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7/29/2019 Amurao Notes 01
1/139
CRIMINAL LAW Page 1 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
CRIMINALLAW1
June17,2011
IntroductiontoCriminalLaw
Q:Whatiscriminallaw?
CRIMINALLAWbranchoflawwhichdefinescrimes,treatsoftheirnatureandprovidesfor
theirpunishment
Q: Suppose Congress enacted a piece of legislation, and any violation of that law, penalty will be
paymentofdamages,isthatcriminallaw?
Q:Supposetheformofpenaltywillbeconfiscationoflicense,isthatcriminallaw?
Q:Howwillyoudefineacrime?
*what
particular
act
constitutes
the
crime
*whataretheelementsoftheacts
Q:Whatiscriminalprocedure?
CRIMINALPROCEDUREbodyofrulesthatenforcesorregulatescriminallaw,providesforthe
stepsintheprosecutionand/orconvictionofanaccused.
Q:Isthereanydifferencebetweencriminallawandcriminalprocedure?
Yes.
Q:Whatarethedifferences?
CRIMINALLAW CRIMINALPROCEDURE
*substantive
*procedural/remedial
*GENERALLYprospective, *prospective,BUTCANBEappliedRETROACTIVE
unlessfavorabletotheaccused,
providedaccusedisnotahabitual
delinquent
*onlycomesfromthelegislative *canbepromulgatedbythejudiciary
orlawmakingbody;neverfrom
theexecutiveorjudiciary
*infavoroftheendsofsubstantialjustice
Q:whoisahabitualdelinquent?
Aperson
who
within
aperiod
of
10
years
from
the
date
of
his
last
release
or
conviction
of
the
crimesof1)seriousor lessseriousphysical injuries,2)robo,3)hurto4)estafaor5)falsification,
heisfoundguiltyofanyofsaidcrimesathirdtimeoroftener(Art62,rpc)
Q:SupposeaccusedisaHD,willtherebeprospectiveorretroactiveapplicationofcriminallaw?
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 2 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Q:IscriminallawthesameastheRPC?
Yes
Q:Whatisacrime?
GenerictermusedtorefertoawrongdoingpunishedeitherinRPCorunderaspecial law
Q:
Who
has
the
power
to
enact
laws?
Congress(Legislative)
Q:IsthepowerofCongressabsolute?
No.Therearelimitations.Itshouldnotviolatetheconstitution
Q:Wecallourpenalcode,theREVISEDPENALCODE,why,whichpenalcodewasrevised?
TheSpanishPenalCode
Q:Howwasitrevised?
*A committee was formed pursuant to Administrative Order No. 94 by the Department of
Justice.
*Thecommittee
was
formed
on
Oct
18,
1827
*The committee was composed of Anacleto Diaz (head); Quintin Paredes; Alex Reyes and
MarianoDeJoya
Q:Howdidtherevisioncomeabout?
*theRPC containsprovisionsoftheSpanishpenalcode,USPenalCodeandSCdecisionsofthe
PhilippinesbeforethecreationoftheRPC
Q:Whatarethesourcesofcriminallaw?
*RevisedPenalCode
*Special Penal Laws enacted or passed by the Philippine Commission, Philippine Assembly,
PhilippineLegislature,
National
Assembly,
Batasang
Pambansa,
Congress
of
the
Philippines
*PenalPresidentialDecreesissuedduringMartialLaw (onlybecausethePresidentatthattime
hadlegislativepower,butgenerally,theExecutivebranchcannotissueEOorPPthatarepenal
innature)
*SpanishPenalCode
*USPenalCode(wecopiedtheffcrimesfromtheUSPenalCode:estafa,malversation,etc)
Q:Whohasthepowertodefinecrimes?
TheState
Q:WhydoestheStatehasthepowertodefinecrimes?
Becauseofitspolicepower.Therighttoprosecuteandpunishcrimesisvestedinthesovereign
power,whichistheFilipinopeople.
Q:WhendidtheRPCtookeffect?
Jan1,1932
Q:WhyistherealonglapseoftimeintheeffectivityandapprovaloftheRPC?
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 3 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
SothatPHwillbefamiliarizedwiththenew provisionsoftheRPC
Q:WhoapprovedtheRPC?
USPresident
Q:
What
are
the
theories
in
criminal
law?
Classical,Positivist,Mixed
CLASSICAL
theobjectiveisretribution
theemphasisisonthecrime
consistentwiththesayinganeyeforaneye,atoothforatooth
manhasfreewilltodoornotto do
thecriminalliabilityarisesfromknowledgeandfreedom
manisarationalbeing
example:RA9372(HumanSecurityActof2007)
POSITIVIST
theobjectiveisreformation
theemphasisisonthecriminal
believesthatcrimeisasocialphenomenon
seesmanasamoral/humanbeing
manbynatureisgood
manisexposedtoenvironmentwheremaniscompelledtodoacrime
example: RA9344(JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006)
ProbationLawof1976
IndeterminateSentenceLaw
MIXED
combinestheclassicalandthepositivist
appliedclassicaltheoryforheinouscrimes
appliesthepositivistforeconomicandsocialcrimes
Q:WhatdoweapplyinthePhilippines?
Mixed.Oursystem isa littlebitofclassicalanda littlebitofpositivist.TheRPC isclassicaland
recentlawsenactedbythelegislaturearepositivistinnature.
Q:Whatisthedegreeofproofneededtoconvictanaccusedofacriminalcharge?
Proofbeyondreasonabledoubt
Q:Isthisabsolute?
No.
In the crime of treason, PBRD is not theonly requirement. There is a requirement of the 2
witnessrule
Q:Mayapersonbeconvictedbyreasonofthespiritofthelaw?
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 4 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
No. Only by the language of the law. It should be clear and in case of doubt, it should be
favorabletotheaccused.
June21,2011
Q:
What
are
the
kinds
of
repeals?
1. AbsoluteorExpresstheeffectisdecriminalization
theobliterationofacrime
forpendingcases,thecaseshallbedismissed
forthoseservingsentence,theyshallbereleasedbecausethereisnomorereasonforthe
accusedtoservesentence
2. PartialorImpliedthecrimeisstillpunishable,butmodified(intermsof penalty)
example: the case of Robin Padilla, PD 1866waspartially repealed by RA 8294,which
reduced the sentence for illegal possession of firearms, thus qualifying Robin Padilla for
parole
3. Selfrepealingdeemedrepealedupontheexpirationofthedatespecifiedbythelaw
thelawdiesanaturaldeath
example:RA1700(AntiSubversion Law)andRentControlLaw
Q:Whatisthegeneralcharacteristicofcriminallaw?
CriminalLawisbindingonallpersonswholiveorsojourninthePhilippineterritory,regardless
ofrace,nationality,politicalaffiliation.
Q:Is
this
rule
absolute?
No.Theexceptionsare:1.Treaties
2.Lawsofpreferentialapplication
Q:Whatistheterritorialcharacteristicofcriminallaw?
OnlycrimescommittedwithinthePhilippineterritorymaybeprosecutedbeforePhcourt
Q:Whatistherationalebehindthis?
Acrimeisanoffenseagainstthedignity,authorityandsovereigntyofthePhterritory;andonly
the state inwhich thedignity, authority and sovereigntyhasbeenoffendedhas the right to
punishtheoffender.
Q:Istheterritorialityabsolute?
No.Theexceptionsare:1.Treaties
2.Lawsofpreferentialapplication
Q:Othercharacteristicofcriminallaw?
Prospective(nonretroactivity)
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 5 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Exception:favorabletotheaccused
Exceptiontotheexception:accusedisahabitualdelinquent
Q:Canyougiveanexampleofatreatythatisanexceptiontothegenerality&territorialityprinciplesof
criminallaw?
VFA
Q:WhyisVFAanexception?
Generality because even if the accused sojourn in the Philippines, the accusedwillnot be
prosecutedinphcourts
TerritorialitybecauseeveniftheaccusedcommittedthecrimeinthePhilippines,theaccused
willnotbeprosecutedinphcourts
Q:WhoarethepartiestoVFA?
USandPH
Q:whoarecoveredbytheVFA?
USmilitary
personnel
UScivilianpersonnelconnectedtotheUSmilitaryoperationsinthePhilippines
Q:WhoisaUSmilitarypersonnel?
militarymembersoftheUnitedStatesArmy,Navy,MarineCorps,AirForce,andCoastGuard
Q: IstheAmericanRedCrosspersonnelcoveredbytheVFA?
Yes.IsheispartoftheUSpersonnel
Q:WhatarethetypesofjurisdictioninVFA?
ExclusiveandConcurrent
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyexclusive&concurrentjurisdiction?
Exclusiveexclusiveofothercourts;vestsjurisdictionononecourt
Concurrentbothcountrieshavejurisdiction
Q:Whenisitexclusive?
PHhaveexclusivejurisdictioncrimespunishableunderPH lawsbutnotpunishableunderUS
laws.
UShaveexclusivejurisdiction crimespunishableunderUS lawsbutnotpunishableunderPH
laws.
Q:Whenisitconcurrent?
CrimespunishablebothunderPHandUSlaws.
Q:But,evenifjurisdictionisconcurrent,whenwillPHhaveprimaryjurisdiction?
*Philippineauthoritiesshallhavetheprimaryrighttoexercisejurisdictionoveralloffenses
*Especially,whenitisathreattothesecurityofthePhilippines,
a)treason b)espionage c)sabotage
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 6 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
EXCEPT:
*crimecommittedbyaUSpersonnelagainstthepropertyandsecurityoftheUSPhhasno
jurisdiction,theseincludes:
1.againstthepropertyoftheUS
2.
against
the
security
of
the
US
3.againstthepropertyofanothermilitarypersonnel
4.againstthesecurityofanothermilitarypersonnel
5.committedintheperformanceofofficialduties
Q:SupposeUSmilitarypersonnelwasdrivingatRoxasBlvd todelivera confidential letter to theUS
embassy,whiledriving,herunoverapedestrian,whichcourthasjurisdiction?
