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Amoco Process

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    8

    PRODUCTION OF

    POLY ETHYLENE

    TEREPHTHALATE

    (PET.:

    P-

    .~!.

    February, 2010

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    i

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................iv

    LIST OF T!LES ...............................................................................................................iv

    C"NO#LEDGE$ENTS .................................................................................................. v

    STTE$ENT OF T%E PRO&ECT......................................................................................vi

    NO$ENCLTURE ............................................................................................................vii

    !STRCT ...................................................................................................................... viii

    INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................

    1

    1.%ISTORICL !C"GROUND ....................................................................................... 2

    1.1.Pr'(u)* Deve+'-e* ....................................................................................................2

    1.2.Te)/'+'y Deve+'-e* ............................................................................................. 2

    2.I$PORTNCE OF PET ND TP..................................................................................

    2.1.Ue '3 TP ..................................................................................................................

    2.2.Ue '3 PET................................................................................................................... 4

    .PROPERTIES OF PET ND TP .................................................................................... 4

    .1.Pr'er*ie '3 TP.......................................................................................................... 4

    .2.Pr'er*ie '3 PET .......................................................................................................... 4

    4.%ELT%, SFET5, ND EN6IRON$ENTL CONSIDERTIONS .........................7

    4.1.%SE '3 TP ..................................................................................................................

    4.2.%SE '3 PET...................................................................................................................

    7.STORGE ND TRNSPORTTION ...........................................................................

    7.1.S*'rae a( Tra'r*a*i' '3 TP ..............................................................................

    7.2.S*'rae a( Tra'r*a*i' '3 PET ...............................................................................9

    .$NUFCTURING TEC%NOLOGIES.......................................................................... 9

    .1.TP $au3a)*uri Te)/'+'ie ................................................................................ 9

    .1.1.Dire)* 'i(a*i' '3 ;y+ee .................................................................................... 9

    .1.1.1.-')' r')e ................................................................................................. 8

    .1.1.2.T'ray r')e ................................................................................................. 10

    .1.1..$i*ubi/i "aei r')e ............................................................................... 12

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    .1.1.4.Ea*-a r')e ............................................................................................. 1

    .1.2.%y(r'+yi '3 D$T................................................................................................ 14

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    .1.2.1.Dya-i*e N'be+ r')e ................................................................................ 1

    .1.2.2.#i**e r')e................................................................................................ 18

    .1.2..Su+G %e-a r')e .................................................. 1?

    .1..Oi(a*i' '3 *'+uee .............................................................................................. 22.1..1.%e@e+ II r')e ........................................................................................... 2

    .1..2.P/i++i= R/'e AP'u+e) r')e BPRP r')e .......................................... 27

    .1.4.O*/er *e)/'+'ie ................................................................................................. 2

    .1.4.1.Ni*ri) 'i(a*i' '3 ;y+ee BDu P'* r')e ............................................. 2

    .1.4.2.--'i(a*i' '3 ;y+ee BLu--u r')e ............................................. 29

    .1.4..Pr'(u)*i' 3r'- ';y+ee 'r a/*/a+ee B%e@e+ I r')e ....................... 29

    .1.4.4.$i*ubi/i r')e ......................................................................................... 2?

    .1.7.Pr'(u)*i' 3r'- re)y)+i '3 PET......................................................................... 2?

    .1.7.1.%y(r'+yi '3 re)y)+e( PET ........................................................................... 2?

    .1.7.2.+)'/'+yi .................................................................................................... 0

    .1..Pr'(u)*i' 3r'- )'a+ ............................................................................................. 0

    .1.9.Oi(a*i' '3 ;)y-ee Bbi';bae( Sy*/ei....................................................... 0

    .1.8.E+e)*r'+yi '3 *ere/*/a+a*e a+* .......................................................................... 1

    .2.P'+y-eri

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    9.2.1.P;y+ee ................................................................................................................. 42

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    9.2.2.)e*i) a)i( ............................................................................................................. 4

    9.2..$EG. ................................................................................................................. 4

    9..L')a+ $ar@e* '3 PET................................................................................................... 4

    9..1.L')a+ r'(u)*i' .................................................................................................... 449..2.L')a+ )'u-*i'................................................................................................. 44

    9...L')a+ -ar@e* 3're)a* ............................................................................................ 44

    9.4.Ra $a*eria+ i Ey*............................................................................................... 47

    9.4.1.P;y+ee ................................................................................................................. 47

    9.4.2.$EG. ................................................................................................................. 47

    9.4..)e*i) a)i( ............................................................................................................. 47

    9.7.Caa)i*y Re)'--e(a*i' ......................................................................................... 4

    8.E6LUTION OF $NUFCTURING TEC%NOLOGIES ...................................... 49

    8.1.Eva+ua*i' '3 $''-er $au3a)*uri Te)/'+'ie ............................................... 49

    8.2.Eva+ua*i' '3 P'+y-eri

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    iv

    LIST OF FIGURES

    Fiure 1: Geera+ Ue '3 PET ..............................................................................................

    Fiure 2: F+' S/ee* '3 -')' Pr')e .............................................................................11

    Fiure : T'ray Pr')e 3'r Pr'(u)*i' '3 TP..................................................................12

    Fiure 4: F+' S/ee* '3 Ea*-a Pr')e ...........................................................................17

    Fiure 7: F+' S/ee* '3 Dya-i*e N'be+ Pr')e ..............................................................19

    Fiure : %y(r'+yi Pr')e Deve+'e( by Deua G ..................................................18

    Fiure 9: F+' S/ee* '3 #i**e Pr')e ..............................................................................20

    Fiure 8: F+' S/ee* '3 %>G Pr')e ................................................................................21

    Fiure ?: %>G %e-a=Su+

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    v

    Tab+e 4: Ea-+e 3'r Ea)/ Tye '3 Te)/'+'ie ............................................................7

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    vi

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    T/e PET r'e)* *ea- i/e *' ere i* (ee are)ia*i' *' a++ */'e /' /e+e( i

    reari */e re'r* a( i ar*i)u+ar *':

    ;Dr. Tare@ $'u*a3a a( Dr. /-e( S'+i-a, 3'r */eir e)'urae-e* a( u'r*

    ;Dr. Ree- E**'uy a( Dr. Ta-er Sa-ir, 3'r */eir ai*a)e

    ;C/e-i*, $'/ab %aa $'/a-e( BGeera+ $aaer i*a* '3 )'--er)ia+ a33air,

    Ey*ia Pe*r')/e-i)a+ %'+(i C'-ay, E)/e- 3'r /i e33'r* a( *i-e

    ;E. $'/a-e( Ga-a+, 3'r /i a(vi)e a( -'*iva*i'

    ;C/e-i*, $'/a-e( bu;%era B$aaer '3 C/e-i)a+ I(u*rie C/a-ber, Ey*ia

    I(u*rie Ui' 3'r /i eerie)e a( )''era*i'

    F'r a++ */e -e*i'e( a-e a( '*/er, */a@ y'u very -u)/.

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    vi

    STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT

    I* i */e 'be)*ive '3 */i re'r* *' /a(e +i/* ' */e i(u*ry '3 '+ye*/y+ee *ere/*/a+a*e

    a 'e '3 */e -'* i-'r*a* '+y-eri) i(u*rie i)+u(i -au3a)*uri *e)/'+'ie

    a+' i*/ '*/er *e)/i)a+ a( e)''-i)a+ re+a*e( ae)*. T/e re'r* )')er '+y */e-au3a)*uri '3 TP a a -''-er '3 PET a( ('e '* /a(+e */e -au3a)*uri '3

    '*/er -''-er Bea-+e: EG. T/e )'e '3 */i 'r@ i *' re)'--e( */e -'* ui*ab+e

    *e)/'+'y 3'r r'(u)i PET i Ey*.

