669
do with the original concept of compacting in-situ soils for the
purpose of stabilizing and re-leveling structures. It was also
noted that for most of these applications, the use of high volume
concrete pumps was acceptable, and in fact, almost required.
The Present
In 2010, the Geo-Institutes Grouting Committee published a
Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide, to promote good practice in
compaction grouting. The
purpose of this guide is an attempt to separate the specific
application of Compaction Grouting from the others, because it has
always been a consensus of the industry as a whole, that the term
Compaction Grouting really does have a specific meaning and should
be retained as such.
Compaction Grouting continues to set new records in terms of the
size of projects being performed. This can be quantitatively
expressed in the size of the average contract amounts and also in
the size of structures being stabilized and re-leveled. In 2009, a
655 ft. tall power- plant chimney (Fig. 7) was stabilized and
re-leveled without adversely affecting any of the adjacent and
adjoining structures. Yet, there is still a huge home-owner market
and small projects that continue to demand contractors maintain an
ability to do quality work on a wide spectrum of project sizes both
contractually and technically.
While it may have taken some years to persuade and convince
government agencies and engineering communities that the use of low
mobility grouts at higher pressures did not violate basic soil
mechanic principals, once the concept caught on, the use of its
application took off. It seems that the Fig 8. Typical Home Owner
Project
Fig 7. Power Plant Chimney
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1669
do with the original concept of compacting in-situ soils for the
purpose of stabilizing and re-leveling structures. It was also
noted that for most of these applications, the use of high volume
concrete pumps was acceptable, and in fact, almost required.
The Present
In 2010, the Geo-Institutes Grouting Committee published a
Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide, to promote good practice in
compaction grouting. The
purpose of this guide is an attempt to separate the specific
application of Compaction Grouting from the others, because it has
always been a consensus of the industry as a whole, that the term
Compaction Grouting really does have a specific meaning and should
be retained as such.
Compaction Grouting continues to set new records in terms of the
size of projects being performed. This can be quantitatively
expressed in the size of the average contract amounts and also in
the size of structures being stabilized and re-leveled. In 2009, a
655 ft. tall power- plant chimney (Fig. 7) was stabilized and
re-leveled without adversely affecting any of the adjacent and
adjoining structures. Yet, there is still a huge home-owner market
and small projects that continue to demand contractors maintain an
ability to do quality work on a wide spectrum of project sizes both
contractually and technically.
While it may have taken some years to persuade and convince
government agencies and engineering communities that the use of low
mobility grouts at higher pressures did not violate basic soil
mechanic principals, once the concept caught on, the use of its
application took off. It seems that the Fig 8. Typical Home Owner
Project
Fig 7. Power Plant Chimney
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1669
do with the original concept of compacting in-situ soils for the
purpose of stabilizing and re-leveling structures. It was also
noted that for most of these applications, the use of high volume
concrete pumps was acceptable, and in fact, almost required.
The Present
In 2010, the Geo-Institutes Grouting Committee published a
Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide, to promote good practice in
compaction grouting. The
purpose of this guide is an attempt to separate the specific
application of Compaction Grouting from the others, because it has
always been a consensus of the industry as a whole, that the term
Compaction Grouting really does have a specific meaning and should
be retained as such.
Compaction Grouting continues to set new records in terms of the
size of projects being performed. This can be quantitatively
expressed in the size of the average contract amounts and also in
the size of structures being stabilized and re-leveled. In 2009, a
655 ft. tall power- plant chimney (Fig. 7) was stabilized and
re-leveled without adversely affecting any of the adjacent and
adjoining structures. Yet, there is still a huge home-owner market
and small projects that continue to demand contractors maintain an
ability to do quality work on a wide spectrum of project sizes both
contractually and technically.
While it may have taken some years to persuade and convince
government agencies and engineering communities that the use of low
mobility grouts at higher pressures did not violate basic soil
mechanic principals, once the concept caught on, the use of its
application took off. It seems that the Fig 8. Typical Home Owner
Project
Fig 7. Power Plant Chimney
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Cya
n_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess M
agen
ta_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
459
7A_5
0836
_ASC
E_Vo
l_02
_Res
ize_A
A.job
_Proc
ess Y
ellow
_07/3
1/201
2_07
:54:34
597A
_508
36_A
SCE_
Vol_
02_R
esize
_AA.
job_P
roces
s Blac
k_07
/31/20
12_0
7:54:3
4
GROUTING AND DEEP MIXING 2012 1669
309A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Cyan_08/01/2012_16:17:32
309A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Magenta_08/01/2012_16:17:32
309A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Yellow_08/01/2012_16:17:32
309A_PB_4out_Same_50836_ASCE_Final_Print.job_Process
Black_08/01/2012_16:17:32
Grouting and Deep Mixing 2012