US.Committedintheperformanceofofficialduties.
Q:SupposeonenightUSmilitarypersonnelwenttothebar,afterdrinkingandbeingsotipsy,rapeda
woman,whichcourthasjurisdiction?
PH.Notintheperformanceofofficialduties
Q:Suppose2FilipinocitizensworkingasUSmilitarypersonnelinthePHhadaquarrel.Filipino1shoots
Filipino2.Whohasjurisdiction?
US.Citizenshipisimmaterial.WhatisimportantisattachmenttotheUSmilitary
Q:Supposetheonewhowasinjuredfiledacivilcasefordamages,willitprosper?
No.VFAcoversonlycriminalaspect
Q:1USmarinestolethewalletofanotherUSmarine,whohasjurisdiction?
US.Propertyofanothermilitarypersonnel
Q:Suppose
you
are
ajudge,
the
US
wrote
aletter
for
you
to
waive
jurisdiction,
what
will
you
do?
Generally,thePHhastowaivejurisdictionuponrequestofUS.Therequestforwaivercannotbe
rejected.
Q:Isthisruleabsolute?
No.Therequestforwaivermayberejectedifthecrimeisofparticularimportance
RA9659 (heinouscrime)
RA7610(childabusecases)
RA9165(dangerousdrugs)
Q:SupposeUSmilitarypersonnelcommittedkidnapping,whohasjurisdiction?
PHcourts.Thisisacrimeagainstpersonalsecurity
Q:GiveanexampleofLawsofPreferentialApplicationthatislocalinnature?
Constitution
*immunitysuitofpresident
*absoluteimmunityofCongressforprivilegespeeches
*Congressimmunefromlibel
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 7 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
NOTE:Art6,Sec11,1987Consti isnotanexception.BECAUSECongress isonly immune from
arrestnotfromprosecution
Q: Whatelse?
RA
75
Public
International
Law
Diplomaticimmunityandcannotbesued,arrestedorpunishedbythelawofthecountrywhere
theyareofficiallyassigned:
Ambassadors
SovereignorotherchiefofState
Ministersplenipotentiaryorministerresidents
Chargedaffairs
DomesticServantsofpersonsmentioned
NOTE:Consulsandotherconsularofficialsarenotexempt fromcriminal liabilitybecausethey
represent thebusiness,commercialmercantileof theircountry;while,ambassadors,chiefsof
State,etc.representthepoliticalinterestsoftheircountryoforigin.
WARSHIPRULE
warshipofanothercountry,eventhoughdocked in thePH isconsideredanextensionofthe
territoryofthatcountry
Q:supposethewarshipofUSisdockedatSubic,oneday,youwenttoSubicwithyourgf,broughtherto
theship,andthenrapedher.Willyoubeprosecuted?
No.WarshipisanextensionUSterritory
Q:supposeafterrapingher,youbroughtyourgftoherparents,willyoubeprosecuted?
No.Warshiprule
EmbassyRulesameaswarshiprule
Q:Supposeoneday,youshutapersonatRoxasBlvd,whenthepoliceofficerswererunningafteryou,
youjumpedover the fenceofUSembassy.May theofficersarrest you,while you are inside theUS
embassy?
No.
Q:Whatisthentheremedyoftheofficers(Phgovernment)?
Extradition
Q: suppose a Filipina legallymarriedhad sexual intercoursewith anAmerican at thePhembassy. Is
thereanycrimecommitted?
Yes. The crime of adultery, but she cannot be prosecuted under Ph courts because of the
embassyrule.
Q:whoelseisexempt/immunefromcriminalprosecution?
ExecutivedirectorsofWHO
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 8 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
MembersoftheConstitutionalCommission
JusticesofSupremeCourt
Q:Howaboutconsularofficials?
Theyarenotcovered.Theyarenotexempt fromcriminal liabilitybecause they represent the
business,
commercial
mercantile
interests
of
their
country
of
origin.
Q: Suppose Ambassador of Japan to the US committed a crime in the Philippines, may he be
prosecuted?
Yes,becauseheisnotarecognizeddiplomaticrepresentativeofhiscountrytothePhilippines.
Article2
^par15ofArt2isnotanexemptiontotheterritorialityprinciple,itisEXTRATERRITORIALITY!
Q:ThefirstinstanceinArt2?
Should
commit
an
offense
while
on
Ph
ship
or
airship
Q:WhatisPhshiporairship?
ShipregisteredwithMARINA
AirshipregisteredwithCivilAeronauticsBoard
Q: Whataretherequirementsinorderaship/airshipbeaPhship?
ItmustberegisteredinaccordancewithPhlaws
Q:WhynotregisterinBureauofCustoms?
ThelawrequiringregistrationinBureauofCustomshadbeenrepealed.NowitsMarinaandCAB
Q:Does
PH
include
warship?
No.Warshiphasdifferentrule
Q: SupposeacargoshipinQuezongoingtoMalaysia,withinPhterritory,1crewcommittedhomicide
againstanothercrew,whohasjurisdiction?
PH.ThecrimeiscommittedinPHterritory
Itisnotimportantwhethercargoshipisregisteredornot,becausecrimecommittedinPh
territory. (Territorialityprinciple)
Q:SupposethatcargoshiptraversedthroughinternationalwatersthenreachedthewatersofMalaysia,
1crewmembercommittedhomicideagainstanother.Whichcourt?
Malaysia.Because
the
crime
is
committed
in
Malaysian
waters
^Art2,par1ceasestoapplyiftheshipisintheterritoryofforeigncountry
^Art2,par1appliesonlyiftheshipisininternationalwaters
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 9 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Q:Supposeyouliveinacoastaltown,thenyouhiredanunregisteredmotorboat,thenyouwenttointl
waters, then you shoot your gfbecause you are sodepressedbecauseof recitations in criminal law
review,willyoubeliable?
No.unregisteredmotorboat
Q:
suppose
in
the
same
motorboat,
a
married
man
with
his
new
gf
went
on
high
seas,
and
there
got
married.Isthemanliableforanycrime?
Yes.Heisliableforbigamy.(becausehecontractedasecondmarriage)
BUThecannotbeprosecutedbecauseoftheterritorialityprinciple.Thecrimewascommitted
outsidePhterritory.
Q:supposeaftertheweddingceremony,youwent toaresort,wherethere isabigreception. Inthat
resort,youhadyourhoneymoon;willyou(marriedman)beliableforanycrime?
No. Not concubinage because mere sexual intercourse not punishable, it must be under
scandalousmanner
Q:supposeafteryourhoneymoon,youlivetogetherinacondoinManila,willyoubeliable?
Yes.Concubinage
Cohabitation;livinginaseparatehomeashusbandandwife
Q:Whatarethe2rules?
EnglishRulevessel is in the territoryofanothercountry,crimescommitted in thatareaare
triableinthatothercountry,unlessthecrimescommittedinvolvepurelyinternalmatterswithin
thevessel;theemphasisisontheterritorialityofthevessel;wherethevesselisfound
FrenchRulevesselisintheterritoryofanothercountry,crimescommittedinthatareaarenot
triableinthatcountry,unlessthecrimescommittedhaveendangeredthepeaceandsecurityof
that country; the emphasis is on the nationality of the vessel; jurisdiction lies where the
merchantvessel
is
registered.
^ThePHadherestotheEnglishrule
Q:Cargoship,registeredinPanamawhileinManila,1crewmembershoottheothercrewmember,
whohasjurisdiction?
Phcourts.Crimecommittedinmanila
Q:Cargo ship,registeredinPanama,carriedshabu,whichcourthasjurisdiction?
Phcourts.
Q:SecondinstanceinArt2?
Art2par2.
ShouldforgeorcounterfeitanycoinorcurrencynoteofthePhilippineIslandsorobligationsand
securitiesissuedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippineIslands
Q:whatmaybethesubjectofforgery?
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 10 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Anycoin,CurrencyNote,obligationsandsecuritiesissuedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippine
Islands
Q:SupposeyouhaveaprintingpressinTaiwan,andyouprintedBagongLipunannotes(martiallaw),
liable?
No.
Because
Bagong
Lipunan
notes
are
not
legal
tender
Q:Supposecoinswithdrawnfromcirculation,liable?
Yes.Thelawdoesnotdistinguish.ItsaysANYCOIN
Q:Supposeinyoutamperedalottoticket,liable?
Yes.LottoticketisobligationsandsecuritiesissuedbytheGPI
Q:giveexamplesofobligationsandsecuritiesofGPI
Treasurybills,lottotickets,bondsoftheBSP
^ObligationsandSecuritiesofGSIS,SSS,LandbankarenotoftheGPIbecausetheyhavetheir
owncharter
Q:anyotherinstance?
Art2,par3
Shouldbeliableforactsconnectedwiththeintroductionintotheseislandsoftheobligationsand
securitiesmentionedinthepresidingnumber
^thosewhointroducedthecounterfeiteditemsarecriminallyliable,eveniftheywerenotthe
oneswhocounterfeitedtheobligations&securities
^ontheotherhand,thosewhocounterfeitedtheitemsarecriminallyliableeveniftheydidnot
introducethecounterfeititems
Q:any
other
instance?
