Ammonia-FueledElectricVehicle
• Givenammoniafuelforuseinvehicles,thechoiceofafuelcellforenergyconversionresultsinanammonia-fueledelectricvehicle.Thischoicerecognizesthatelectrifica>onofautomo>vepowersystemsisastrongtrendprojectedtostrengthenfurtherinthenearfuture.Alongtheselines,firstgenera>onofcommercialFCEVshasbeenintroducedin2015.
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Preferenceofa“direct”ammoniafuelcell
• IntheFCEVsmanufacturedtodatethefuelcelloperatesondirectfeedoffuelfromthetank,withnopre-processingonboard.
Tolargedegree,hydrogenbecameapreferredfuelforautomo>vefuelcellsbecause,unlikemanyotherfuels,itcanbeusedina“direct”fuelcell
• Thedirectmodeofopera>onseemstobeaprerequisiteforsuccessfulreduc>ontoprac>ceofFCEVs.Thisisexplainedbysystemsimplicityandahigherefficiencysecuredbythesinglestageconversionprocess
Thesamereasoningappliestotarge>ngofdirectammoniafuelcells
forconversionofthechemicalenergyofammoniatoelectricenergy
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ToyotaMiraiasBaseline
TheRa>onalefortheDAFCasPowerSourceforTransport
Q.Withallfirstgenera>onFCEVsmanufacturedtodatewithhydrogenfuelcellsandH2gas(at700bar)onboard,whypursueDAFCtechnologyforEVs?
A.• 1.AmmoniabeingaliquidunderlowpressureatambientT,theinfrastructureoffueldistribu>onandrefuelingshouldbemuchsimplerandsignificantlylesscostlyvs.theinfrastructureforcompressedhydrogendeliveryandrefueling.
• 2.AdirectammoniafuelcellwoulduseNH3,liqofenergydensity~6kWh/kgNH3andfortheelectricpowersystem,providingthedemandpower,energycontent,energyconversionefficiencyandzeroemissionstargebedforfutureautomo>veapplica>ons
*TheenergydensityofatankofcompressedH2at700barsis~1.7kWh/kgfulltank
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ChoiceofAlkalineMembraneFuelCellTechnologyforDAFCsinTransportApplica>ons
DAFCSpecsNeededtoSecureCompe;;vePerformanceinFCEV:
• PeakPowerDensityatleast50%oftheDHFC
• Conversionefficiency,ammoniachemicalenergy-to-mechanicalenergytothewheels,over40%at25%ofpeakpower
• Max.start-up;meofseveralminutes,requiringlowertemp.FCtechnology(<120degC)• Zerotail-pipeemissions--morereadilyachievedwithalowTDAFCtechnology
TheSolu;onpursuedinourProject:
• AlkalineMembraneFuelCellTechnologyatTcellnear100degCMainTechnicalRequisitesforReduc;ontoPrac;ce• CatalystforAmmoniaElectro-oxida;onofhighac;vityat100degC• Alkalinemembraneofgoodchemicalstabilityat100degC
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ElectrodeReac>onsandNetCellProcessinaDirectAmmoniaFuelCellCellemissionsareonlyN2andH2O
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DevelopmentofAlkalineMembranes(RPI&Xergy)
NovelpolymerstructuesforDAFCMembranes
Targets:1. EnhancedchemicalstabilityathighpHand100oC
whileimprovingionconduc>vity2. Lowdimensionalswellingandpermea>onoffuels3. EnhancedHEMmechanicalstrength
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DevelopmentofAlkalineMembranes(RPI&Xergy):GEN1ReinforcedCompositeAlkalineMembrane
Membrane properties of GEN1 reinforced composite membrane, TPM1-TMA on microporous polyolefin mesh
a Measured before and after immersion in 1 M KOH for 24 h at room temperature b Measured at 80 °C, 100% RH in MEA with hydrogen gas at both electrodes. OH- generated in-situ by hydrogen pumping
Reinforced composite TPN1-TMA HEM
Mechanical property test of reinforced composite HEM
0 50 100 15 0 200 2500
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
Stre
ss (
MP
a)
Strain (%)
Thickness Water uptakea
Swelling degreea X,Y dimension
Through-plane ASRb
~25 µm 24% 2% and 5% 0.15 Ω·cm2
Ultimate Tensile Strength
target: 10 MPa status: 50 MPa
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EarlyDevelopmentofDAFCCatalyzedMembranesintheARPA-EProject(Udel&PoCell)
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90 degC Performance of a DAFC with an Alkaline Membrane Electrolyte
*** x10 higher DAFC performance than reported to date ***
DAFC specs targeted likely to be hit on raising cell T to ~120 degC
ProjectedComponentDimensions:DirectAmmoniaFCvsDirectHydrogenFC
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ThisfueltankoutofthetwousedintheMiraimaynotberequiredatall(-60L)
TheFCstackwilllikelybetwiceaslarge(+30L)
Summary
• RecentdevelopmentofpolymerelectrolyteDAFCshasyieldedpromisingcellperformance,suppor>ngtheprospectsofthisfuelcelltechnologytobecomeaviablepowersourceforelectricvehicles
• AdvancedMembranesandMembrane/ElectrodeAssemblies(MEAs)developedinthisProjectassistinsecuringfuturesupplyofkeyDAFCcomponents
• Theadvantagesofliquidammoniaasfuelovercompressedhydrogengasincludeasimplerandcheaperfuelinfrastrutue,aswellassignificantlyhigherenergydensityimpac>ngfavorablysystemdimensions
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FeedbackRequest
Wewillappreciatecommentsofalltypesfrompoten>alusersofDAFCtechnologywith
ammoniaasthefuelcarriedonboardincludingpossibleapplica>onsforautomo>ve,sta>onaryand
UAVpower
ShimshonGobesfeld1-518-506-0177
***THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION***
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