    ++ */e i3'r-a*i' i */i re'r* are bae( u' */e au-*i' */a* */e ra -a*eria+ i++

    be 'b*aie( 3r'- */eir 'ur)e i*/ */e reHuire( uri*y, a( i++ '* ee( 3ur*/er

    r')ei 'r uri3i)a*i' i ay '3 */e r')ee reHuire(.

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    NOMENCLATURE

    !%ET !i; /y(r'ye*/y+ Tere/*/a+a*e OL O-a r'-a*i) C'-ay

    !P !ri*i/ Pe*r'+eu- OS%O))ua*i'a+ Sa3e*y a(

    %ea+*/ (-ii*ra*i'

    C! Carb'y;!eD Reear)/ a( Deve+'-e*

    E)/e- Ey*ia Pe*r')/e-i)a+ %'+(i C'. ROI Re*ur ' Ive*-e*

    EE Ea* Eur'e RPET

    Re)y)+e( P'+ye*/y+ee

    Tere/*/a+a*e

    EG E*/y+ee G+y)'+ S!ICSau(i !ai) I(u*rie

    C'r'ra*i'

    EPT Ea*-a Puri3ie( Tere/*/a+i) )i( SSP S'+i( S*a*e P'+y-eri

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    ABSTRACT

    T/e -ai 'be)*ive '3 */i re'r* i *' (i)u */e PET '+y-er r'(u)*, a( *'

    re)'--e( a *e)/'+'y 3'r */e r'(u)*i' '3 PET rei. T/e *' -a*eria+ (i)ue( i

    (e*ai+ */r'u/'u* */e re'r* are TP a( PET */ee are ree)*ive+y */e i*er-e(ia*er'(u)* a( r'(u)* '3 */e re)'--e(e( *e)/'+'y /i)/ i Ea*-a a( Ea*-a

    I*eRe. T/i re)'--e(a*i' i */e reu+* '3 a eva+ua*i' */a* i ('e bae( ' */e

    ei/*e( )'re -e*/'( be*ee */e (i33ere* *e)/'+'ie.

    * */e beii eera+ i3'r-a*i' ab'u* PET a( TP i (i+aye(. T/e */e

    r'(u)*i' *e)/'+'ie /i)/ are (ivi(e( i*' *' ar*, */e 3ir* i 3'r */e r'(u)*i' '3

    TP 3r'- i* vari'u ra -a*eria+, */e */e r'(u)*i' '3 PET 3r'- TP /i)/ are */e

    '+y-eri

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    1

    INTRODUCTION

    PET i a '+y-er */a* 'ee rea* i-'r*a)e i */e )'*e-'rary 'r+( '3 +a*i).

    !ei a */er-'+a*i) i.e. re)y)+ab+e '+y-er -a(e i* */e u-ber 'e )/'i)e 3'r u-er'u

    a+i)a*i' /i)/ a*i3ie */e 'r+( ee( 3'r a reeer a( -'re e)'+'i)a+ a+*era*ive *')'--'+y ue( +a*i) u)/ a '+ye*/y+ee a( '*/er.

    N'a(ay, T' PET ra(e ('-ia*e */e +'ba+ -ar@e* 3iber;ra(e PET a( b'**+e;ra(e

    PET. T/ey (i33er -ai+y i */e e( r'(u)* r'er*ie u)/ a '*i)a+ aeara)e a(

    r'(u)*i' *e)/'+'ie /ere */ee r'er*ie )a be )'*r'++e( by -'+e)u+ar ei/*,

    i*rii) vi)'i*y, a( a((i*ive e)i3i) *' ea)/ r')e 'r a+i)a*i'. O*/er ue i)+u(e

    3i+- r'(u)*i' a( e)ia+*y y+'[17]

    .

    T/e )'e '3 */i re'r* i++ 3')u ' b'**+e;ra(e PET be)aue '3 i* /i/ (e-a(

    ee)ia++y i */e Ey*ia -ar@e*. T/e re'r* (i)ue */e /i*'ri)a+ (eve+'-e* '3 PET,

    i* i-'r*a)e, r'er*ie a( -a*eria+ /a(+i )'i(era*i'.

    Ever i)e i* (i)'very i */e beii '3 20*/

    )e*ury evera+ )'-aie ere i*ere*e(

    i r'vi(i r'(u)*i' *e)/'+'ie *' u+y */e i)reai ee( 3'r +are a-'u* '3

    PET. Te)/'+'ie a( */eir )urre* +i)e'r are (i)ue( i (e*ai+ i*/ */eir 3+' /ee*,

    )/e-i*ry a( e)i3i) r'er*ie.

    T/e re'r* +i* */e PET r'(u)*i' r')ee i*' *' -ai ar* -''-er reara*i'

    a( '+y-eri

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    2

    1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

    P'+ye*er a i(e+y @' a y*/e*i) 3iber (erive( 3r'- e*r'+eu- r'(u)* i*/ air

    a( a*er, */a* a 3ir* (eve+'e( i a +ab'ra*'ry (uri */e *e*ie*/ )e*ury. P'+ye*er

    a a '+y-er i 3'r-e( 3r'- */e )/e-i)a+ rea)*i' '3 a a)i( a( a+)'/'+, /ere *' 'r-'re -'+e)u+e )'-bie *' -a@e a +are -'+e)u+e /'e *ru)*ure reea* */r'u/'u* i*

    +e*/.K2

    1.1. Produ! D"#"$o%&"'!

    I */e Ui*e( S*a*e a* 1?2 E.I Du P'* (e Ne-'ur a( C'. *ar*e( */eir reear)/ ab'u*

    very +are -'+e)u+e a( r'(u)e( y+' a */e very 3ir* y*/e*i) 3iber. b'u* *e year

    +a*er reear)/ *ar*e( *' )rea*e '+ye*er 3iber, /i)/ a 3ir* r'(u)e( i */e Ui*e(

    S*a*e. T/ere are *' *ye '3 '+ye*er PET a( PCDT, /ere PET i -'re 'u+ar a(-'*+y ue( '. Duri */e 3i3*ie */e PET 3iber a 3ir* i*r'(u)e( *' */e -ar@e* u(er

    */e a-e Da)r'. Due *' i* a(va*ae '3 '* ee(i *' be ir'e(, */e 3iber '' be)a-e

    3a-'u. T/i i)reae( */e (e-a( a( ' */e r'(u)*i' '3 PET 3iber /i)/ ea(e(

    rai(+y i */e eve*ie. K22

    PET r'(u)*i' (i( '* *' a* */e 3iber /ae, i* a (i)'vere( +a*er */a* i* )a be -a(e

    i*' 3i+- ue( i -ay a+i)a*i' u)/ a 3''( a)@ai -a*eria+, vi(e' *ae a(

    r'3ei'a+ /'*'ra/i 3i+-. +' (uri */e +a* *e year PET a i*r'(u)e( a(

    a))e*e( a b'**+e -a*eria+ 3'r beverae e++i a( *'ri, */i 3ur*/er i-r've( */e PET

    r'(u)*i' a( ' */e i(u*ry. K2

    1.(. T")'o$o*+ D"#"$o%&"'!

