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Americans and the World in Crisis1933-1945
Chapter 25
Foreign Policy 1933-1939• Latin America
– Hoover– Actively pursued friendly relations with Latin
America, toured region before inauguration– Ended troop occupation in Nicaragua and Haiti
– Good Neighbor Policy• Pan American Conference 1933
– Formal convention signed– Withdrew American troops
– U.S. pledged to never interfere in internal affairs of L.A. again
– Renounced Platt Amendment– Economic interference instead of military– 2nd Pan Am Conference 1936- Roosevelt attended
• Tested– Cuba
» Economic crisis 1933» No direct intervention» Roosevelt and Congress nullified Platt
Amendment, except Gitmo Bay– Mexico
» Reform government in power 1936» Seized US and British oil companies» Compensation agreements reached» Roosevelt refused to intervene
Rise of Aggressive states in Europe and Asia
• Soviet Union– Formally recognized in 1933 by US
– To increase trade and boost economy– Joseph Stalin leader– Communist
• Japan– Hideki Tojo– Wanted natural resources– Invasion of China 1931
– Defied open door policy and League of Nations
– Took over Manchuria– U.S. refused to recognize– Stimson Doctrine 1932
– Rape of Nanking 1937– Full scale war
• Italy– Benito Mussolini– Fascist leader
– Idea that people should glorify nation/race through aggressive show of force
– Wanted new Roman Empire– Starts with Ethiopia 1935
• Germany– Totalitarian government
– Equivalent of Fascists– Adolf Hitler– Starts rearmament of Germany
– Starts in Rhineland 1936– Sudetenland 1938
– “allowed” to take Czechoslovakia– German speaking
– Munich Conference 1938
America stays NEUTRAL• Keeping with the Trend
– Isolationist since 1920s• America First Committee
– Charles Lindbergh, Coughlin– Gerald Nye
• WWI investigations• “merchants of death”
• Gathering Storm– Neutrality Acts 1935-1937– FDR’s “quarantine aggressors”– Axis Actions
• Japan violates naval treaties 1936• Germany violates Munich Pact
– FDR’s response• Actions “short of war”• $300 million war appropriations• 1.3 billion defense budget
• “preparedness”
War in Europe• Germany invades Poland 9/1/1939
– Breaks Treaty of Versailles– Secretly agrees to share with Soviet
Union
• Britain and France declare war
• German invades Baltic• spring 1940• Use of Blitzkrieg (lighting war)• Denmark/Norway surrendered in a
few days
• US response– Stay neutral but amend acts– “cash and carry” policy
– Amended Neutrality Acts– US economy benefitted
• France surrenders 6/22/1940• Only took one week
• Hitler turns to Britain– Air raids and u-boats
• Reelection– FDR limited in order for reelection– Unprecedented 3rd term
– Reasons:– Economic recovery– Fear of war, people wanted an
experienced leader– Defeats (R) Wendell Willkie
• Action– Selective Service Act 1940– “Lend-lease” program– Cash provision scrapped– Atlantic Charter 1941
Pearl Harbor 12/07/1941• Lead up
– US threat to Japan’s global policy– 1940 US ended treaty with Japan
• Japan signs Tripartite Act with Germany and Italy 1940– Invades French Indochina
• FDR freezes Japanese assets in US• Imposes oil embargo
• Coming War– Japan increasingly threatening to US
– Oil sanctions the issue– Codes broken, attack imminent
• Attack– Pearl Harbor attack technically victory for Japan– 350 aircraft destroyed, 2,400 killed, 1,200 wounded
– In less than two hours– Japan continues attack on Philippines, Malaya, and
Hong Kong
• Response– US Declaration of War 12/08/1941– 12/11/1941- Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.
Mobilizing for War• Selective Service Act 1940
– Four Freedoms Speech
• 1941– 1.6 million in Armed Forces– 15% industrial output
• War Powers Act– Unprecedented presidential authority– Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Army, Navy, and Air Force
– Office of Strategic Services• Forerunner to CIA• Combated espionage
Wartime Industry• War Production Board (WPB)
– Managed war industries– Allocated materials– Directed conversion of
peacetime industries to war industries
– $100 million in contracts in 1st ½ of 1942
• War Manpower Commission (WMC)– Supervised mobilization
• National War Labor Board (NWLB)– Mediated disputes between
labor and management– Unions asked not to strike
– Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act 1943– Government could take over if
strike threatened production– Roosevelt used on the railroads
• Office of Price Administration (OPA)– Rationed scare products– Imposed price controls on meat,
sugar, gasoline, auto tires, etc.