Art2,par.4
Whilebeingpublicofficersoremployees,shouldcommitanoffenseintheexerciseoftheir
functions
Q: whoisapublicofficer?(seeArt203)
*takingpart in theperformanceofpublic functions in thegovernment,orperforming in said
governmentorinanyofitsbranchespublicdutiesasanemployee,agentorsubordinateofficial,
ofanyrankorclass;and
*that his authority to take part in theperformance ofpublic functionsor to performpublic
dutiesmustbe
a. bydirectprovisionofthelaw,orb. bypopularelection,orc. byappointmentbycompetentauthority
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 11 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Q: SupposePHambassadortoGermanywasgivenUSD200,000asafundtorenovatethePHembassy
building inGermany.HeusedonlyUSD50,000 for the renovation,and gave theUSG150,000 tohis
number2inGermany.Ishe(ambassador)liable?
Yes.Heisliableformalversationofpublicfunds.HemaybeprosecutedinPhcourts.
Hewasincustodyofthemoneybyreasonofhisofficialfunctions
Q:
Suppose
our
AFP
high
officials
were
tasked
to
scout
for
firearms
abroad,
and
while
they
are
negotiatingwithforeigncompaniesabroad,thesecompaniesinsertedUSD1000intheproposalfolderin
anticipationthattheircompanywillbechosenbyAFPtobethesupplierofourfirearms.MaytheseAFP
officialsbeliable?
Yes.Theyareliableforbribery.
Q:(followup)Eveniftheactofacceptingthebribewascommittedabroad,willtheystillbeliable?
Yes,becausetheactwascommittedinrelationorwhiletheAFPareindischargeoftheirofficial
functions.
Q: Suppose ChairmanAbalos (comelec) while playing golf in Shanghai, China receivedUSD50,000 in
relationtotheZTE?Isthereacrimecommitted?Mayhebeliable?
Crime
anti
graft
&
corrupt
practices
act
BUT,hecannotbe liable/prosecutedbeforePhcourtsbecauseAbaloshasnothing todowith
ZTE (paki alamera lang siya). Therefore, he received the money not in connection with his
officialfunction.
Q:SupposethePHambassadortoAustraliaislegallymarried.Canhebeprosecutedforconcubinage?
No.CrimewascommittedoutsidePH
Crimewasnotinrelationtoofficialfunctions
Elementsofconcubinage:
1. Thatthemanmustbemarried.2. Thathecommittedanyofthefollowingacts:
a. Keepingamistressintheconjugaldwelling.b. Havingsexualintercourseunderscandalouscircumstanceswithawomanwhois
nothiswife.
c. Cohabitingwithherinanyotherplace.3. Thatasregardsthewomanshemustknowhimtobemarried
Q:CanthePHambassadoruseimmunityfromsuitasadefenseagainstPHcourts?
No
Q:PHambassador,married,hadsexualintercoursewithherAmericanboyfriendinthecomfortroomof
PHembassy.Mayhebeprosecuted?
Yes.PhembassyisanextensionofPhterritory
Forwhatcrimeadultery
Q:maytheAmericancitizenbfbeliableforanycrime?
Yes.Adultery
Elements:
*Thatthewomanismarried(evenifmarriagesubsequentlydeclaredvoid)
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 12 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
*Thatshehassexualintercoursewithamannotherhusband.
*Thatasregardsthemanwithwhomshehassexualintercourses,hemustknowherto
bemarried.
Q:Lastinstance?
Art
2,
par
5
Shouldcommitanyofthecrimesagainstnationalsecurityandthelawofnations,definedinTitle
OneofBookTwoofthisCode.
Q:Giveexampleofcrimes againstnationalsecurity?
Treason,espionage,conspiracytocommittreason
Q:Howaboutrebellion?
No.rebellioniscrimesagainstpublicorder
Q:crimescommittedbytheMILF?
No.Crimeagainstpublicorder
Q:exampleof violationofthelawofnations?
Antiterrorlaw
Crimesagainsthumanity
Genocide
Q:whatarethe2kindsofpiracy?
PiracyundertheRPC
PiracyunderPD532
Q:whatdoesArt2covers?
Piracyunder
RPC
only.
Because
piracy
under
PD532
is
committed
within
PH
waters
Article3
Q:Whatarefelonies?
Actsandomissionspunishablebylawarefelonies(delitos).
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbypunishablebylaw
PunishablebytheRPC
Q:howfeloniesarecommitted?
Feloniesare
committed
not
only
be
means
of
deceit
(dolo)
but
also
by
means
of
fault
(culpa).
Q:Whatisdolo?Whatisculpa?
There isdeceitwhen theact isperformedwithdeliberate intentand there is faultwhen the
wrongfulactresultsfromimprudence,negligence,lackofforesight,orlackofskill.
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CRIMINAL LAW Page 13 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao
NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
^ViolationsofRPCfelony
^Violationsofspecialpenallawoffenses
^violationsofordinancemisdemeanor(minorinfraction ofthelaw)
Q:Whataretherequisitesoffelony?
1.Act
or
omission
2. RPC3. Voluntary
a. Freedomb. Intelligencec. Intent
^ALLMUSTBEPRESENTINORDERTOINCURCRIMINALLIABILITY
Q:Isillegalpossessionofbladedweaponafelony?
No.ItisnotundertheRevisedPenalCode
Atty.AmuraoLectureHighlights:
*Tobe
considered
as
afelony
there
must
be
an
act
or
omission;
amere
imagination
no
matter
howwrongdoesnotamounttoafelony.
*Anactreferstoanykindofbodymovementthatproduceschangeintheoutsideworld.For
example,ifyouhaveinyourmindthatyouwillrapethisbeautifullady,butyoudidnotrapeher,
youwillnotbeliable.
*Actusnonfacitreum,nisimenssitrea(anactofacriminalshouldbecoupledbyacriminal
mind)
*ItdoesnotmeanthatifanactoromissionispunishedundertheRevisedPenalCode,afelonyis
alreadycommitted.
To
be
considered
afelony,
it
must
also
be
done
with
dolo
or
culpa.
*Ifyoudonothavefreedom,theactisnotvoluntary;theactisnotafelony
*TheseareamplifiedinthesomeprovisionsoftheRPC,like
Intelligenceart12insanity,imbecility,minority
Freedomart12undercompulsionofsomeirresistibleforce;fearofgreaterinjury
Intentart12bymere accidentw/outfaultorintenttocauseharm
*Mistakeoffactisavaliddefense
Q:WhatarethedifferencesbetweenMALAINSEandMALAPROHIBITA
MALAINSE MALAPROHIBITA
*intentisessential *intentisnotessential
*goodfaithisavaliddefense *goodfaithisnotavalid
defense
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*honestmistakeoffactisa
defense
*honestmistakeoffactisnota
defense
*punishableunderRPC *punishableunderspeciallaws
*condemnedbysociety *injurioustopublicwelfare
*actdonemustbecriminal
intent
*itissufficientthatthe
prohibitedact
was
done
Q:giveexamplesofMalaInse?
RPChomicide,murder,parricide,arsonandsoon
Q:giveexamplesofMalaprohibita
AntiFencingLaw
BouncingCheckLaw
IllegalPossessionofFirearms
AntiHumanTraffickingLaw
AntiHijackingLack
Q:Supposeyourbfisapoliceofficer,1daywhileyouwerehavingyourdateinLunetaPark,yourbfhad
to answer the callofnature, sohehanded to youhispistol,while youwereholding it, theofficers
arrestedyou,mayyoubeliableforillegalpossessionoffirearms?
No.TransientPossessionnotliable
AlthoughIwasinpossession,althoughIhavenolicensetoposses,StillnotliablebecauseIhave
nointent,andthisisanexceptiontomalaprohibita
Q:Supposethepoliceofficersarerunningafteraman,thenthemanthrowhis.45caliber,youwere
aroundthecornerandyouextendedyourarms,thenthefirearmfellonyourhands,mayyoubeliable
forillegalpossession?
No.Transientpossession
Q:SupposeI(atty.Amurao)mortagedmyfirearmtoyoufor30days,andonthe20thday,therewasa
raidinyourhouse,mayyoubeliableforillegal possession?
Yes.Thereisanimuspossendi
anactoromission
Actanyphysicalmovementofthebody(Amurao);anybodilymovement
tendingtoproducesomeeffectintheexternalworld(Reyes)
Omission
means
inaction;
the
failure
to
perform
apositive
duty
which
one
is
boundtodo;theremustbealawrequiringtheperformanceofanactand
punishingtheomission;eg.arbitrarydetention;misprisionoftreason
punishablebytheRevisedPenalCode
^WhenthereisaconflictbetweenspecialpenallawsandtheRevisedPenal
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Code,intermsoftheapplicationofpenalties,whattofollow?