    Duri */e eri'( 1?42;1?44 #/i3ie+(, Di)@' a( %ar(y -a(e TP by

    (e/y(r'ea*i (ie*ee i*/ u+3ur *' 3'r- P;)y-ee BP;i'r'y+ *'+uee,/i)/ */ey

    'i(i

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    F,-"r.

    PET r".,'.

    Ho&"

    /ur',),'*F,$& 0'd .%",0$,!,".

    MEGT"!,$"

    B"#"r0*"2$o!),'*o'!0,'"r.

    TA PET Food

    o'!0,'"r.

    E'*,'""r,'* R,*,d

    r",' %030*,'*

    F$",-$"

    P030*,'*4,d"o 2

    0ud,o /,$&

    Ui a)e*i) a)i( a a '+ve* a( 'ye a a 'i(a* i*ea( '3 air '+ve( */i r'b+e-

    eab+i */e ue '3 TP i '+y-eri

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    4

    e+e)*ri)a+ a( e+e)*r'i) a+ia)e. K9

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    7

    (.(. U" o/ PET

    T/e b'**+e ra(e PET )a be 3'r-e( i*' ei*/er b'**+e 'r )'*aier. T/ee are ue( 3'r

    */e a)@ai '3 (ri@ab+e a( e(ib+e r'(u)* u)/ a '3* (ri@, a*er, ui)e, baby 3''(,

    eau* bu**er, a+a( (rei, 'i+ a( viear. +' ue( 3'r '*/er )/e-i)a+ r'(u)* */a*i 3reHue*+y ue( by )'u-er, u)/ a )'-e*i), /ar-a)eu*i)a+ a( /'ue/'+(

    )+eaer. K7, K27

    8. PROPERTIES OF PET AND TPA

    8.1. Pro%"r!," o/ TPA

    TP r'er*ie, a a PET r'(u)*i' i*er-e(ia*e, are /' i */e *ab+e be+'

    -e*i'i '-e /yi)a+ a( )/e-i)a+ r'er*ie.K

    T0-$" 15 P)+,0$ 0'd C)"&,0$ Pro%"r!," o/ TPA [9]

    Pro%"r!," 40$u"

    eara)e #/i*e )ry*a+ 'r '(er

    $e+*i 'i*, C 429 3'r ea+e( *ube

    Tri+e 'i*, MC 429

    Se)i3i) ravi*y a* 27 MC 1.722

    Se)i3i) /ea*, &=" M" 1202

    Sub+i-a*i' 'i*, MC 404

    %ea* '3 )'-bu*i' a* 27 MC, "&=-'+ ;1?8

    %ea* '3 3'r-a*i' a* 27MC, "&=-'+ ;81

    %ea* '3 ub+i-a*i', "&=-'+ 142

    8.(. Pro%"r!," o/ PET

    PET ei* i *' *a*e, a /i*e e-i;)ry*a++ie *a*e a( a *raare* a-'r/'u *a*e

    /ere */e PET i ee a +a )+ear. PET /a /i/ /ar(e, *i33e a( *re*/, ''(

    *'u/e eve a* +' *e-era*ure a( ''( )ree rei*a)e. PET /a */e a(va*ae '3

    /avi ''( e+e)*ri)a+ iu+a*i r'er*ie a( /i/ rei*a)e 3'r (i33ere* )/e-i)a+. K10

    S'-e '*/er /yi)a+, )/e-i)a+ a( -e)/ai)a+ r'er*ie are (i+aye( i */e *ab+e be+'

    3'r PET i eera+. K2, K29

    PET Bb'**+e ra(e i a @i( '3 *raare*, ear;rei*i a( )'rr'i';rei*i

    +a*i) i*/ /i/ *re*/ a( -''*/

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    T0-$" (5 G"'"r0$ Pro%"r!," o/ PET

    P)+,0$

    Pro%"r!,"40$u" M")0',0$ Pro%"r!," 40$u"

    Dei*y B )-;

    1.;1.4 C'e33i)ie* '3 3ri)*i' 0.2;0.4

    F+a--abi+i*y Se+3 E*iui/i %ar(e A R')@e++ $?4;101

    Li-i*i 'ye ;1i(e

    21 I

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    6.1. HSE o/ TPA

    Eye )'*a)* i*/ TP -ay )aue +i/* irri*a*i', i*/ ai 'r u)+ear vii'. I/a+a*i'

    -ay )aue irri*a*i' '3 -u)'a+ ur3a)e. !ae( ' ai-a+ *u(ie, /i/ 'r r'+'e( 'ra+

    e'ure -ay +ea( *' @i(ey )/ae, ree)e '3 b+''( i */e urie 'r a++*'e ib+a((er. TP a* )')e*ra*i' eHua+ *' 'r rea*er */a 0.1 i +i*e( by NTP a( OS%

    a a )ar)i'e. TP )'*aier are @e* *i/*+y )+'e( a( u33i)ie* ve*i+a*i' -u* be

    ue( *' @ee e-+'yee e'ure be+' re)'--e(e( e'ure +i-i*. K2?

    6.(. HSE o/ PET

    $'+*e '+y-er i++ a(/ere *' */e @i a( )a )aue evere bur. Eye )'*a)* i*/ PET

    ar*i)+e -ay )aue irri*a*i' i*/ ai 'r u)+ear vii'. TP )aue ' @i irri*a*i' 'r

    @i ei*i

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    .(. S!or0*" 0'd Tr0'%or!0!,o' o/ PET

    Duri *'rae a( *ra'r*a*i' '3 '+ye*er, e'ure *' -'i*ure a( *e-era*ure

    ab've 120 MC -u* be reve*e( *' av'i( u(eirab+e e33e)*. T/e r'(u)* are ei*/er

    *'re( i ea+e(, air *i/* (ru- a* a-bie* *e-era*ure 'r i /ea*e(, iu+a*e( )'*aieru(er i*r'e a* 90 A 110 MC. I */e +iHui( *a*e PET )a be *ra'r*e( i barre+ 'r i

    /ea*e(, iu+a*e( bu+@ )'*aier. I */e '+i( *a*e PET i *ra'r*e( i (ru-. Turbi(i*y

    i '-e*i-e 'berve( i '+ye*er */a* are +iHui( a* a-bie* *e-era*ure bu* /ave bee

    *'re( 3'r +' eri'( '3 *i-e a* +' *e-era*ure */i )a be veri3ie( i*/'u* a33e)*i

    */e Hua+i*y '3 */e r'(u)* by /ea*i */e '+ye*er brie3+y *' 80 MC. E*ra

    Re)'--e(a*i' 3'r *'rae a( *ra'r*a*i' )'(i*i' '3 '+ye*er are r'vi(e( by

    -au3a)*urer. K7

    9. MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

    $au3a)*uri '3 PET )a be (ivi(e( i*' *' -ai e)*i' */e 3ir* i TP

    -au3a)*uri, /i+e */e '*/er i */e '+y-eri

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    a)i( '+ve* *' b'i+. Oi(a*i' '3 */e -e*/y+ r'u '))ur i *e. T' i*er-e(ia*e

    are 3'r-e( */r'u/ */e rea)*i', ;*'+ui) a)i( a( 4;3'r-y+be

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    ab'u* 90 '3 */e ;y+ee 'i(a*i' r')ee, a( */i er)e*ae i)reae a e +a*

    e-+'y i*. K7, K

    T/e e33+ue* *rea- 3r'- */e rea)*'r )'*ai TP a +urry. T/i +urry ae */r'u/ a

    ure vee+ */a* 'era*e a* a +'er reure */a */e rea)*'r. $'re TP )ry*a++i

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    TP. T/e -'re '+ub+e ;*'+ui) a)i( 3'r-e( i */e rea)*'r, a( '*/er i-uri*ie, re-ai i

    */e -'*/er +iHu'r. 3*er +eavi */e 3ia+ )ry*a++i

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    O,d0!,o'

    O,d0!,o'

    r+.!0$$,=0!,o'

    r+

    .!0$$,=0!,o'

    S"$"!,#")+dro*"'0!,o'

    r+.!0$$,=0!,o'

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    D"*0

    .."r

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    */e TP i '* )'-+e*e+y '+ub+e a* */e /i/er *e-era*ure, */e )ry*a+ are (ie*e(. S'

    */e a-'u* '3 */e re+eae( 4;3'r-y+be

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    14

    */e eara*e( i va)uu- 3+a/ (ru- a( */e '+ve* i re)'vere( *' */e 'i(i

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    R0'3,'

    +$"

    u',!

