Amira Osman Who I am What I do ALL IMAGES FROM HUE_UP STUDENTS – VARIOUS YEARS

Housing design explored at a variety of levels/scales: The urban design framework where the location of blocks retained exclusively for housing or residential components as part of mixed-use developments are investigated within the backdrop of other facilities that make a residential scheme viable and sustainable. Outside spaces immediately surrounding a unit or block, whereby factors such as safety and privacy, both of the individual and at a communal level are considered, as well as issues of passive surveillance. The design of residential blocks, which addresses issues of form and street/building interface. The design of the interior of a residential unit, addressing issues such as economy, accessibility and ergonomics and flexibility.

Landscape Architecture – housing-environment interface, sustainability and the “spaces in between”. Architecture – the buildings and immediate surroundings and their location in a neighbourhood setting. Interior Architecture – the partition and furniture levels, designing for small spaces. Project Management – finance and management of housing projects and concepts of participation. Environmental psychology – spatial analysis and interpretation Urban Design – the design of sections of the city with a view to complete residential environments Policy – the study of how policy and legislative structures influence the built environment + other overlaps with the various disciplines

Kendall; Habraken; Hamdi; Dewar; Andrade; Van der Werf; Laurie Baker; Charles Correa; Geoffrey Bawa; Jo Noero; Lucien Kroll; Global studio; Rural studio; Architecture for Humanity; Mass customisation; Adaptability; Open Building; Alternative technologies; Conversions; Social Networks; Sustainability; Informality; Local skills; Learning by doing

Teaching of design (beyond the design studio) Workshop approach Learning by doing Sharing of technical know-how Local knowledge informing design City as laboratory

OPEN BUILDING An OPEN way of designing and building OB as thinking OB as application Relevance to SA Rethinking process Rethinking product

Alternative housing strategies Reconsidering funding and delivery mechanisms Investigating policy Alternatives to current approaches that are perceived to be unsustainable

Aim: Clean up, make user-friendly, upgrade amenities, utilize existing resources, involve the users

mamelodi silverton bolt&nut

silbou

chamberlains

buildmart

echo coldrooms

University of Pta

stingwood

KK roofsheeting

builders yard

general welding project

pienaars river

mega paints&hardware

newlands steel

on site

Solomon Mahlango Centre

[pallet wood @ R3.20 /kg]

[S-profile steel sheeting @ R22 /m]

[chipboard+masonite]

[gates+columns steel]

[painted flat sheeting 4 free]

[doors+kitchen zinc] [chipboard+steel]

[grass]

[angles+flat bars]

[plants+compost 4 free]

rosslyn

baviaanspoort

hatfield

zozo yard [painted flat sheeting]

UJ_UNIT2ARCHITECTUREANDAGENCY2015

Amira Osman, Jhono Bennett, Tariq Toffa Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture (FADA), University of Johannesburg

1.Docommunitybasedorganiza5onsreallyhaveacommunitybehindthem?2.Informalityisfasterandmoreefficientinprovidingfortheneedsofthepoor:formalmechanismsofhousingdeliveryaretooslowandunaffordable.3.Createinhumaneenvironmentsandpeoplewillrespondlikewise.4.Par5cipa5onisnotaboutaskingpeoplewhattheywantastheirwantsareexperien5allydetermined.DAVIDDEWAR5.Successfulurbanenvironmentsareenvironmentsthatworkfortherichandthepoor.