^Whatisimportantisthedefinitionandtheclassificationoftheact(whetherit
isanoffenseorafelony)
SpecialPenal
Laws
=penalties
are
stated
in
terms
of
years,
months,
days
RevisedPenalCode=penaltiesarestatedintermsofdegrees,withdeathasthe
highestpenalty;classifiedasindivisibleordivisible
a.indivisible=deathandpubliccensure
b.divisible(has3periods;whatperiodtoapplyisdependentonthe
aggravatingandmitigatingcircumstancespresentinthecase)
PenaltiesundertheRPC(indescendingorderintermsofdegree)
DeathorCapitalPunishment indivisible
ReclusionPerpetua(20yrs&1day40yrs)
ReclusionTemporal
(12yrs
&
1day
20yrs)
PrisionMayor(6yrs&1day12yrs)
PrisionCorreccional divisible
orDestierro(6mos&1day6yrs)
ArrestoMayor(1mo&1day6mos)
ArrestoMenor(1day30days)
Fine
PublicCensureindivisible
theactsdoneshouldbevoluntary(Amurao)
voluntarythe
concurrence
of
intelligence,
freedom,
intent
(Ortega)
^allshouldbepresentinordertoincurcriminalliability
(a)intelligencenointelligence,nocriminalliability;eg.children15yrs
old&belowareexemptfromcriminalliability(RA9344)
(b)freedomnofreedom,actisnotvoluntary,nocriminalliability
(c)intentessentialtoafelony;prosecutionhastoproveintent;good
faithisadefense
Article12oftheRPC(ExemptingCircumstances)isamplifiedbytheimportance
oftheelementofvoluntariness:
(a)intelligenceinsanity/imbecility[Art.12(1)];minority[Art.12(2&3)]
(b)freedomunderthecompulsionofsomeirresistibleforce[Art.12(5)];fearof
greaterinjury[Art.12(6)];failuretoperformanactrequiredbylawwhen
preventedbysomelawfulorinsuperablecause[Art.12(7)]
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(c)intentbymereaccidentw/ofaultorintenttocauseharm[Art.12(4)]
Alibiusedindefensesayingthattheactoromissionwasnotdoneatall;intendsto
disprovetheexistenceofanactoromission;weakestdefense;caneasilybefabricated;
eg.VizcondecaseWebbsalibi=hearguedthathewasintheUSwhenthecrime
happened,therefore,
he
could
not
have
killed
the
victims,
claiming
that
he
is
innocent
Actusnonfacitreum,nisimenssitreaanactofacriminalshouldbecoupledbya
criminalmind
thedefenseofhonestmistakeoffact
theactdonebytheaccusedwouldhaveconstituted:
(a)ajustifyingcircumstance(Art.11,RPC)
inallinstances=nocriminalliability;nocivilliability
(b)anabsolutorycause[Art.247(2)]
(c)an
involuntary
act
Requisitesforhonestmistakeoffactasadefense:
1.thattheactdonewouldhavebeenlawfulhadthefactsbeenastheaccused
believedthemtobe
2.thattheintentionoftheaccusedinperformingtheactshouldbelawful
3.thatthemistakemustbewithoutfaultornegligence/carelessnessonthepart
oftheaccused
Casesonhonestmistakeoffact:
1.USv.AhChong(landmarkcase)
Ah
Chong
killed
friend
Pascual
thinking
he
was
athief/ladron
therewassufficientwarningonthepartofaccused;accusedwasacquitted
2.USv.Apego
accusedkilledherbrotherinlawinfearofbeingraped;guiltyofhomicide
3.Peoplev.Oanis
policemenkilledthewrongpersonw/owarning;guiltyofmurder
4.Peoplev.Bayambao
accusedkilledhisbrotherinlawthinkinghewasanoutlaw
brotherinlawactedasifhegoingtoattack;accusedwasacquitted
Motive
special
reasons
that
impel
the
accused
to
act
(Amurao)
themovingpowerwhichimpelsonetoactionforadefiniteresult(Reyes)
notanessentialelementofafelony
evidenceofmotiveisnecessaryonlyincaseof:(1)doubtintheidentityoftheaccused
(Amurao),(2)twoconflictingversionsofthecrime
motiveisestablishedbythetestimonyofthewitness
lackofmotivemaybeanaidinshowinginnocence
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Discernmentabilityoftheaccusedtodeterminerightfromwrong
Exceptionsto
the
general
rule
on
malum
prohibitum
crimes
(PLEASE
REFER
TO
REYES
BOOK)
1.Cuencav.People
CuencawasacquittedbytheSCfromthecrimeofillegalpossessionofanunlicensedfirearm;itissaid
thattheSCerredinitsdecision(Amurao)
2.Peoplev.Landicho
convictedbythetrialcourt;decisionreversedbytheCourtofAppeals
theCAheldthatconvictingtheaccusedwouldbesacrificingsubstantialjusticeformeretechnicality
3.Peoplev.Mallare
casewasaboutthedelayoftheissuanceofthelicense
the
accused
convicted
by
the
trial
court;
decision
reversed
by
the
CA
theCAheldthattheblameshouldbeputonthegovernmentnotontheapplicantofthelicense
4.meretransientpossessionofunlicensedfirearm
notcriminallyliable
inthecrimeofillegalpossessionofunlicensedfirearm,foranaccusedtobecriminallyliable,there
shouldbeanimusposidendiorintenttopossess
Article4
Conceptof
proximate
cause
injury
inflicted
Q:Whatisproximatecause?
Proximatecauseisthatcausewhichsetsintomotionothercausesandwhichunbrokenbyany
efficient supervening cause produces a felony without which such felony could not have
resulted
Asageneralrule,theoffender iscriminally liableforalltheconsequencesofhisfeloniousact,
althoughnot intended, if the felonious act is the proximate causeof the felonyor resulting
felony.
Aproximate
cause
is
not
necessarily
the
immediate
cause.
This
may
be
acause
which
is
far
and
remotefromtheconsequencewhichsetsintomotionothercauseswhichresultedin
thefelony.
Immediatecauseinfection
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Q:Whatisefficientinterveningcause?
EfficientInterveningCauseinterruptedthenaturalflowofeventsleadingtoonesdeath
*Victimisundernoobligationtosubmittomedicaltreatmenttoreduceormitigatetheliabilityofthe
accused.
Q:A,B,Choldupabus,apassengerranaway,hit bythecar,passengerdied.Whoisliable?
ABC
Q:Holdupinanearbygrocerystore,oldmansuddenlycollapsedseeingthecommotion,oldman
eventuallydied,whoisliable?
Robbers
Immediatecauseheartfailure
Q: SupposeAttyAmuraoduringrecit,youcollapsed,hitthetableandmassivebleeding,deadonarrival,
isamuraoliable?
No.Recit
is
not
acrime
Q:supposebecauseofyourwronganswers,amuraoshouteddefamatorywords,liable?
Yes.Amuraocommittedslander
Q:Isitwrongtoloveamarriedperson?
No.Aslongasitdoesnotgobeyondthatpoint
Q: Sexualintercoursewithamarriedwoman,whiledoingtheact,thewomanhadheartattack,willyou
beliable?
Yes.Youcommittedadultery
Q:Manmarried,hadasexualintercoursewithasinglewoman,thewomanhadheartattack,died.Will
youbeliable?
No.Concubinageisnotcommitted
Q:IfunderatreeinLuneta?
Yes.Liableforconcubinage,underascandalousmanner
Q:bothsingle,manisateacher,womanisastudent,liable?
No.Thereisnocrime
Q:Ifthestudentisunder18yearsold,willyouranswerbethesame?
No.Thistimethereisacrime.Qualifiedseductionorrapebygraveabuseofauthority
Q:Whatisanimpossiblecrime?
Q:GivethecaseofIntod
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Q:GivetheelementsofimpossiblecrimevisvisfactsofIntod
Q:Givethecaseof PPvJacinto?
Q:doyouagreewiththedecision?
Q:Howistheftcommitted?
Q:Isitanelementthattheaccusedshouldmakeoractuallyprofit?
No
Q:Mayapersonbeliableifhedidnotcommitacrime?
Yes.Impossiblecrime.Technicallynocrime,subjectivelythereisacrime
Q:Whatisthepenalty?
ArrestoMayororafinerangingfrom200to 500
^Urbanocase
Q:whatisthenegligencecommittedbyJavier?
Causeswhichmayproducearesultdifferentfromthatwhichtheoffenderintended,ascontemplated
inArt.4(1)
1.thereisamistakeintheidentityofthevictim
alsoknownaserrorinpersonae;ornapagkamalan
notadefenseinacriminalcase;notevenamitigatingcircumstance
2.thereisamistakeintheblow
also
known
as
aberration
ictus
notadefenseinacriminalcase;notevenamitigatingcircumstance
3.theinjuriousresultisgreaterthanthatintended
alsoknownaspraeterintentionem
Article4(1)contemplatesthatthereshouldbeafelonybeingcommitted
emphasisisnotonthemerewrongfulact;itshouldconstituteafelony
eg.theactofcommittingsuicideresultstoothersbeinginjured=punishableunderArt.4(1)because
althoughnotintended,theinjurywascausedbymeansofculpa,whichcanconstituteafelony
Article4(1)doesnotapplyiftheactcommittedconstitutesacrimepunishablebyspeciallaw
Concubinage instances ahusbandbringinghomeawoman,thatisnothiswife,totheconjugaldwelling
havingsexualintercourseunderscandalouscircumstances
cohabitation;livinginaseparatehomeashusbandandwife
ProximateCause
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thereisachainofcausesfromanoriginalactthatresultstoaninjury
iftheresultcanbetracedbacktotheoriginalact,thenthedoeroftheoriginalactcanbeheldliable
EfficientInterveningCauseinterruptedthenaturalflowofeventsleadingtoonesdeath
Q:Whatisimpossiblecrime?Whatisthereasonforpunishing?
Suppresscriminalpropensity
Q:Supposesonforgedsignatureofhisfatherinacheck,thedepositedthecheck,butwasdishonored,is
thisimpossiblecrime?
No.Falsificationofcommercialdocument.Forgeryisacrimeagainstpublicinterest
Givetheelementsofforgery
Q:Yourroommatekukuninyungjewelrynanasacabinetnanakalock,taposwalapalayungjewelry
dunsacabinet,impossiblecrime?