Wartime Industry
• 1942 Justice James Brynes– “Assistant President”– In charge of Domestic war effort
• Assembly Line– 1942 ½ economy geared for war– Equaled Germany, Italy, and Japan’s
output combined– Created synthetic rubber
• Greatest Weapons manufacturer– Henry Ford– Henry Kaiser “liberty ships”
– 14 days per ship with assembly line
• 1944 Economic Bill of Rights– Not enacted by Congress
• Consequences– Powers of government swelled– Defense spending increased– Federal budget soared
– Fed. Civilian employees increased– ** By 1944 unemployment virtually
gone!!! **
War Economy• $320 billion cost
– $100 billion spent in 1945 alone– Paid by:
– Increasing income tax– 1st time all Americans had to
pay– War bonds
– Ended depression– Unemployment vanished– Stimulated industrial booms– Doubled output and GNP– Real wages increased
• Investment in America– West
• $40 billion investment• LA 2nd largest manufacturing center
– South• Textile, oil, natural gas• Shipyards, aircraft plants
• A New America– Per capita income tripled– Only shift EVER towards greater
equality– Middle class created– Large scale farmers profited
• Higher prices• Increased productivity• Farm consolidation
– 1st income tax– Labor Unions
• From 9 to 14.8 million• “maintenance of membership”• Limited wildcat strikes• Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes
1943– Limited union power
– Inflation• Congress gave FDR control• Combated with rationing• Raised taxes
Propaganda• Office of Censorship
– Suppression of information– Banned photos of American dead
until 1943
• Office of War Information– Employed 4,000 artists, writers,
advertisers• Norman Rockwell
– Countered enemy propaganda– Moral struggle between good
and evil– Hollywood helped
• Reinforced through movies, on radio
• News programs• Cartoons, Superheroes
Men and Women in Uniform• WWII mobilized 16.4 million
Americans into the armed forces
• Before the war• Majority of 200,000 men employed
in the Armed Services served as military police
• At beginning of war only U.S. Marine Corps ready to fight
• Mobilization• After U.S. entered war, minimum
age was lowered to 18• Rejected soldiers for
• Physical issues• Mental issues• Profound illiteracy
• Officer corps created• New officer training schools developed
• Soldiers became known as Gi’s• Meant government issue• Mainly only draftees
• Women• Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps
(WAAC) created in May 1942 by the Army
• Non-combat missions• Nurses• Flew planes• Administration
• African-Americans• No longer excluded from Marine
Corps and Coast Guard• Still faced discrimination
The Battlefront 1942-1944• Europe
– Operation Torch Nov. 1942• North Africa• Led by Gen. Eisenhower• Surrender of Rommel
– Battle of Stalingrad• Huge Russian victory
– Italy 1943• Allied invasion
• Occupied Sicily summer 1943• Spread to Peninsula• Difficult campaign
– D-Day June 6, 1944• Allied invasion of France
• Paris liberated by August• Largest sea-land operation• Operation Overlord• Led by Eisenhower
– Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944• Month-long battle
• Desperate German counterattack• Decisive Allied victory
• Asia– Philippines 1942
• MacArthur leaves troops• Hides in Australia• 78,000 surrender• Bataan Death March
– Battle at Coral Sea May 1942• 1st all-plane battle
• Stop Jap invasion of Australia– Midway 1942
• Crucial US outpost• Broke Jap signal• Destroyed large portion of Japanese
army• VERY important victory
– Guadalcanal Aug.1942• Had to deal with Malaria• 6 bitter months of battle• Two-pronged advanced
– Island-Hopping• new strategy
• By-passed Jap strongholds and isolated them with naval and air power
Politics Abroad And At Home• Casablanca 1943
– 1st conference of “big three”– Meet to define goals
• Teheran– 2nd meeting
• Goals:– FDR
• Total defeat of Axis powers• Establishment of world order
strong enough to preserve peace and open-trade
– Churchill• Balance of power in Europe• Retain imperial possessions
– Soviet Union• Permanently weakened Germany• Sphere of influence in Eastern
Europe
• 1944 Election– Wallace dropped as VP
• Truman more conservative– Republican challenger Thomas
Dewey– Strong reputation for prosecuting
corruption in NY– Couldn’t really offer an alternative