6.Loca5onisthemost‘disabling’aspectofhousing.7.Peopledonotwanttostandoutintheneighborhoodaslivingintheweirdexperimentalbox.8.WorkingwithpaSernsofemergentsystemsvsimposi5onofpredeterminedplans.Achievingbalance.JOHNHABRAKEN9.Theideal,energy-efficient,innova5ve(itomaterialsandconstruc5on),spa5ally-superior,economicHOUSEhasbeendesignedoverandoveragain.TheidealhousedesignwillNOTsolvethehousingproblem.AnewbuildingmaterialwillNOTsolvethehousingproblem.10.Placesthathappenandhappentowork,placesthataredesigned/plannedanddon’t.NABEELHAMDI

1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

NOSIZO SEBAKE

Product

_ a commodity

_ delivered be developers

_ purchased by consumers

_ … in a market

Quality

_ total enviroment:

_ “buildings” + “the in-between”

(residential + others)

Process

_ a human need

_ a necessity of existence

_ everyday activity

The meaning of the term housing is not obvious:

H O U S I N G

GOVERNMENT AS ENABLER GOVERNMENT AS PROVIDER

Quantity

_ number of units

_ houses/residential

_ component in isolation

APPROACHES TO HOUSING ALWAYS LINKED TO CURRENT

VIEWS ON DEVELOPMENT. HOUSING IS GENERALLY VIEWED

IN THE LIGHT OF DEVELOPMENT THEORIES.

NOW _including people

_led by beneficiaries

_participation

_slow process

_time consuming

_focus process

Theoretically THEN

_delivery by experts

_professional planning

_strict control

_quick supply

_focus on outcome

CHANGING APPROACHES TO HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT MEANS:

_ CHANGING APPROACHES TO PROFESSIONALISM

_ isolated decision-making?

PARTICIPATION: interactive decision-making

IDEALS OF THE PROFESSIONS = A QUALITATIVE PROCESS BASED ON PARTICIPATION CHOICE & EXPERIENCE & LOCAL RELEVANCE

CENTRALISED, CONTROLLED LEGISLATIVE RESTRICTIONS QUANTITATIVE PROCESSES

THIS RELATION BETWEEN THE PROFESSIONS & THE CONSTRAINTS

DETERMINES EFFECTIVENESS

Approaches to housing are in constant change internationally and nationally. The differences in theories relate to issues of government role in housing, contextuality and responsiveness, local versus universal approaches, user-participation in mass housing, user-financed and built housing, attitudes to informality, family structures and life styles, changeability and adaptability, affordability, social acceptance and perceptions.

Housing is a contentious issue: everyone has an opinion on housing. It is rare that someone is indifferent to the topic. Our understanding of housing relates to our ideas on politics, social responsibility and accepted lifestyles.

This understanding is also rooted in current paradigms of thought. For architects, the issue also relates to current thought on architecture. Contemporary approaches advocate sustainability (social, economical, environmental), community service and regionalism.

Housing a process or activity that long precedes the planning and construction phase and extends beyond the owners taking up residence; it is not a commodity or product. Housing is not only concerned with the design of a specific number of house units, but rather, the design of a whole environment that provides accommodation, jobs, education, recreation and other services. All this is to be achieved within a context that is accessible, safe, beautiful and sustainable.

Housing development cannot be seen in isolation from development approaches. Instead of appreciating local experiences, the developed world assumed that DEVELOPMENT of poor countries should be based on ‘trickling down’ of first world experiences.

This approach to development influenced housing greatly. Post-colonial approaches still retained the colonial mindset that Europe was the cultural standard of the world. Organisations such as the World bank and the UN contributed to this approach and local experiences were wiped out as a badly imitated culture was adopted.

These forces as well as poor economies, rapid urbanisation, social disintegration left people unable to cope in situations alien to them. As views towards development changed, ideas about housing also evolved. Housing progress lags far behind industrial progress in many parts of the world. Huge gaps exist between shelter cost and income.

High Level of service

SUSTAINABLE

OPTIONS

Poor Quality

of service PEOPLE AFFECTED

HOUSING IS THE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE OPTIONS:

THE UNEXPLORED, NEGECTED ‘MIDDLE GROUND’.