No.Theftofkeyungtamangsagot
^womanlang angpwedeforforcibleabduction
Instanceswhenthereisaproximatecauseandwhenthereisnone
Whenthereisaninterveningdiseaseandthediseaseis:
(a)closelyrelatedtothewound(s)=accusediscriminallyliable
(b)unrelatedtothewound(s)=accusedisnotcriminallyliable,
becausethediseasenotassociatedwiththewound(s),eg.brain
tumor
(c)acombinedforcewiththewound(s)=accusediscriminallyliable,
becausethemortalwoundisacontributingfactorto
thevictimsdeath
Amortalwoundisacontributingfactorwhen:
i.thewound(s)is/aresufficienttocausevictimsdeathalongwiththedisease
ii.themortalwoundwascausedbyactionscommittedbytheaccused
2.Whenthedeathwascausedbyaninfectionofthewoundduetothe unskilledmedicaltreatment
fromthedoctors:
(a)ifthewoundismortal=accusediscriminallyliable,becausetheunskilledtreatment
+infectionarenotefficientintervening causes
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mortalwound+unskilledmedicaltreatmentonly=accusediscriminallyliablebecause
themortalwoundnaturallyledtothedeathofthevictim
(b)ifthewoundisslight=accusedisnotcriminallyliable,becausethe unskilled
treatment+infectionareefficientinterveningcauses
*InUrbano
v.
IAC,
the
wound
caused
by
accused
Urbano
was
already
treated
and
was
in
the
normal
processofhealingwhich is inapproximately4weeks;butbecausedeceasedJavierdidnotwaitforthe
woundtohealandstillworkedbyfishing,hiswoundgotinfectedwithtetanuswhichcausedhisdeath.
Theactionsofthedeceasedwhenhestillworkedwithoutwaitingforhiswoundtohealwasanefficient
interveningcause,thustheaccusedisnotliableforhisdeathanymore.
Q:Whatisthepurposeforpunishinganimpossiblecrime?
Thepurposeofpunishinganimpossiblecrimeistopreventorsuppressthecriminaltendencyof
theaccused
Personsfoundguiltyofimpossiblecrimesaresentencedtoarrestormayor(1mo.1dayto6mos.)pursuant
to
Article
59
of
the
Revised
Penal
Code
Objectively,thereisnocrimeSubjectively,thecrimeispresent
Shouldtherebeacrimecommitted,inordertobeheldliableforanimpossiblecrime?YES;theact(s)shouldconstituteacrimeagainstpersonsorproperty
RequisitesforanimpossiblecrimeunderArticle4(2)
1.thattheactperformedwouldbeanoffenseagainstpersonsorproperty
2.thattheactwasdonewithevilintent
3.that
its
accomplishment
is
inherently
impossible
or
that
the
means
employed
is
either
inadequateorineffectual
4.thattheactperformedshouldnotconstituteaviolationofanotherprovisionoftheRevised
PenalCode
Rapeused tobeacrimeagainstchastity;butbecauseofRA8353, rapewas reclassifiedasacrimeagainst persons, therefore, one can now be held liable for the impossible crime of rape
InPeoplev.Intod,theCourterredinitsdecisionofconsideringtheactsoftheaccusedasanimpossible
crimeunderArt.4(2)of theRPCbecause the4th element/requisite was not satisfied. The acts of the
accusedofshootingatthehouseanddamagingthesame,canconstituteasmaliciousmischief,whichis
a
crime
against
property.
Therefore,
the
accused
should
have
been
charged
with
the
latter
instead
of
findingthemguiltyonlyoftheimpossiblecrimeofmurder.
July4,2011
Q:Whoincurscriminalliability?
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Q:Whatisaproximatecause?
Q:ifthereisacrimeintendedandacrimecommittedisdifferent,whatistheextentofcriminalliability?
Thelesserpenaltywillbeimposed.
Ifthecrimeintendedhasalesserpenalty,thenthatwillbecharged
Ifthecrimecommittedhasalesserpenalty,thenthatwillbecharged
Q:Supposeyouwillrobajeepney,becauseoffear,thepassengerjumpedofanddied,willbeliable?
Yes.BecauseIamcommittingafelony,andIamliableforitseffects.
Q:SupposeAmuraoduringyourrecit,pointedagunatyoubecauseofyourwronganswers,thenyou
collapsedanddied.isamuraoliable?
Yes.Thereisgravethreat
Q:Supposethegunwasatoygun,liable?
Yes,stillliable.Thereisstillthreat
Q:Supposebecauseofyourlowgradeincriminallawreview,youbreakupwithyourboyfriendbeingso
sad,your
bf
collapsed
and
died,
liable?
No.Breakingupisnotafelony
Q:Supposewhileyouandyourboyfriendisdoingtheactitself(doIneedtoelaboratealammona
yan),yourbfcollapsedanddied,willyoubeliable?
No.Theactofhavingsexisnotafelony.
Q:evenifyouarenotmarriedtoeachother?
Yessir
Q:supposeyourbfismarried,areyouliable?
Yes.Concubinage
Q:Supposemanhadsexualintercoursewithmarriedwoman,butthewomanconsented,crime?
Adultery
Article5
Article5(1)Requirements:
1.theactcommittedbytheaccusedappearstobenotpunishablebylaw
2.but
the
court
deems
it
proper
to
repress
such
act
3.inthatcase,thecourtmustrendertheproperdecisionbydismissingthecaseandacquitting
theaccused
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4.thejudgemustthenmakeareporttotheChiefExecutivethroughtheSecretaryofJustice
statingthereasonswhichinducehimtobelievethatthesaidactshouldbemadethesubjectof
penallegislation
BasisforArticle5(1):
Nullemcrimen,nullapoenasinelege. Thereisnocrimeifthereisnolawthatpunishestheact
Whydismiss?Intheabsenceofalawthatwillpunishtheaccused,thejudgecannotimposeapenalty
becausethedutyofthejudgeisonlytointerpretorapplythelaw;thejudgecannotreprimandorcurse
theaccusedbecauseitwouldequatetopubliccensure;thereprimandwouldbeinconsistentwiththe
acquittal
Article5(2)ExcessivePenalties
Q:Whataretherequirements?
1.thecourtaftertrialfindstheaccusedguilty
2.thepenaltyprovidedbylawandwhichthecourtimposesforthecrimecommittedappearsto
beclearlyexcessivebecause:
(a)theaccusedactedwithlesserdegreeofmaliceand/or
(b)thereisnoinjuryortheinjurycausedisoflessergravity
3.thecourtshouldnotsuspendtheexecutionofthesentence
4.thejudgeshouldsubmitastatementtotheChiefExecutivethroughtheSecretaryofJustice,
recommendingexecutiveclemency
ThePresidenthasthepowertograntexecutiveclemency,throughpardon,parole,commutation(reductionofsentence),reprieveoramnesty
Article5(2)maynotbeinvokedincasesinvolvingactsmalaprohibitabecausesaidarticleonlyappliestoactsmalainsebecausetherulingisbasedonthephraseintheprovision,takesinto
considerationthedegreeofmalice
Article6
Q:Whatarethestagesinthecommissionofafelony?
Consummatedafelonyisconsummatedwhenalltheelementsnecessaryforitsexecutionand
accomplishmentarepresent
Frustrated itisfrustratedwhentheoffenderperformsalltheactsforexecutionwhichwould
producethefelonyasaconsequencebut,nevertheless,donotproduceitbyreasonofcauses
independentofthewilloftheperpetrator
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Attemptedthereisanattemptwhentheoffendercommencesthecommissionofthefelony
directlybyovertactsanddoesnotperformalltheactsforexecutionwhichshouldproducethe
felonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccidentotherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance
NOTE:AvailableonlyinRPC.
Q:Giveexampleofeach(consummated,frustrated,attempted)
Q:Whatarethephases?
Subjectivephasefromthetimetheoffendercommencesthecommissionuptothe
performanceofthelastactwherehestillhascontrol;anattemptedfelonyiscommittedwithin
thesubjectivephaseanddoesnotgobeyondthisphase
Objectivephasefrustratedandconsummatedfeloniesarewithintheobjectivephase
(a)frustratedthefelonyiscompletebutstillisstillnotproducedasfarastheoffenderis
concerned
(b)consummatedwhenalltheelementsundertheRevisedPenalCodearepresent
REMEMBER:inArson
(a)consummated=solongasapartofthebuildingisburned,nomatterhowsmall
(b)frustrated =ifonlythecontentsofthebuilding(eg.chairsandtables)areburned
(c)attempted=contentshaventbeenburned
^Intentisalwaysestablished.Kahitpaapprehendedatthetimeotintheactofbringing/getting
gasolineattemptedpadin
^Indeterminatestageintentisnotyetestablished
Q:Supposebuiltincabinets,burnedtheclothesinthecabinet,includingthecabinet?
Consummatedarson,deemedpartofthebldg
Q:Supposing,theaccusedbroughtgasolineintoabuilding,withtheintenttoburnthebuilding,but
wasapprehendedbythesecurityguard;didthecrimeofarsoncommence?
YES,thustheaccusedisliableforattemptedarson,becausethebringingofgasolinewas
alreadyanovertactwhiletheapprehensionwasthereasonotherthanhisownspontaneous
desistance.
Q:Supposing,usingthesamesetoffactsabove,butwithouttheintenttoburnthebuilding,isthere
criminalliability?
NO,infactthereisnocrime,becausetheactswereonlyinanindeterminatestage.
Q:Supposethewhiteboardwasburned?
Whiteboardnotanintegralpart
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Q:whenisthecrimeintheattemptedstage?