    A&-,"'! A,r

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    WRC U'd"r/$o>

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    40u&.+.!"&

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    17

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    T/ere are (i33ere* *e)/'+'ie *' r'(u)e D$T a))'r(i *' 'i(a*i';e*eri3i)a*i'

    r')e. T/e 3'++'i +i)e'r /ave */eir ' *e)/'+'ie 3'r D$T r'(u)*i':

    1; Dya-i*e;N'be+ a( %W+ Tr'i('r3

    2;C/e-i)/e #er@e #i**e %er)u+e

    ;Su+G %e-a

    9.1.(.1. D+'0&,!" No-"$ %ro"

    %er)u+e I). Dya-i*e N'be+ G r')e )/e-i*ry a a*e*e( i */e 1?70.

    $'(i3i)a*i' i )'--er)ia+ ra)*i)e /ave '))urre( 'ver */e year, i*/ evera+ varia*i'

    *' be ra)*i)e( )'--er)ia++y. K7

    /' i 3iure 7, 'i(a*i' *a@e +a)e i 'e rea)*'r, /ere 3re/ ;y+ee a(

    re)y)+e( -e*/y+ ;*'+ua*e are 3e( i*/ 'ye u+ie( by a )'-ree( air *' a +iHui(

    /ae rea)*'r. T/i rea)*'r 'era*e a* 140 A 170MC a( 700 ; 800 @Pa. * */i *e, ;

    y+ee a( -e*/y+ ;*'+ua*e are 'i(i

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    p

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    18

    D,.!,$$0!,o'o$u&'

    H+dro$+.,.r"0!,o'o$u&'

    ."%0r0!or

    Fia++y D$T r'(u)e( 3r'- Dya-i*e N'be+ r')e a( -e*/a'+;3ree a*er *'e*/er

    i*/ -a@e;u a*er are 3ir* -ie( i -ii vee+ a( */e 3e( *' */e /y(r'+yi rea)*i'

    )'+u- /ere D$T i /y(r'+y0!"r !o

    ,','"r0!,o'

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    T/e 3'r-e( -e*/a'+ i *rie( '33 i*/ *ea- 3r'- */e eva'ra*'r. S*rii va'r '3

    */e /y(r'+yi rea)*'r i (i*i++e( i a (i*i++a*i' )'+u- /ere */e b'**'- r'(u)* i */e

    -e*/a'+;3ree a*er /i)/ re)y)+e( *' -ii vee+ a( */e *' r'(u)* i 3ur*/er

    eara*e( i a e)'( )'+u- i*' */e -e*/a'+ 'ver/ea( */a* i re)y)+e( *' */e D$T +a*

    a( a*e a*er b'**'- i e* *' i)iera*i'. K7

    9.1.(.(. W,!!"' %ro"

    C/e-i)/e #er@e #i**e %er)u+e i a a+*era*ive r')e 3'r r'(u)i D$T 3r'- ;

    y+ee. I* a('* */e a-e )/e-i*ry '3 */e revi'u r')e BDya-i*e N'be+ bu* i*(i33er i */e *e)/'+'y eHue)i a( 'era*i' )'(i*i'. [9]

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    1?

    /' i 3iure 9, 'i(a*i' *a@e +a)e i rea)*'r i erie arrae-e*. Ca*a+y*

    B)'ba+* a/*/a*e, 3re/ a( re)y)+e( ;y+ee a( -e*/y+ ;*'+ua*e are 3e( *' */e rea)*'r

    /i)/ 'era*e a* 140 ;190MC a( 400 ; 900 @Pa */e rea)*'r )'-bie */e *ra3'r-a*i'

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    B*'+uee u+3'i) a)i( i (i+u*e( by -e*/a'+ be3're i* i*r'(u)*i' *' */e e*eri3i)a*i'

    rea)*'r /i)/ 'era*e a* 200 A 270C. K?

    T/e e33+ue* i e* *' a erie '3 (i*i++a*i'. T/e 3ir* eara*e -e*/a'+=a*er -i*ure

    a* */e *' /i)/ i */e e* *' a (e/y(ra*i' *'er, /i+e */e b'**'- i e* *' a )'+u-

    /ere */e e*er i 3ra)*i'a*e( u(er va)uu-. $e*/y+ ;*'+ua*e a( e)e ;y+ee +eave

    a* */e *' a( are re)y)+e( *' */e 'i(a*i' rea)*'r.K?

    T/e i*/(raa+, )'i*i '3 )ru(e *ere/*/a+a*e, i re(i*i++e( u(er va)uu- *' re-'ve

    /eavy )'-'u(, a( */e e* *' a va)uu- )ry*a++iG (eve+'e( */e (i*i++a*i' y*e- by ui a(va)e( va)uu- (i*i++a*i' ui

    Su+

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    21

    Crud"d,&"!)+$"

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    O1,d0!,o'r"0!or

    P?r"o#"r+

    M"OH40%our

    E.!"r,/,0!,o'r"0!or

    40uu&d,.!,$$0!,o'

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    M"$!r+.!0$$,=0!,o'

    O1,d0!,o' E.!"r,/,0!,o' 40uu& d,.!,$$0!,o' Cr+.!0$$,=0!,o'

    A,r /""d

    E'"r*+

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    O1,d0!,o'

    17oC

    S%r,'*,'*!0'3

    T/e 3'++'i r')ee /' /' a */a* r'u*e (eve+'e(.

    9.1.8.1. H"'3"$ II %ro"

    Pr'(u)*i' '3 '+y-er ra(e TP ui (ir''r*i'a*i' rea)*i' '3 '*aiu- be0!"r

    Po!0,u& .u$/0!"

    Ador-!,o' r".,du"

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    PTA

    F,*ur" 15 F$o> S)""! o/ H"'3"$ II Pro"

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    T'+uee i 'i(i

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    E1!r0!or

    /i)/ -ay '* /ave a )'--er)ia+ i-'r*a)e i -ay )'u*rie. K?

    9.1.8.(. P),$$,%@ R)o'" Pou$"' %ro" PRP %ro"

    T/e (raba)@ '3 %e@e+ II r')e +e( *' */e -'(i3i)a*i' ('e by P/i++i e*r'+eu-=

    R/'e A'u+e) BFra)e /i)/ i bae( ' e)/ai '3 '*aiu- i' be*ee

    *ere/*/a+a*e a+* a( be

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    '+i( i (i'+ve( i a*er i*/ */e ra*i' :1 a*er *' '+i( a( )a*a+y* rei(ue i 3i+*ere(.