1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

“Thegroupareasactwasthefounda5onofresiden5alapartheid.Underitsregula5ons,eachracialgroupcouldownland,occupypremisesandtradeonlyinitsownseparatearea.IndianscouldhenceforthonlyliveinIndianareas,AfricansinAfrican,ColouredsinColoured.Ifwhiteswantedthelandorhousesofanothergroup,theycouldsimplydeclarethelandawhiteareaandtakeit.TheGroupAreasActini5atedtheeraofforcedremovals,whenAfricancommuni5es,townsandvillagesinnewlydesignated‘white’urbanareaswereviolentlyrelocatedbecausethenearbywhitelandownersdidnotwantAfricanslivingnearthemorsimplywantedtheirland.”Mandela140

ways of thought

THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO:

MORE COMPLEXITY IN THE SYSTEM.

buffer zones = industrial areas

“gaps” (empty)

CBD

white suburb

1900 – 1940 _influx control

_residential control

_restrictions and purchases

1950’s – 1970’s dormitory type

“the matchbox house” promoted

1970’s

homelands

self governing

locations

townships

RESULTED IN:

CBD + “new centers”

in suburbs

Economic

strength

missed

opportunity

Routes &

“gaps” Townships

_ FRAGMENTED CITIES

_ DIFFICULT ACCESS TO

WORK AND FACILITIES

_ BLAND LANDSCAPES

_ ENVIROMENTAL DEGRADATION

_ “DISABLING” LOCATIONS

High density (greater critical mass to support small business) + short distances = Diverse opportunities

NOSIZO SEBAKE CSIR

Whenpoorpeopleneedhomes…

Whenpoorpeopleneedhomes…

• 

LAND INVASIONS

GOVERNMENT PROVIDED SUBSIDIZED HOUSING

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS?

HOUSINGFORMSAREEXPRESSIONSOFCULTURAL/SOCIAL/POLITICALMOTIVES.

ALLFORMSANDLANDSCAPESAREVALUE-LADEN:THEYCONTAINMEANING.

IFHOUSINGTYPESARETRUEMANIFASTATIONSOFTHESOCIALANDPOLITICALINTENTIONSOFAPEOPLE,WHATDOESTHATSAYABOUTTHEINTENTIONSOFTHECURRENTPOLITICALMOVEMENTINTHEPOST-APARTHEIDSOUTHAFRICA?

WHATMESSAGEISBEINGCONVEYEDBYTHEHOUSINGLANDSCAPESOFTODAY?

HOUSING FORMS ARE EXPRESSIONS OF CULTURAL / SOCIAL / POLITICAL MOTIVES.

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IS NOT NEUTRAL:

ALL FORMS AND MANMADE LANDSCAPES ARE VALUE LADEN

THEY CONTAIN MEANING

PLANNING/DESIGN/TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS MAY EITHER HINDER OR ENHANCE PARTICIPATION PLANNING/DESIGN/TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS MAY EXACERBATE DIFFERENCE AND DISADVANTAGE

ALL FORMS AND LANDSCAPES ARE VALUE LADEN THEY CONTAIN MEANING.

IF HOUSING TYPES ARE TRUE MANIFASTATIONS OF THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INTENTIONS OF A PEOPLE, WHAT DOES THAT SAY ABOUT THE INTENTIONS OF THE CURRENT POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN THE POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA?

WHAT MESSAGE IS BEING CONVEYED BY THE HOUSING LANDSCAPES OF TODAY?

Demand for houses increases proportionately to the government’s subsidised provision of housing (Hamdi, 1991:11). The minister of housing has indicated that the number of houses the government can build per year is equivalent to the number of people who move to urban centres in the same period population growth. Government’s increased spending on housing has yet to make a dent in SA’s housing backlog – 19% increase from 2013-2014 budget

“...the scale that the challenge posed by the gigantic Apatheid City requires, deserves and justifies; not just a case of tinkering at the margins here and there.” “...the South African City requires far more than just a smart, acupunctural, targeted investment in the system – it needs a major overhaul.” Mark Oranje