IndeterminateStagewedonotknowwhatcrimeisinthemindoftheoffender;thecrimehasnotyetbeendetermined;therearestilltwopossibilitieswhentheaccusedwascaught
AccordingtoProf.Amurao,whenapersonisaccusedofcommittingafelony,wehavetofirstestablishthecrimeinthemindoftheoffendertoestablishthecommencementofthecommissionofthefelony;
otherwise,thesituationwhenhewascaughtwouldbeinanindeterminatestage,whereinthecrime
thattheaccusedintendedtodocouldnotbedetermined
Theft/Robbery
boththesecrimesarecommittedbytakingthepersonalpropertyofanotherand,withthe
intenttogain
thedifferenceisthatinrobbery,thereistheuseofforceorviolence
so
long
as
the
act
stated
in
the
RPC
is
done,
the
crime
is
consummated
itdoesnotmatterhowlongthepropertywasinthepossessionoftheaccused;itdoesnot
matterwhetherthepropertywasdisposedornot;whatmattersiswhetherornottherewas
asportacion=unlawfultaking
momentarypossessionconsummatesthecrimeoftheftorrobbery
returningtheitemtotheownerisimmaterial;hasnoeffecttothecrime
uponconsummationofthecrime,criminalliabilityautomaticallyattaches
Q:youarewalkinginrecto,cellphonewassnatched,butitwasreturntoyou.Whatstage?
Consummated
Q:supposeinaprivatesubdivision,withintenttocommitrobbery,youaretinkeringwiththelockofa
gate,thesecurityguardapprehendedyou.Liable?
Yes.Attemptedrobbery
Q:supposeyouintenttocommitrobbery,thenyouplacealadderatthewallofthehouse,whenyou
placetheladder,youwereapprehended.Liable?
Yes.Attemptedrobbery
Q:ifnointent?
Notliable
Q:accusedtryingtoopenyourcar,problemissilentwiththeintent,mayyoubeliableforattempted
theft?
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
No.
Openingthedoorofthecaronlyindeterminatestage
Q:Supposing,theaccusedwastinkeringwiththelockofthegateofaneighborshouse,withoutthe
intenttocommitafelony;isheliableforanything?
NO,
because
the
situation
was
in
an
indeterminate
stage
wherein
it
could
not
be
determined
whattheaccusedintendedtodo
Q:Supposing,theaccusedjumpedoverthefenceintoanotherpersonshousewithouttheintentto
commitrobbery,isheliableforattemptedrobbery?
NO,butheisliableforthecrimeoftrespassing
^Samewitharson,whenaperson isaccusedofcommittingafelony,wehavetofirstestablish
thecrimeinthemindoftheoffendertoestablishthecommencementofthecommissionofthe
felony; otherwise, the situation when he was caught would be in an indeterminate stage,
whereinthecrimethattheaccusedintendedtodocouldnotbedetermined
InPeoplev.Lamahang,theaccusedwasabletoopenoneboardofthedoortoprivaterespondentTanYusstore,whenthepolicecaughthim.TheSCruledthattheaccusedisnotliableforattempted
robberybecausetheintenttorobTanYusstorewasnotestablished,thuswhenaccusedwascaught,
itwasinanindeterminatestage.ButtheCourtheldhimliableforattemptedtrespasstodwelling
InPeoplev.Salvilla,theaccusedwereheldliableforthecrimeofrobberywithseriousillegaldetentionandseriousphysicalinjuries,andnotfrustratedrobbery,evenwithoutphysicaltakingorpossessionof
the money they demanded because the money was within the dominion, which the accused had
controloveranditwaswherethecrimewasbeingcommitted.Duringwholetimewhennegotiations
wentonbetweentheaccusedandthepolice,thecrimeofrobberywasdeemedconsummated
Q:suppose
hold
up
in
agrocery
store,
hold
uppers
asked
the
cashier
to
place
the
money
inside
abag,
no
oneholdthemoney.Isthecrimeconsummated?
Yes.Thereisconstructivecontrol
July5,2011
Crimesinvolvingthetakingofhumanlife/Crimesagainstpersons
thesecrimesarecommittedbykillingaperson(MHPI):
i.Murderkillingapersonwithattendingoraggravatingcircumstances
ii.Homicidekillingapersonwithoutattendingcircumstances
iii.Parricidekillingarelative,i.e.spouse,parent,child,sibling,etc.
iv.Infanticidekillingachildlessthanthree(3)daysold
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
evenwithoutintent,themomentthevictimdies,intentispresumedbyoperationoflawand
thecrimeisconsummated
ifthevictimdoesntdiebutthewoundinflictedismortal,itisfrustrated
ifthethereisnointenttokill,butthewoundinflictedismortalorfatal,thecrimeisnoteither
MHPIbutseriousphysicalinjuries
Mortalwhenthewoundinflictedcancausethedeathofthevictim;whendeathwillfollow
forfrustrated&attemptedcases,itisimportanttodetermineintenttokill
Q:Supposing,inacaraccident,theaccusedhitsapersoncausingmortalwounds,butthevictimdoes
notdie,isthedriveraccusedliableforfrustratedhomicide?
NO,heisonlyliableforseriousphysicalinjuries
Rulesoncrimesagainstpersons(MHPI)andthestagesofexecution
1.victim
dies,
with
or
without
the
intention
to
kill,
intent
is
conclusively
presumed
by
operation
oflaw,thecrimeisconsummatedMHPI
2.victimdoesnotdie,withtheintenttokill,mortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis
frustratedMHPI
3.victimdoesnotdie,withtheintenttokill,nonmortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis
attemptedMHPI
4.victimdoesnotdiebecausetherewasonlyanovertactandnowoundwasinflicted,butthere
wasintenttokill,thecrimeisattemptedMHPI
5.victimdoesnotdie,withouttheintenttokill,mortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis
seriousphysicalinjuries
6.victimdoesnotdie,withouttheintenttokill,nonmortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis
lessseriousorslightphysicalinjuries
Illustration:
Death Intent Gravityofthewound Crime
(1) YES presumed ofcoursemortal! ConsummatedMHPI
(2) NO YES mortalwounds FrustratedMHPI
(3) NO YES nonmortalwounds AttemptedMHPI
(4) NO YES overtactonly,nowound AttemptedMHPI
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
(5) NO NO mortalwounds Seriousphysicalinjuries
(6) NO NO nonmortalwounds Lessserious/Slight physicalinjuries
InPeople v. Trinidad, the trial courtheld the accused criminally liableof two countsofmurder (for
killingSorianoandLaroa)andfrustratedmurder(forshootingatTan).TheSCmodifiedthedecisionby
ruling that the accused was liable for two counts of murder and attempted murder, notfrustrated,
becausethewoundinflictedonTanwasnotmortalorfatal
InPeoplev.LimSan,thetrialcourtheldtheaccusedcriminallyliableofattemptedmurderforstabbing
KengKin in the lefteye.The SCmodified thedecisionby ruling that theaccused shouldbe liableof
frustratedmurderbecausenotonlywas itestablishedthattherewas intenttokill,butalsothewound
inflictedwasmortal.Itjustsohappenedthatthevictimdidnotdiebecauseofthepromptandefficient
medical assistance given to the victim. The treatmentwas the cause independent of thewillof the
accused.
InMondragon
v.
People,
the
SC
held
that
the
accused
was
only
guilty
of
less
serious
physical
injuries
becausewhentheaccusedandthevictimwerehackingeachotherwiththeirbolos,therewasnointent
tokillonneitherparty;andalsobecausethevictimdidnotdiesincethewoundswerenotmortal
RAPE
thecrimeofrapeisconsummatedbymerepenetrationofthemaleorgan,nomatterhowslight
Q:Supposing,thepenetrationwasonly2millimetersdeep,consummated?
YES,nomatterhowslightthepenetrationis,itisstillconsummated
Q:Supposing,therapewasconsummatedbecausetherewaspenetration,butaccordingtothemedical
examination,
the
victim
was
still
a
virgin,
can
the
accused
still
be
held
liable
for
consummated
rape?
YES,aslongasthereispenetration,therapeisconsummated.
InPeoplev.Orita,themedicalexaminertestifiedthatthevictimwasstillavirginthereforetherapemay
nothavebeenconsummated.ButtheSCruledthatthetestimonyofthevictimherselfshouldbegiven
greaterweightbecausesheherselfcanfeelwhetherornottherewaspenetration.
Instancesofattemptedrape:
whentheskirtofthevictimhasbeenlifted,nomatterwhatposition
whentheaccusedmountedonthebodyofthevictim
when
there
is
epidermal
touching
of
the
genital
organs
of
the
accused
and
the
victim
Thedifferencebetweenattempted rape andacts of lasciviousness is thatwith the former, there is
carnalknowledgeortheintenttohavesexualintercourseisestablished
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Thereisnosuchthingasfrustratedrape;theonlyexceptionwaswhentheSCruledinPeoplev.Eria
that the accused was guilty of frustrated rape. Thereafter, no one has since been held guilty of
frustratedrape.
ESTAFA
the
elements
for
the
crime
of
estafa
are
(1)
deceit,
and
(2)
damage
withoutoneofthetwoelements,estafawouldnotbeconsummated
In US v. Dominguez, the SC ruled that the accused was guilty offrustrated estafa because before
accusedcouldcausedamagebydisposingofthemoneythathedeceitfullytook,hewasapprehended
bytheirstoressupervisor,whichwasthecauseindependentofthewilloftheaccused.
OTHERINSTANCESFORHOMICIDEANDOTHERCRIMES
Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedpullsoutagunthenpointsitatsomeone,whatcrimeis
theaccusedliablefor?
Attemptedhomicide
Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeonebutmisses,whatcrimeisthe
accusedliablefor?Attemptedhomicide
Q:Supposing,usingthesamesetoffacts,butwithouttheintenttokill,whatcrimeistheaccused
liablefor?
forpullingoutthegunandpointingit=gravethreat
forfiringthegun=illegaldischargeoffirearm(obsolete;mustbedeleted)
Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeone,thenaccusedleavesthinkingthat
thevictim
is
already
dead.
The
accused
did
not
know
that
he
missed
because
the
victim
played
dead.