    K4?

    $e*a*/ei

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    9.1.6.(. A&&o,d0!,o' o/ %

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    28

    T/e (i'*aiu- ';/*/a+a*e i re)'vere( a( i'-eri

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    2?

    T/e reu+*a* '+u*i' )a be re)y)+e( a( reue( 3'r reara*i' '3 */e aHue'u '+u*i'

    )'*aii )ru(e '*aiu- *ere/*/a+a*e a( '*aiu- /*/a+a*e, /i)/ i *' be

    ubeHue*+y )')e*ra*e(. K72

    9.1.6.6. M,!u-,), %ro"

    T/i r')e i bae( ' */e Ga**er-a = "')/ rea)*i', /i)/ (ee( ' )arb'y+a*i

    *'+uee *' ;*'+ui) a+(e/y(e by CO a* 0C, u(er 1700 @Pa a( i */e ree)e '3 !F a(

    %F a))'r(i *' */e 3'++'i rea)*i':

    S-a++er a-'u* '3 ';*'+ui) a+(e/y(e are a+' 3'r-e( a( )a be eara*e( 3r'- ;*'+ui)

    a+(e/y(e by )ry*a++i

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    1

    9.1..(. A$o)o$+,

    T/e -''-er ue( 3'r PET '+y-eri

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    1

    T/i ree *e)/'+'y )a be )'--er)ia+i

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    2

    Dire)* e*eri3i)a*i' '3 TP a( EG a eera++y '* re3erre( ear+ier be)aue '3 */e

    (i33i)u+*ie i */e uri3i)a*i' '3 TP (ue *' i* +' '+ubi+i*y a( /i/ -e+*i 'i*.

    %'ever, i*/ i-r've-e* i *e)/'+'y, */e (ire)* e*eri3i)a*i' -e*/'( /a bee

    aii i-'r*a)e. $'* +a* 'a(ay ue TP a i* /a */e 3'++'i a(va*ae: K

    1; I)reai )'* '3 D$T 'ver TP.

    2; T/e +'er ei/* '3 TP )'-are( i*/ D$T +ea( *' +'er *'rae )'*

    ; T/e ue '3 a*er i*ea( '3 -e*/a'+ a )'(ea*i' ae*4; N' *rae*eri3i)a*i' )a*a+y* i reHuire(

    7; %i/er -'+e)u+ar -a PET i 'b*aie( i*/ ueri'r Hua+i*y (ue *' */eir +' )'*e*

    '3 )arb'y+ e( r'u a( (i+y)'+ +i@ae.

    T/e e*e* '3 '+y-eri

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    '+y)'(ea*i'. !'*/ */e /i/ *e-era*ure, reHuire( *' @ee */e '+y-er i a -'+*e

    *a*e, a( */e /i/ vi)'i*y '3 */e '+y-er -ay )aue (era(a*i' ' *ri/ey+/'/i*e i

    */e re3erre( *abi+i

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    4

    EG TPA

    E!"r,/,"r

    P,%"$,'" R"0!or

    N,!ro*"' EG H(O

    Ro!o/or&"r

    Pr"%o$+&"r

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    N,!ro*"' H,*) I4P"$$"!

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    F,*ur" 1(5 I'#,!0 Pro" /or Produ,'* H,*) Mo$"u$0r W,*)! PET

    -e*i'e( ab've, NGT$ r'(u)e a +' I6 i*er-e(ia*e a( */e )arrie 'u* -'* '3

    */e '+y-eriG ue SSP *' rea)/ reHuire( I6. 3*er /ea*i '+i(

    re'+y-er )'-i 3r'- -e+* /ae '+y-eri

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    So$,d

    Ho%%"r

    Pr"

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    C0!0$+!D,o$

    H(O@THF@M"OH

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    r"0!or D,o$

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    or DMT@d,o$

    So$,d

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    Pr"%o$+&"r,=0!,o'

    SSP

    TPA

    MEG

    Gr0'u$0!,o'

    E!"r,/,0!,o'

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    F,*ur" 15 DHI Po$+o'd"'0!,o' Pro" -+ Lur*, ,&&"r

    9.(.. E0!&0' I'!"*R"

    Ea*-a '+ve( */e r'b+e- '3 -a@i */e e*ire '+y-eri

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    o$+o'd"'0!,o' 1

    Po$+o'd"'!)R0!"@;"0r

    12

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    USA China Europ Global

    F,*ur"(15 Gro>!) R0!" o/ PET D"&0'd

    I* a e*i-a*e( */a* r'(u)*i' i */e +a* 3ive year /a r' a* a averae '3 10.7 er

    year *' rea)/ 17.8 -i++i' $T i 200. %'ever, */e 3're)a* )aa)i*y r'*/ i 4.7

    er year, i */e e* 3ive year i* i++ be +'er */a (e-a( r'*/, i-r'vi 'era*i

    ra*e. Caa)i*y i ee)*e( *' rea)/ 1?. -i++i' $T i 2011. K8

    $'* '3 */e )aa)i*y r'*/ /a '))urre( i ia i*/ */e -a'ri*y '3 +a* bei bui+* i

    C/ia. ))'r(i *' -ar@e* 3're)a* ia i++ )'*iue *' r'(u)e */e rea*e* )aa)i*y 3'r

    */e e* 3e year a( i++ be a -a'r e'r*er a i* *a@e a(va*ae '3 i* +' )'*

    'i*i'. K8

    7.(. R0> M0!"r,0$ Wor$d>,d"

    Pr'(u)*i' '3 PET i -ai+y (ivi(e( i*' *' *ae */e 3ir* *ae i PT r'(u)*i'

    ui ;y+ee a a ra -a*eria+ i ree)e '3 a)e*i) a)i( a a '+ve*. T/e e)'( *ae

    i */e rea)*i' be*ee PT a( $EG 3'r-i PET. %e)e */e 3ee(*')@ 3'r PET

    r'(u)*i' i ;y+ee, a)e*i) a)i(, a( $EG.

    7.(.1. P

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    r'(u)er '3 ;y+ee a( ';y+ee. Re+ia)e I(u*rie L*(. /a a+' be)'-e a -a'r

    r'(u)er '3 y+ee r'(u)* Be)e* -;y+ee. K9

    7.(.(. A"!, 0,d

    T/e +are* ue '3 a)e*i) a)i( i */e -au3a)*ure '3 viy+ a)e*a*e -''-er /i)/

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    rei a( '+ye*er 3iber. K9

    G+'ba+ (e-a( 3'r a)e*i) a)i( i 3're)a*e( by )'u+*a* *' r' a* ;4 er year.

    Gr'*/ i -u)/ /i/er i ia, u++e( by *r' (e-a( i C/ia. I(ia i a+' ee a a

    )'u*ry /ere */ere )'u+( be *r' a)e*i) a)i( (e-a( r'*/ i */e 3u*ure. K9

    T/e *' bie* r'(u)er '3 viri a)e*i) a)i( are Ce+aee a( !P C/e-i)a+. O*/er

    -a'r r'(u)er i)+u(e $i++eiu- C/e-i)a+, S*er+i C/e-i)a+, Sa-u, Ea*-a,

    a( Sve@ E*a'+@e-i. K

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    $EG i */e -'* i-'r*a* '3 */e )'--er)ia++y avai+ab+e EG, a))'u*i 3'r ?0 '3 EG

    r'(u)*i'. DEG a( TEG are r'(u)e( a by;r'(u)* i */e -au3a)*ure '3 $EG.

    r'u( 82 B18.7 -i++i' $T i 200? '3 $EG )'u-e( 'r+(i(e i ue( 3'r

    r'(u)i '+ye*er 3iber, rei a( 3i+-. S*r' r'*/ i '+ye*er (e-a( /a +e( *'

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    Co'.u&%!,o'AMTB

    7.8.1. Lo0$ %rodu!,o'

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    '3 17,000 $T '3 /i)/ 20 i++ be ('-e*i)a++y )'u-e(. K40

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    7.6. R0> M0!"r,0$ ,' E*+%!