Hout Bay/Imizamo Yethu, Cape Town Johnny Miller

Papwa Sewgolum Golf Course, Durban Johnny Miller

Vusimuzi/Mooifontein Cemetery, Johannesburg Johnny Miller

FirstandSecondGenera5onHousingPolicy

SOUTHAFRICA’SUNIQUECONCERNSINHOUSING

(excludingdeliveryofhousingongreenfieldsland)

_TRANSFORMATIONOFTOWNSHIPLANDSCAPES

_UPGRADINGOFHOSTELS/SQUATTERCAMPS

_FILLING“GAPS”CREATEDBYPREVIOUSPOLICIES

_BUILDINGCONVERSIONS

_TRANSFORMATIONOFAFFLUENT,UNSUSTAINABLE SUBURBS

1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

POLICY AND PRACTICE

Post- Apartheid policy and finance setting

“Bleak,windblastedlandscapes,withalmostnovegeta5oninsight,coveredbyanon-differen5atedblanketoffree-standingliSleboxes.Theimpressionoftheskyscape…isubiquitouswiringasallelectricalconnec5onsareprovidedover-headtolowercosts.Inthedistanceyoumayoccasionallyseeaschool,butmorecommonlytherearesimplyopenspaces,alreadygatheringpaperandrubbish,leqforschools,clinicsandhallstobeprovidedatsomelaterdate-inyourheartyouwonderifthesewilleverbeprovided…”Dewar

R1500-3000 ($150-300)

0-R1500 ($0-150)

R7500--- ($750---)

R3000-7500 ($300-750)

Government subsidized housing (RDP) – Type of tenure: ownership.

Bonded Housing: ownership through banks

Financial Services Charter

Subsidized rental options

a hypothetical housing ladder ensure a single efficient formal housing market disadvantages alternative forms of housing informal processes exist, not only at the bottom rungs, but also higher up on the ladder in SA the ladder is spatially determined

SOUTH AFRICA IS SIMILAR TO OTHER CONTEXTS AND ALSO VASTLY DIFFERENT WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS THAT SOUTH AFRICA NEEDS TO PIONEER THE WAY FORWARD

1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

ORIGINS OF “THE MATCHBOX HOUSE”

IMAGES OF HOME RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ARE ROOTED IN TRADITION THUS A DIFFICULT BUILDING TYPE TO CHANGE

Mobility=Opportunity (Arrival city)

Cities that have embraced urbanisation have been more successful in closing the

gap between rich and poor (Arrival city)

Urbanisation=Innovation (Logic of life) Diversity=Progress (Logic of life)

After El Al Flight 1862 crashed into two Bijlmermeer buildings in 1992 (the incident was known as the Bijlmer disaster Bijlmerramp), it was decided that the neighbourhood needed some further change.

In recent years, many of the high rise buildings are being renovated or torn down. More expensive low-rise housing is being built, to

attract more middle- and high-income residents. This resulted in significant reduction in crime and more balanced socio-economic composition, whilst at the same time maintaining the area's ethnic mix.

MEASURING PROGRESS?

•  “...if we wait a little longer, that will be far better than doing ugly things now and regretting them for the rest of our lives.”

•  We shall be judged in a year

or two by the number of houses we build, we shall be judged in ten years’ time by the type of houses we build.”

•  “...(holding) municipal planners to account for creating single-class areas of housing that were too easily distinguishable from owner-occupied homes.”

IGNORED DUE TO THE “SCRAMBLE FOR VOTES”

•  “...if we wait a little longer, that will be far better than doing ugly things now and regretting them for the rest of our lives.”

•  We shall be judged in a year

or two by the number of houses we build, we shall be judged in ten years’ time by the type of houses we build.”

•  “...(holding) municipal planners to account for creating single-class areas of housing that were too easily distinguishable from owner-occupied homes.”