Whatcrimeistheaccusedliablefor?Attemptedhomicide,attemptedbecausetherewasnowound,but
therewasstillintenttokill.Whatisimportantisthattherewasnowound
Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeone,thenaccusedleavesthinkingthat
thevictimisalreadydead.Thevictimishitbutitisnotfatalormortal.Whatcrimeistheaccusedliable
for?StillAttemptedhomicide,becausewhatisimportantistheextentorgravityofthewound.(People
v.Orinaga)
Q: supposeasalesladyinthedepartmentstore,placethejewelryinsideherbag,butthejewelrywas
recoveredbythesecurityguard,crime?
Consummatedqualifiedtheft
Q:willrecoveryaffectthestageofthecommission?
No
Q:Supposethesaleslady,voluntarilyreturned,crime?
Stillqualifiedtheft.
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Takingconsummatesthecrime
Q:supposethesaleslady,soldthejewelryandusedthemoney,crime?
Estafa
Q:
suppose
the
sales
lady,
sold
the
jewelry
and
returned
the
money
at
6pm?
FrustratedEstafa
Q:suppose2crewmembersdiscovered thepresenceofastowawayand theywant toeliminate the
stowaway,sotheydecidedthrowthestowawayinthesea,wherethereissharpobject,butafteryou
leave,afishingvesselwastheretohelpthestowaway,therewasnowound,crime?
Frustratedmurder
INTENTTOKILL
Q:3armarliteshotsneighborbutdidnothit?
Attempted
Q:distinguishfromillegaldischargeoffirearm
Nointenttokill
Q:distinguishfromgravethreat?
Thereisintenttokill
Q:supposethereare99wounds,butnonewasmortal?
Attempted
Q:whatisanovertact?
Somethingyou
see,
feel,
touch
(do
not
relate
to
criminal
offense
at
first)
Article7
Q:Whatarelightfelonies?
Lightfeloniesareinfractionsoflawwhichhavethepunishmentofarrestomenororafinenot
exceeding200pesos
GeneralRule:LightfeloniesarepunishableonlywhentheyhavebeenconsummatedReason:involvesinsignificantmoralandmaterialinjuries;ifnotconsummated,thewrongdoneisso
slightthatapenaltyisunnecessary
Exception:Lightfeloniescommittedagainstpersonsorpropertyarepunishableevenifintheattemptedorfrustratedstage
Reason:presupposesmoraldepravity
Forlightfelonies,theonlyoneswhocanbeheldliablearetheprincipalsandaccomplices.
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Forgraveorlessgravefelonies,thosewhocanbeheldliableareprincipals,accomplicesandevenaccessories,becausethedegreeofthepenaltytobeimposeddependson3factors:
(1)stagesofexecution
(2)thedegreeofparticipation
(3)thepresenceofattendingcircumstances
Q:Whenpunishable?
Onlywhenconsummated
Q:Isthisabsolute?
No.Ifagainstpersonsorproperty
Q:Reason.
Q:Whoshallbecriminally liable?
Principals
Accomplices
NOTACCESSORIES
^Penaltyforaccomplices onedegreelower(censure)
^Penaltyforaccessoriestwodegreeslower(WALANANGLOWEPA.KAYANGAHINDILIABLE
ANGACCESSORIES)
Q:Whoisaprincipal?AnAccomplices?AnAccessories?
Article8
Q:whatisconspiracy?
Conspiracyexistswhentwoormorepersonscometoanagreementconcerningthe
commissionofafelonyanddecidetocommitit
Proposalexistswhenthepersonwhohasdecidedtocommitafelonyproposesitsexecutionto
someotherpersonorpersons
Generalrule:Conspiracyandproposaltocommitafelonyarenotpunishable
Reason:becausetheyaremerepreparatoryacts(Reyes)
Exception:Conspiracyandproposalarepunishableonlyinthecasesinwhichthelawspecially
providesapenaltythereof
Q: giveanexampleofconspiracy&proposal
Q:theeffectsofconspiracy
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Therewillbecollectiveresponsibility
Q:effectofnonestablishmentofconspiracy?
Accusedwillbeliableonlytotheextentofparticipation
Q:
if
established?
Collectiveresponsibilityactofone,actofall
Q:degreeofevidenceneededtoproveconspiracy?
NOTbeyondreasonabledoubt
Sufficientthattheactiscloselyrelatedtothecrime/felonyintendedtocommit
Q:isitnecessarythateachparticipate?
No.Theymusthavecommoncriminaldesign
Q:whatdoyoumeanbycommoncriminaldesign?
Q:what
is
implied
conspiracy?
Q:fromwhatfactorsmayyouimplyconspiracy?
Actsandwordsbeforeandafterthecommissionofthefelony
Q:isitenoughthatthereisanagreementtocommitfelony?
No.theymustexecutetheovertact
Q:howwouldyouknowifcommunityofpurposeexists?
Fromtheactsandremarksoftheaccused
Theremustbeunityofcriminalthough
BEFORE,DURING,
AFTER
acts
of
each
of
the
accused
may
be
separate,
independent
of
each
otherbutmustshowclosepersonalassociation;closelyrelatedtoeachother,thereis
coordination.
Q: ABCDE(robbers)agreedanddecidedtocommitbank robbery.Astayedinthegetawaycar100
metersfromthebank;BlookoutCdisarmthesecurityguardD&Ecommitrobbery.Eshottodeaththe
bankmanager.WillAbeliable forthedeath?
YES.Thereisconspiracy.Actof1,actofall
Q:1,2,3,4,5metinsafehousediscussed,agreedanddecidedtocommitrobbery.Whentheywere
abouttorobthebank,theysawthepolicearoundthebank.Liable?
No.Mereconspiracynotpunishable
Q:5membersofarmydecidedtocommitcoupdetat,metinsafehousetodiscussplan,liable?
Yes.Conspiracytocommitcoupdetatispunishable
Q:distinguish conspiracyasafelonyandasmannerofincurringcriminalliability.
FELONYRPCpunishesmereconspiracy
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
LIABILITYTheremustbeoveract
Q:1,2,3,4,5,agreedtocommitafelonywhenaboutto meetthenextmorning.5didnotarrivefor
emergencypurposes.1,2,3,4committhefelonyandwascaught.Isnumber5liable?
No.Heisnotaconspirator.
A
conspirator
must
agree,
decide
and
execute
the
over
act
5wasnotpresent
Q:suppose5drovefor1,2,3,4butwenthomeearly.Liable?
Yes.Drivingalreadyanovertact
Q:suppose5wasnotthedriver,buthewassittiginfrontofthevan,thenafteralightingwenthome,
liable?
No.Thereisnoovertact(pasaherolangsiyasavan)
^GeneralRuleifnotpresentinthesceneofthecrimeNOliability
^Exceptionspresenceistoprovideformoralsupportortoensurecommissionofthefelony
Casesofconspiracypunishablebylaw
(i)Article115oftheRPCConspiracytocommittreason
(ii)Article136Conspiracytocommitcoupdetat,rebellionorinsurrection
(iii)Article141Conspiracytocommitsedition
(iv)Article186Monopoliesandcombinationsinrestraintoftrade
(v)Conspiracytocommitterrorism undertheHumanSecurityAct(RA9372)
(vi)Conspiracy
to
commit
crimes
under
the
Comprehensive
Dangerous
Drugs
Act
(RA
9165)
Casesofproposalpunishablebylaw
(i)Proposaltocommittreason
(ii)Proposaltocommitcoupdetat,rebellionorinsurrection
thereisnocrimeofproposaltocommitsedition
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofthepresenceofconspiracy?
theactofoneistheactofall,meaningeveryonewhoparticipatedisequallyliable;thereis
collectiveresponsibility
Forconspiracy,takenoteofthewordagreementAgreementmaybeoralorwritten,expressorimplied
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Itistheburdenoftheprosecutiontoprovetheexistenceofconspiracythroughcircumstantialevidenceunlessthereisaconfessionorwrittenagreement,whichisseldombecausecriminalswillusuallydeny
theirparticipationorthecommissionofthecrime
Q:WhatisImpliedConspiracy?
Implied
conspiracy
can
be
inferred
from
the
acts
of
the
perpetrators/accused
before,
during
orafterthecommissionofthecrime
Q:Howabouttheuseofwords,remarksorlanguageoftheperpetrators,canconspiracystillbe
ascertainedorestablished?YES
Q:Maytherebeconspiracywhentheperpetratorsperformseparate,distinctandindependentactsin
thecommissionofacrime?YES
Q:Maytherebeconspiracyevenifotherconspiratorsdonotknowwhotheotherconspiratorsare?YES
*InPeoplev.Manlolo,itwasheldthattherewasimpliedconspiracyonthepartoftheaccusedbecause
theywere
acting
in
concert,
one
performing
an
act,
the
other
doing
another
act,
all
aimed
at
the
same
object
Ruleondeterminingwhetherthereisconspiracy
basedonthe(1)actsdonebefore,duringorafterthecommissionofthecrime,or,basedon
the(2)words,remarksorlanguageusedbefore,duringorafterthecommissionofthecrime,it
isnecessarytodetermineaftertheseactsweredonewhethertheconspiratorshadthe
following:
1.concertedaction 3.communityofpurpose
2.commoncriminaldesign 4.jointcriminalobjective
allofwhicharegearedtowardstheattainmentofthefelonyorcrime
Suggestedcasesforconspiracyonthisrule
Peoplev.Salcedo;Peoplev.Briones;Medija,Jr.v.Sandiganbayan
Q:Supposing,onlyminoractsweredone,willtheactorstillbeliable?YES
Q:Supposing,therewasnoconspiracy,whatwillhappen?Theperpetratorsofthecrimewillbe
individuallyliabledependingtheextentofthedegreeofeachonesparticipation
InPeoplev.Agapinay,theSCruledthattherewasnoconspiracyincommissionofthemurderbecause
theincident
was
only
aspur
of
the
moment
or
in
this
case,
achance
stabbing,
which
cannot
be
considered conspiracy, thus they were held individually liable, some as principals and some as
accomplicesonly
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Q:Supposing,therewasonlymerepresenceofapersonwhenthecrimewasbeingcommitted,willhe
beliable?