to F.D.R.’s leadership– Smallest margin of victory for FDR
– Many still concerned with change of leadership during a war
American Society• Home Front– Mass internal migration– New job opportunities– Urbanization
• Housing shortages– Prosperity after depression– Conservation
• Victory garden• Consumer goods shortage
– Psychological effects• High divorce rates• Family violence• Juvenile delinquency
– Traditional conventions strengthened
Women on the Home Front• More opportunities
– Thousands of jobs opened– 5 million women in the workforce– Pay still unequal
– Not just “white collar”– More married women hired– 200,000 served non-combat
military roles
• “Rosie the Riveter”– “making history while working for
victory”
• Education– Teachers, students leave schools– Colleges forced to admit more
women
African American Life• Status
– 9/10 lived below poverty line– Earned only 39% of white income– Unemployment will drop 80% during WWII– 1.5 million left South for jobs in North and
West
• “Double- V” campaign 1942– Victory over Axis powers AND discrimination– NAACP membership at 500,000
• CORE 1942– Congress of Racial Equality– Non-violent methods– Against Jim Crow laws in north
• A. Philip Randolph– Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters– “thundering march” 1941– End discrimination in Armed Services– FDR compromised– Beginning of Civil Rights movement
• Victories• Smith v. Allwright 1944
• Unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties as a way of excluding African-Americans from voting in primaries
• Executive Order 8802– 1st presidential directive on race– Prohibited discriminatory employment
practices by federal agencies
• 1 million served in Armed Forces– Restricted jobs– Few units– 7,000 officers– 761st tank battalion– Segregated units
• Home Front Violence– Race Riots
• Harlem 1943 (Mobile, Beaumont)• Detroit
– 32 hours– 34 dead, 700 injured– $2 million in damage
Other Ethnicities• American- Indians
– 25,000 served in Armed Forces– More than half never returned to
reservations– Navajo “code-talkers”
• Iwo Jima– Worked in defense industries on west
coast– Incomes tripled– Discrimination
• National Congress of American Indians 1944
• Mexicans– Braceros, temporary workers
– 1942 agreement– Didn’t have to have go through formal
immigration for harvest seasons– Hostility against “zoot suits”
– Riots 1943– 350,000 served
• Not segregated• Very decorated
• Gays/Lesbians– New opportunities– Freedom– Veteran’s Benevolent Association
1945– 20,000 served in military
• Japanese– Suffered most– Over 100,000 interned or placed in
relocation camps– Reflected 40 years of anti-Japanese
sentiment– Supreme Court upheld with
Korematsu case 1944– “justified” during war time
– $2 billion in property loss• Later compensated
The Holocaust
• When did America know?– Leaked early 1942• No photographs• Not believed
– Nov. 1942 State Department admits knowledge
• How much could have been done?
Finishing the War• Europe
– March 1945• Crossed into heartland
– V-E Day• Berlin surrounded• Hitler's suicide April 30th, 1945• Surrender May 8th, 1945
– FDR dies April 12, 1945
• Yalta Conference– End of War in sight– US
• Wants to pressure GB about India• Wants free elections in Eastern
Europe• Dollar replaces pound
– Soviet Union• Has advantage• Wants Manchuria• Wants Eastern Europe
• Japan/ Asia– Kamikazes 1st used Oct. 1944– 1945 Iwo Jima
• “meat grinder”– June 1945 Okinawa
• Brutal war, mass casualties• 50,000 Americans• 100,000 Japanese
– Japan holds to “bitter end”• How many Americans would die?
– Potsdam Conference• Truman announces Atomic Bomb• Japan warned
– Enola Gay 8/6/1945• Destroys Hiroshima• Nagasaki 8/8/1945
• 90,000 + dead• 130,000+ injured
– Japan’s surrender• Unconditional August 14, 1945• Officially September 2, 1945 to
McArthur on the U.S.S. Missouri
Was it Justified?
Costs of the A-Bomb
Conclusion• Deadliest war in history
• 20 million dead, 25 million civilians– 7.5 million Russians– 3.5 million Germans– 1.2 million Japanese– 2.2 million Chinese– 6 million Jews– 300,000 Americans
– 800,000 wounded
• Asia/Europe in rubble
• United Nations created in 1945
• America– Middle class created– “can-do” attitude– World superpower– $250 billion debt