IGNORED DUE TO THE “SCRAMBLE FOR VOTES”

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It never ceases to amaze me how British debates on housing over the years are very similar to South African debates – with a significant time lag. A number of academics compare post-war Europe to post-Apartheid SA, saying that the disruption to the landscape and the disadvantages to the majority of the populations are similar in scale. I found the discussions on community architecture/architects of incredible value to present-day SA. The term has been used rather ignorantly in SA...

EXTRACTS FROM EMAIL TO R. HACKNEY

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As a community architect, Rod Hackney’s impact on politics was so great that he was asked to speak (on urban renewal) at the party conferences to all the main political parties in the lead up to an election in the 80’s – when will SA architects and professional bodies make such an impact on society and politics? EXTRACTS FROM EMAIL TO R. HACKNEY

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1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

HOUSING SYSTEMS NEED TO BE ACCESSIBLE, FLEXIBLE AND DYNAMIC ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR VARIOUS FORMS OF TENURE, SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT, LAYOUTS, SIZE OVER TIME AS MARKETS CHANGE, GENERAL ECONOMIC SITUATION CHANGES AND FAMILY STRUCTURES CHANGE

... the professionals operating at the PROJECT LEVEL unable to make strategic decisions. As an example, managing project funds differently may help DISTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING among the various stakeholders in efficient ways.

D I S T R I B U T E D D E C I S I O N -MAKING achieves a system that is i nhe ren t l y PARTIC IPAT IVE , resonating with current debates in the democratic South Africa. There are financial, technical and management systems to achieve this.

Area: the total territory of the city Final decisions: city authority Design elements: roads, public transport, district boundaries and programmes, city centre, university, city park, stadium Designer: city planning teams Scale of plan: 1: 10 000

Area: one of the city districts Final decisions: city authority Design elements: outdoor spaces, streets, courtyards, parks, building zones, market square, social cultural centre, schools Designer: city planning teams Scale of plan: 1: 1 000

Area: a building lot, a part of the building zone of the tissue Final decisions: housing association, developer Design elements: foundations, walls, floors, roofs, facades, stairs, ducts, pipes Designer: architect Scale of plan: 1: 100

Area: a dwelling, an office unit Final decisions: users Design elements: partitions, doors, fittings, pipes, facades Designer: consultants to users Scale of plan: 1: 50 and 1: 20

LEVEL 1 CITY STRUCTURE

LEVEL 2 URBAN TISSUE

LEVEL 3 SUPPORT

LEVEL 4 INFILL

VAN DER WERF

KENDALL

A METAPHOR FOR URBAN FRAMEWORKS

Individual subsidies

Re-direct subsidies to the “crate” rather than the “liquid” : to the 1hr walk(able) neighbourhood

Wouldyoubuyacarifthe5resweremouldedtothewheelrims,andthewheelrimsweldedtothechassis?

Thefirst5meyourcarneedsa5rechange,

youwouldhavetodestroytheen5revehicle–althoughits5lldrivesperfectlywell–tomakeitfitfortheroad.

Thisprocedurehasalwaysbeenfollowedin

theconstrucSonsector.CablesaresomeSmesburiedintoconcrete

load-bearingceilings.Whenyouneedtoreplacethemyouhaveto

destroytheintactbuildingfabric.

GEISER

1.  DEFINITIONS Housing / Development / Professionalism

2.  THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO 3.  THE POLICY SETTING 4.  THE GLOBAL SETTING 5.  BUILT ENVIRONMENT INNOVATIONS –

THINKING IN LEVELS 6.  VISIONS FOR SHS

they knew that everything would be different from now on, that their homes would have

wider doors, higher ceilings and stronger floors so that Esteban’s memory could go everywhere without

bumping into beams ....