    Ra -a*eria+ avai+abi+i*y i ay i(u*ry i a vi*a+ a( )ru)ia+ )'-'e* i */e /'r* a(

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    a)i( i++ be i-'r*e(. $'* )'--' u+ier are !P a( Ce+aee 3r'- 'u*/ ea*er

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    '))ai'a++y )'3+i)*i i*ere* a-' ar*er. T/ere are *' -ai ar'a)/e /e

    (ea+i i*/ )aa)i*y ue*i', */e 3ir* '3 /i)/ i bae( ' */e e( r'(u)* -ar@e*

    /i+e */e '*/er i bae( ' */e 'ibi+i*y '3 -ar@e*i i*er-e(ia*e r'(u)* a+' i*/

    */e e( r'(u)*. T/e e)'( ar'a)/ i -'re ui*ab+e 3'r */e PET r'(u)*i' r'e)*

    be)aue i* i -ai+y e)*i'e( i*' *' (i33ere* 3a)*'rie /ere ea)/ '3 */e- )a 'r@

    i(ee(e*+y. K4

    PET )'u-*i' i /i/er */a i* r'(u)*i' i Ea*er a( #e*er Eur'e, $i((+e

    Ea* a( 3ri)a /i)/ -a@e */e- a *r' '*e*ia+ )a(i(a*e 3'r */e PET *' be r'(u)e(

    i Ey*[(]

    . F'r ea-+e, #e*er Eur'e )'u-e .17 -i++i' $T a( r'(u)e 2.

    -i++i' $T ' i* ee( *' i-'r* 0.87 -i++i' $T Ba /' i */e ae(i. Ey* i

    re3erab+e */a ia )'u*rie a a u+ier (ue *' */e i-'r* */rea* 3r'- ia be)aue '3

    */e /i/er ri)e a( -ari[(1]

    . +' +')a*i' a(va*ae '3 Ey* /i)/ i)+u(e +'

    +'i*i) )'* 3'r a+e *' */e EU a( N'r*/ -eri)a -ar@e*, a))e *' */e 3a* r'i

    a( u(ererve( 3ri)a a( $i((+e Ea*er -ar@e*, e)e++e* 'r*=i3ra*ru)*ure

    3a)i+i*ie, 3av'rab+e *ra(e aree-e* i*/ */e EU a( #E a( r'i-i*y *' 'ur)e '3

    $EG 3ee(*')@. K42

    T/e TP -ar@e* i i-i+ar be)aue TP )'u-*i' i e*i-a*e( *' i)reae by 4.8 i

    2008 a( i* i ee)*e( *' r' a averae 7.4 er year 3r'- 2008 *' 201 a( ar'u(.? er year 3r'- 201 *' 2018. TP i a+' ue( *' -a@e '+y*ri-e*/y+ee *ere/*/a+a*e

    BPTT, '+ybu*y+ee *ere/*/a+a*e BP!T, ara-i( 3iber, '+ya)ry+a*e rei, +iHui( )ry*a+

    '+y-er BLCP, a( e)ia+*y '+ye*er. K4

    !ae( ' */e i3'r-a*i' -e*i'e( ab've, */e re)'--e(e( er)e*ae '3 b'*/ PET a(

    TP *' be e'r*e( i /i/er */a */e +')a++y )'u-e(. T/e (e-a( '3 PET i Ey* i

    200? i ee)*e( *' be 88000 $T, /i)/ reree* 27 '3 */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y

    '3 PET r'e)* re3erri *' E)/e-J *u(y. T/e (e-a( r'*/ '3 PET i ear+y 7 ' */e

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    )'u-*i' '3 PET i Ey* a* */e ee)*e( (e)'--ii'i /ae '3 */e PET r'e)*,

    /i)/ i au-e( *' be i 17 year, 'u+( be 177000 $T /i)/ i++ reree* 40 '3

    *'*a+ )aa)i*y '3 */e r'e)*. S' */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y '3 PET +a* /'u+( be 87000

    $T PET. T/e a-'u* '3 TP ee(e( 3'r 87000 $T PET i 280000 $T a))'r(i

    *' */e ra*i' */a* 1 *' TP ive 1.9 *' PET. !y /i3*i */e 0 e'r* er)e*ae */e

    re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y '3 TP /'u+( be 900000 $T.

    . E4ALUATION OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

    Eva+ua*i' i ('e bae( ' )'-ari a++ )'--er)ia+i

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    Ra -a*eria+J *ye, a-'u* a( avai+abi+i*y i */e +')a+ -ar@e* a bu+@ )/e-i)a+.

    Fie( )'* 'r */e ba**ery ive*-e* i reree*e( i b'*/ *ye a( u-ber '3

    rea)*'r, eara*'r, a( /ea* e)/aer bei(e */e ee( '3 e)ia+ -a*eria+ (ue *'

    )'rr'i' r'b+e-.Sa3e*y )'i(era*i' a( re*ri)*i' /i)/ reree* by rea)*i' )'(i*i'.

    Tye a( a-'u* '3 a*e B'+i(, +iHui( 'r a ere *a@e a -eaure '3 */e

    evir'-e*a+ i-a)*.

    T/e ui*abi+i*y '3 */e r'(u)*i' )aa)i*y +i-i* *' */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y by */e

    -ar@e* *u(y a33e)*i */e )/'i)e a( */e reHuire( u-ber '3 +ab'r.

    T/e avai+abi+i*y '3 */e @';/' '3 */e r')e i '*/er i(u*ria+ ra)*i)e

    )'--ii'e( i Ey* 'r i */e $i((+e Ea*.

    aree-e* ' */e ei/* aie( *' ea)/ 3a)*'r i ('e by */e eva+ua*i' )'--i**ee

    be3're *ar*i eva+ua*i' *' uara*ee eHua+i*y. Di*ribu*i' '3 ei/* ' ea)/ 3a)*'r i

    ('e bae( ' +i*era*ure re)'--e(a*i' a( revi'u re'r* ('e ' */e a-e 3ie+(.[66]

    /' i 3iure B2, 'ver a *'*a+ '3 1000 'i*, */e r'3i* ra*i' 3a)*'r a ive 00

    'i* a i* (ire)*+y -eaure */e )'e '3 */e r'e)* a( /e)e i* 3'r- */e -'*

    i-'r*a* )ri*eri'. U*i+i*ie )'u-*i' er *' '3 r'(u)* a ive 100 'i* a(

    b'*/ ere )'++e)*e( i 'e 3a)*'r )a++e( BTPC. %e)e TPC reree* */e -'* i-'r*a*

    )ri*eri'.