they were going to paint their housefronts gay colours

to make Estebans memory eternal and

they were going to break their backs digging for springs among the stones

....planting flowers on the cliffs

so that in future years at dawn the passengers on great liners would awaken suffocated by the smell of gardens on the high

seas, and the captain would have to come down from the bridge in his dress uniform, with his astrolabe, his pole star,

and his row of war medals and, pointing to the promontory of roses on the horizon, he would say in fourteen languages,

look there, where the sun’s so bright that the sunflowers

don’t know which way to turn, yes,

over there, that’s Esteban’s village

10 KEY PRINCIPLES Existing and New Neighbourhood interventions

1)  Revise Zoning to Encourage Desegregated Mixed Use 2)  Ensure Sustainable Densification Opportunities for XS,S,M,L and XL 3)  Just Add Housing 4)  Refocus Government Subsidies on 1 hr (+/-3km) Wide

Neighbourhoods 5)  Street Edge Activation as a Condition for Development Approvals 6)  Phased and Adaptable Developments 7)  Distributed Decision Making for Mass Customization and Self-

Regulation 8)  Culturally Adequate, Desirable and Dignified Environments 9)  Public, Private Partnerships Led by Committed Project Teams 10)  Technical innovation in the services of a vision (and not vice versa)

WALKABLE

Some of our suggestions are strategic and handle complex topics such as finance and delivery mechanisms.

Some are simple in concept but would drastically alter the image of cities if implemented.

We suggest that developers have to demonstrate that they have meaningfully addressed the edges, activated the streets, before they get approvals for development and before they are permitted to implement.

We also believe that technological innovation needs to serve a vision and that an innovative building system will not, in itself, solve the housing problem.

We are not the only people to attempt the development of a vision for SHS

A Just City A Beautiful City A Creative City An Ecological City A City of Easy Contact A compact and Polycentric City A Diverse City

VernacularseVngs:AcollecSvestatementandnotanindividualone(Lekson,1990)

Most cities have developed, spread out, declined, renewed in parts, refocused their sense of place and have become multi-nucleated. In all of this, the city is an example of a fine-grained “living fabric.”

No single party—private or public—controls the whole. Only a few owners (universities, medical centers, large corporate organizations, and governmental units being the most prominent) are large-scale. Even in these cases, internal control is hierarchically structured. HABRAKEN

Tunis medina

The Venetian Gothic Palace has a large hall running from canal front to back yard with open facades. On both sides are rows of rooms which allow for different uses, sizes and decoration. This is again a two-level spatial organisation securing permanence of the major space while allowing adaptation to inhabitant’s second order preferences. HABRAKEN

POMPEII ATRIA IN HOUSES OF DIFFERENT SIZES

POMPEII’S excavations show irregular distribution suggesting

change and adaptation over time.

Rooms have sometimes been turned around from one house to the other. Spaces form suites for

extended families or are rented out as separate apartments.

Atrium function in the same way as public space in the

city.

They allow change behind the surrounding walls.

Atria became stable islands around which second order design decisions were made

over time.

HABRAKEN

Mostci5esandtownsrepresent,inasystemicway,howenvironmentsorganizethemselves.

Systemicprinciplesareatwork

Thislivingfabricregeneratesitselfnaturallyandregularly

Thereisacertainordertotheprocess:partscanbereplacedwithoutexcessivelydisturbingotherparts.

Thisispossiblebecauseallpar5esinvolvedfollowacceptedconven5onsorrules

Inahealthylivingfabric,therearenowinnersorlosersbutratheradynamicbalanceinSme.

THEDIFFERENTAGENTSMAY

BARGAIN CONTROL

CO-OPERATE CONTEST

NEGOTIATE IMPOSE

SHARE DOMINATE

INTERACT ISOLATE

OR

A SUCCESSFUL ENVIROMENT = EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEM

+ CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION

(Habraken)

A”SYSTEM” IS EVEN IDENTIFIABLE IN INFORMAL CONTEXTS.

The creation of environments that are valuable because they are

lovable

and because they have

accommodation capacity.

These environments are “open”, sustainable because they can accommodate change.

GEISER