    T/e 3ie( )'* Bu-ber '3 eara*'r, rea)*'r a( /ea* e)/aer a ive a ei/* '3

    200 'i*, a( */e avai+abi+i*y '3 ra -a*eria+ a ive 100 'i*. Sa3e*y )'i(era*i'

    Breree*e( by rea)*i' )'(i*i' 3a)*'r a ive 90 'i* (ue *' */e 3a)*'rJ e33e)* '

    'era*i' i-+i)i*y, /i+e */e evir'-e*a+ i-a)* '3 */e +a* i ive 70 'i*. T/e

    re* i (i*ribu*e( be*ee +ab'r, )aa)i*y a( @';/' avai+abi+i*y *' -ai*ai */eir

    re+a*ive i-'r*a)e a */e 3'++'i +ab'r 0 'i*, )aa)i*y 70 'i*, a( @';/'

    avai+abi+i*y 100 'i*.

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    3%

    10%

    5%5%

    7%

    0

    %

    10%

    20%

    R!" m!teri!ls

    Fi#e$ ost

    TP&

    Re!tion

    on$itions

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    &!(!ity

    )!bor

    *no"ho"

    F,*ur" (85 D,!r,-u!,o' o/ W",*)! /or E0) F0!or

    T/e 3'++'i *e)/'+'ie are ei*/er 'b'+e*e 'r '* )'--er)ia+iG *e)/'+'y

    e*ere( a i* -'(i3i)a*i', +*/'u/ %>G a+' i #i**eJ -'(i3i)a*i', #i**e

    e*ere( a a ea-+e '3 '+( *e)/'+'ie.

    %e@e+ I BI'-eri

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    71

    F'r ea-+e %e@e+ II r')e )'u-e 1.7 *' *'+uee, 0.82 *' '*aiu- /y(r'i(e,

    a( 0. *' u+3uri) a)i( *' r'(u)e 1 *' TP bei(e 0.7 *' beG. T/ee ei/* are aie( bae( ' */e (a*a avai+ab+e ab'u* ea)/ *e)/'+'y i */e

    a**a)/e( ae(i. +' Ea*-a r'vi(e a (i)'u* Y20;27 er *' be+' PT ri)e

    /i)/ r'(u)e by -')' r')e.

    T/e reu+* i )'i*e* i*/ */e /i*'ri)a+ (eve+'-e* '3 r')ee. I */e a*, D$T a

    ue( ' #i**e a( i* -'(i3i)a*i' %>G ere */e -'* i(e+y ue(. 3*er */e /i3* 3r'-

    D$T *' TP -')' be)a-e */e -'* i(e+y ue( *e)/'+'y *i++ Ea*-a (i( i*

    -'(i3i)a*i' ' i* a( be)a-e */e e *re(.

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    T0-$" 85 E#0$u0!,o' R"u$! o/ D,//"r"'! T")'o$o*,"

    M0,' F0!or D"!0,$ To!0$ %o,'! AMOCO EASTMAN HENKEL II PRP WITTEN H2G

    R0> M0!"r,0$ A#0,$0-,$,!+ 1 ( 1 ( 1 1 1

    F,"d o!

    "u,%&"'! 0'd

    orro,o' %ro-$"&

    Nu-ber '3 rea)*'r a( */eir *ye 70 0 40 9 7 0 47

    Nu-ber '3 eara*'r a( */eir *ye 97 0 90 7 9 20 47

    Nu-ber '3 /ea* e)/aer 27 10 12 20 20 17 2

    $a*eria+ '3 )'*ru)*i' *' 3a)e

    )'rr'i' i3 */ere i )'rr'i'70 0 7 27 7 7 7

    To!0$ ( 1 17 7 87 1 16

    To!0$ Produ!,o'

    Co! TPC

    Pro/,! R0!,o 00 1?1 2? 1?8 29 179 187

    U*i+i*ie

    BPer *'

    r'(u)*

    S*ea- )'u-*i' 40 4 8 2 2 7

    C''+i;a*er )'u-*i' 10 9 1 1 ?

    E+e)*ri)i*y )'u-*i' 27 10 21 14 14 12 24

    Fue+ )'u-*i' 17 7 1 2 2 8 8

    Pr')e;a*er )'u-*i' 10 9 ? 1 1 8 8

    To!0$ 6 (6 816 (1 (7 (( (97

    R"0!,o' o'd,!,o'

    Preure 7 1 0 18 18 22

    Te-era*ure 27 24 22 12 12 19 19

    /ae '3 rea)*i' 10 8 8 1 2 8 8

    To!0$ 7 98 9 81 8( 67

    E'#,ro'&"'! A&ou'! 0'd !+%" o/ "&,,o' 8( 69 1 ( (

    C0%0,!+ R0'*" o/ C0%0,!+ /or !)" !")'o$o*+ 6 6 1 1 1 6

    L0-or Nu&-"r o/ $0-or r"u,r"d 8 (9 (9 1 1 1 16

    K'o>)o>

    I */ere ay e 3a)*'ry ue */i

    *e)/'+'yZ47 47 47 7 7 20 27

    re */ere ay r'b+e- i*/ */e

    )'u*rie /i)/ ive +i)eeZ10 10 10 10 10 10 10

    Nu-ber '3 +a* ue */i *e)/'+'y

    'r+( i(e27 27 17 7 7 8 10

    re */ere 3a)*'rie ar'u( 'r ii(e

    Ey* */a* ue */i *e)/'+'yZ20 20 7 7 7 7 7

    To!0$ 1 1 7 ( ( 68

    To!0$ 1 96 78 8( 68 6 911

    71

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    72

    .(. E#0$u0!,o' o/ Po$+&"r,=0!,o' T")'o$o*,"

    T/e '+y-eri

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    7

    T0-$" 65 E0&%$" /or E0) T+%" o/ T")'o$o*,"

    Pro" IPT I'#,!0 Bu)$"r M2G

    E0+UP

    I'#"'!0

    oo$"r

    WRC

    WRC

    R"/$u

    O// *0.

    E1%0'd"r

    Pro" A,r

    Co&%r"or

    R"*"'"r0!,#" T)"r&0$

    O1,d,="r@Sru--"r

    O// *0

    #"'!

    40uu& u',!

    W0) 0,d

    !0'3

    O,d,="r R"/$u1

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    A"!, A,d40%or,="r

    Dru& O// *0

    Pr")"0!"r

    40uu& u',!

    LP S!"0&

    G"'"r0!or

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    Dr+"ru',!

    W0!" >0!"r

    R4F

    40u&.+.!"&

    Po$+ Co'd"'0!,o' 1

    Po$+ Co'd"'0!,o' (

    C0!0$+!P

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    79

    REFERENCES

    Or*0',=0!,o'5

    1. E)/e- Ey*ia Pe*r')/e-i)a+ %'+(i C'-ay

    2. I(u*ria+ Deve+'-e*a+ ')ia*i'BID [\]^_`a[\c_de[fgh

    . Per'a+ )'--ui)a*i' i*/ C/e-i*=$'/a-e( bu;%ira, $aaer '3 C/e-i)a+

    I(u*rie C/a-ber, Ey*ia i(u*rie Ui' [\ijcek`]_`^eldmnb;[\nocfpek`]`_^e[q

    4. Per'a+ )'--ui)a*i' i*/ C/e-i*=$'/ab %aa $'/a-e(, i*a* Geera+

    $aaer, C'--er)ia+ 33air, E)/e-

    Boo3 0'd "'+$o%"d,05

    7. sU++-aJ E)y)+'e(ia '3 I(u*ria+ C/e-i*ryt, E+e)*r'i) Re+eae, #i+ey I*erS)ie)e,

    2009

    . "ir@;O*/-er, sE)y)+'e(ia '3 C/e-i)a+ Te)/'+'yt, 4*/

    E(i*i', 2001.

    9. $.F.+i, !.$E++i, &.G. Sei/*, s%a(b''@ '3 I(u*ria+ C/e-i*ry: Orai) C/e-i)a+t,

    2004

    8. R'ber* ++e $eyer, s%a(b''@ '3 Pe*r')/e-i)a+ Pr'(u)*i' Pr')eet, $)Gra;%i++

    Pr'3ei'a+ , 2007

    ?. C/auve+, G. Le3ebvre, sPe*r')/e-i)a+ Pr')ee: Te)/i)a+ > E)''-i) C/ara)*eri*i)t,

    2(

    E(i*i'., 1?8?

    10. S. $a*ar, L. F. %a*)/, sC/e-i*ry '3 Pe*r')/e-i)a+ Pr')eet, 2(

    E(i*i', Gu+3

    Pr'3ei'a+ Pub+i/i, 2001

    11. C/auve+ +ai Le3ebvre Gi++e, sPe*r')/e-i)a+ Pr')ee. 6'+. 2 $a'r Oyea*e(,

    C/+'ria*e( a( Ni*ra*e( Deriva*ivet, E(i*i' 2, E(i*i' TEC%NIP, 1?8?

    12. ". #eier-e+, %.;&. re, sI(u*ria+ Orai) C/e-i*ryt, 6%C Pub+i/er, I)., Ne

    5'r@, N5 BUS, r(

    e(i*i' 1??9

    1. %y(r')arb' Pr')ei ,t Pe*r')/e-i)a+ Pr')ee %a(b''@t, Gu+3 Pub+i/i C'., 2007

    14. "+au #eier-e+, %a;&Wre re, sI(u*ria+ Orai) C/e-i*ryt, 4*/

    E(i*i', #i+ey;

    6C%, #ei/ei-, 200

    17. &.$.Iay@, &..Ra@e*ra, ".#.Le33e, Pr')e 3'r P'+y-eri

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    78

    1. !'r@*e, &., T'vey, %., %ar@er, !. a( %ei, &., sP'+ye*er a( */eir +i)a*i't,

    Rei/'+(, Ne 5'r@, a( C/a-a > %a++, L'(', 1?7

    19. &'/ S)/eir, Ti-'*/y E. L', s$'(er P'+ye*er: C/e-i*ry a( Te)/'+'y '3

    P'+ye*er a( C''+ye*ert, #i+y, Grea* !ri*ai, 200

    18. P+a*i) Fe(era*i' '3 S BPr'er*ie '3 P'+ye*/y+ee Tere/*/a+a*e

    1?. P'+ye*er )'*iu'u *e)/'+'y, Luri br')/ure

    20. PET D5 200? r*i-i', I*a+y, 8 O)*'ber 200?, R'er Lee, Te)' OrbiC/e-

    21. C$I 2009 #'r+( Pe*r')/e-i)a+ C'3ere)e, 20;22 $ar)/ 2009, %'u*', Tea.

    W"-,!" ,!"d ,' !)" %"r,od /ro& O!. !o D". (5

    22. /* * : == .a e r.) ' - =* 'i)=' + y e *er

    2. /* * : == .' + y e *e r ) ' v e r* e r.) '- = ) + a =*a e 1= *a e 2=a+i) a *i ' a ( e (u e =/ i *'r

    y'3e*./*-

    24. /* * : == .b.) '- = +i v ea e*=bi * e r e *= +'ba+ b = S T G I N G= +' b a +a e * = ('+' a (= F =F r

    '*ier-aa

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    7?

    ?. /* * : == .i i( e */eb'* *+e.' r =

    40. /**:==. E)/e- ;e.)'-=

    41. /* * : == .a r a bia'i+a ( a . ) '- = a r*i ) +e ; 4? 8 ; ' a+ ; *a r * ; r'( u) *i ' ; ' 3 ; b e < e e ;a (;

    aray+ee=42. /* * : == .i3 ) .'r =i3 )e *= i e bi * e 1.3=1)a0940e49a7)(8727e3b00900)ee=F7880

    C490EF!87279!0094FE4

    4. /* * : == .ri ) 'u+* i .) '- =#P =P ub+ i ) =R e 'r* = T=

    44. /* * : == .) / e - y *e- .) '- = r e 'r*= ea r ) /=(') =r' e) *u =$ C ; ' + y e * e r ; r'.(3

    47. /* * : == .) / e - y *e- .) '- =r e 'r*= ea r ) /=(') =ab*r a) * =040 7 ; S 9 ;a b. (3

    4. /* * : == .e ) y ) +'e(i a .) '- = (' ) =1G 1 ; 187?21 0 ./* - +

    P0!"'!5

    49. %uber* %. T3aie, U.S. Pa*e* ,870,?81, sLiHui( P/ae Oi(a*i' '3 P;Xy+ee *'

    Tere/*/a+i) )i(t, N'v 2, 1?9419

    48. %ir'/i %a/i

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    1

    78. 6ive@ "aur, G'vi(aa-y Para-aiva Rae(ra, "ee*/ #aye Le33e, U.S. Pa*e*

    ,87,7, sPr')e 3'r )ry*a++i

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    $i++i'.*e2*=year

    Pric

    US!

    A%%"'d, I5 Fur!)"r M0r3"! A'0$+.,.

    G$o-0$ D"&0'd o/ PET

    5ear

    PET 0'd I! R0> M0!"r,0$ Pr,"

    PET %r,". P

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    M0!"r,0$ To$u"'" B"'="'" P +$"'" O +$"'" DMT TPA PETP)!)0$,

    0')+dr,d"

    Pr,"

    CFR

    USD@MT

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    A%%"'d, II5 Do>'!r"0& Co&%0'," o/ PET Bo!!$" Gr0d" ,' E*+%!

    Co&%0'+ M0,' %rodu! Addr"..

    Por! S0,d /or %$0!, !'**+e E+ baa*ee, Cair'

    U',#"r0$ o&%0'+ /or Bo!!$" !'**+e !'r E+ rab, +ea(ria

    M"'0 P$0.! !'**+e a( *''+ !'r E+ rab, +ea(ria

    E$"+oo/ E$ H0d,!)0 !'**+e a( /'-e *''+ !'r E+ rab, +ea(ria

    E%o u',!"d %$0!, 0'd )"&,0$ De*ere* a( b'**+e !'r E+ rab, +ea(ria

    S0'0-"$ /or %$0!, !'**+e, ar %e+a

    G0&0 %03 !'**+e Gi

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    A%%"'d, III5 Pro/,! R0!,o C0$u$0!,o' P"r o'" !o' o/ d",r"d %rodu!

    1. Pro/,! R0!,o o/ PET Produ!

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    (. Pro/,! R0!,o o/ PTA Produ!5

    AMOCO5

    EAS T M A N 5

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    HE NKEL II5

    PR P5

    8. Pro/,! R0!,o o/ DMT Produ!5

    WIT TEN5

    H2 G 5

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    A%%"'d, I45 T")'o$o*," D0!0

    1

  • 8/12/2019 Amoco Process

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    8

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    M0!"r,0$-'u* Ber *' D$T

    P;y+ee B0. *'

    $e*/a'+ B0.8 *'

    vai+abi+i*y

    F,"d o! "u,%&"'!

    0'd orro,o' %ro-$"&

    u-ber '3 rea)*'r a( */eir *ye 2 Oi(a*i', 1 e*eri3i)a*i'

    u-ber '3 eara*'r a( */eir *ye 11 7 Di*i++a*i', )e*ri3ue, 2 )ry*a++i

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    0

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