NO,thatpersonnotparticipatingshallnotbeliablebecausehedidnotperformanyovertact;
thereshouldbeanovertacttoestablishtheparticipationandliabilityofaperson
Q:
Supposing,
the
persons
presence
when
the
crime
was
being
committed
was
to
provide
was
to
providemoral support, or to persuade the participants from performing the acts constituting the
crime,willhebeliable?
YES,inbothcasesthepersonshallbeheldcriminallyliable
Inorder tohold someonecriminally liable, inaddition tomerepresence, there shouldbeovertacts
that are closelyrelated and coordinated to establish thepresenceof common criminaldesign and
communityofpurposeinthecommissionofthecrime.
In People v. Taaca, the SC ruled to acquit Regalado because there was no evidence to prove that
RegaladoassistedhisbrotherHerminiointhekillingofAlfredoGabuat;therewasnoprooftoshowthat
Regaladospresencewasaccompaniedbyovertactsforthecommissionofthecrimeandthattherewas
noproof
of
conspiracy
between
the
Taaca
brothers.
InPeoplev.DeLaCruz,theSCalsoruledthatthemerepresenceoftheGalaweyswerenotenoughto
prove that they conspired to the commission of the crime despite the fact Galawey had a grudge
againstoneofthevictims;hisparticipationinaconspiracycannotbeassumedespeciallywhennoacts
bytheGalaweysprovedtobeconnectedwiththecrime.
InPeoplev.Manero,however,theSCruledthateventhoughtheaccusedappellantswerenotpresent
intheactualcommissionofthecrimes, itwasestablishedthattheymet inaneateryandconspiredto
liquidatecommunistsympathizers;thereforetheywerestillheldcriminallyliable.
Q:Supposing,
one
person
desisted
from
participating
in
the
actual
crime
and
instead
decided
to
stay
insidethegetawaycartowaitfortheothers,isheliable?
YES,heisstillliabledespitedesistancetoparticipateintheactualcrimebecausehecanstill
assisttheotherswiththeescapeusingthegetawaycar
Q:Supposing,whilecommittingthecrimeofrobbery,anadditionalcrimewascommittedthatwasnot
partoftheoriginalplan,eg.homicide;canalltheparticipantsbeconvictedofthecrimeofrobberywith
homicide,eventhoughsomeofthemperformedveryminoracts(i.e.lookoutsordrivers,etc)?
YES,theycanallbeheldliableforthatsamecrime,becauseitisnotrequiredthatallthe
participantsperformeachandeverydetailinthecommissionofthecrime;aslongastheacts
performedarecloselycoordinatedandthattheyhavethesamecriminalpurpose.
Q:merepresencewillonebeacoconspirator?
No
Q:presencetogivemoralsupport?
Liable
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year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Acts before separateanddistinct concertedaction
Impliedconspiracy during closenessassociation, commoncriminaldesign
Coordination,personal
words,
after
association
with
each
other
community
of
crimes
remarks
jointcriminalobjective
Article9
Q:Howdoyouclassifyfelonies?
AccordingtoPenalty
1.GraveFeloniesthosethatthelawattachesthecapitalpunishmentorpenaltiesthatare
afflictivebasedonArticle25oftheRPC
2.Less
Grave
Felonies
those
that
the
law
punishes
with
penalties
whose
maximum
periods
are
correctional
3.Lightfeloniesinfractionsoflawthatarepunishablebyarrestomenororfines
Illustration:Death
Gravefelonies ReclusionPerpetua afflictivepenalties
ReclusionTemporal
PrisionMayor
PrisionCorreccional
Lessgravefelonies ArrestoMayor correctionalpenalties
Suspension
Destierro
ArrestoMenor
Lightfelonies Fines lightpenalties
PublicCensure
TheclassificationinArticle25oftheRPCassumessignificanceonArticle91oftheRPConPrescription:
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
TherearetwootherswhicharefoundelsewhereintheprovisionsoftheRevised
PenalCode:
(1)Absolutorycause;and
(2)Extenuatingcircumstances.
In
justifying
and
exempting
circumstances,
there
is
no
criminal
liability.
When
an
accused
invokes
them,
heineffectadmitsthecommissionofacrimebuttriestoavoidtheliabilitythereof.Theburdenisupon
him to establish beyond reasonable doubt the required conditions tojustify or exempt his actsfrom
criminalliability.Whatisshiftedisonlytheburdenofevidence,nottheburdenofproof.
Article 11
Q:Whatisajustifyingcircumstances?
JustifyingCircumstancesarethosewheretheactofapersonissaidtobeinaccordancewith
lawsothatsuchpersonisdeemednottohavetransgressedthelawandisfreefromcriminal
andcivilliability
Q:Istherecivilliability?Generallyno,exceptinArticle11(4)
Q:Whatelementofvoluntarinessislacking?
Intent;withoutintent,thereisnovoluntariness;withoutvoluntariness,thereisnofelony;
withoutafelony,thereisnocriminalliabilitybecausethereisnocrime
Article11,par1SelfDefense
Q:WhataretheElementsofSelfdefense?
1.UnlawfulAggressiononthepartoftheoffendedparty
2.Reasonable
Necessity
of
the
Means
Employed
by
the
person
defending
3.LackofSufficientProvocationonthepartofthepersondefending
Q:Whatmaybethesubjectofselfdefense?
Person,right,property,honororhome
(i)defenseofpersonthereisdangertothelifeorlimboftheperson
(ii)defenseofrights
(iii)defenseofpropertyshouldbecoupledwithdangertotheperson
(iv)defenseofhonor
Q:Burdenofproofinselfdefense?
burdenlies
with
the
defense
Q:Howisselfdefenseestablished?
throughclearandconvincingevidence
Q:Istheaccusedrequiredtoadmithavingkilledthevictim?
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
whenthedefenseinvokes,selfdefense,defenseofarelative,ordefenseofastranger,becausethe
accusedmustalwaysadmitfirstthefactofkillingthevictim,thustheburdenisliftedfromthe
prosecutionandshiftstothedefense
Iftheevidenceforbothsidesisweak,theaccusedwillbeacquittedTheprosecutionsweaknessiscuredwhenthedefenseinvokes,selfdefense,defenseofarelative,or
defenseofastrangerbecausethereisanadmissionofthekilling
Iftheevidenceofthedefenseisnotclearandconvincing,convictionwillbesure,assurethesunrisesattheEast
Theadmissioninvolvedisonlyanadmissionoffacts,backedupbyclearandconvincingevidence;itnotanadmissionofguilt,becauseifso,theCourtcanstoptheprosecutionandrenderjudgment
TheCourtshouldputitselfintheshoesoftheaccusedduringthetimewhentheaccusedallegedlydefendedhimself
Q:Supposing,afteryouwrestedtheknifefromtherobber(whoistheobviousaggressorinthiscase),
therobber/aggressorrunsaway,istherestillunlawfulaggression?
NO,whentheaggressorfleesunlawfulaggressionnolongerexists;andifyoustillkillthe
aggressorinthissituation,selfdefensecannotbeinvokedanymore
Q:Supposing,usingthesamefactsmentionedearlier,buttheretreatoftheaggressorwaswiththe
purposetotakeamoreadvantageouspositionortogetamoreeffectiveweapon,toinsurethesuccess
ofhisattack,istherestillunlawfulaggression?
YES,whenthepurposeofretreatingistotakeamoreadvantageouspositionortodosomething
toinsure
the
success
of
his
attack,
unlawful
aggression
is
continuing,
therefore
the
danger
is
stillcontinuing;inthiscase,theaccusedorthepersondefendinghimself,doesnothavetowait
fortheaggressortogetanotherweapon
Q:Supposing,thereisanagreementtofightorachallengetofightwasaccepted,isthereunlawful
aggressionononeoftheparties?
NO,thereisnounlawfulaggressioninagreementstofightbecauseselfdefensecannotinvoked
sincebothpartiesareassailantandassaulted
Q:Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,thereisagreement,butoneofthepartiesattackstheother
evenbeforetheagreedtimearrives,isthereunlawfulaggression?
YES,
when
the
attack
is
made
ahead
of
the
time
agreed
upon,
there
is
unlawful
aggression
Q:Supposing,theaggressorusedatoygunandthepersondefendinghimselfkilledtheaggressor,
believingthatthegunwasreal,ishestillcriminallyliable?
NO,assumingclearandconvincingevidenceisprovided,andthattheaccusedbelievedthe
weapon/guntobereal,thenhonestmistakeoffactwhileinselfdefensecanbeinvoke
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
ReasonableNecessityoftheMeansEmployed thereisacontinuingnecessitytoeliminatethedanger
involvestwoelements:
1.necessityforthecourseofaction,necessitytoeliminatedanger
2.necessityofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelthatdanger
BothshouldbereasonableItisnotnecessarytohavematerialequalityormaterialcommensurabilitybetweenthedangerandthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelthatdanger
Indeterminingreasonablemeans,thesomefactsandcircumstancescanbeconsideredasfactors,suchas:
1.emergencytowhichthepersondefendinghimselfhasbeenexposedto
2.presenceofimminentdanger
3.impelledbytheinstinctofselfpreservation
4.natureoftheweaponusedbytheaccusedcomparedtotheweaponoftheaggressor
5.sizeand/orphysicalcharacteroftheaggressorcomparedtotheaccusedandother
circumstancesthatcanbeconsideredshowingdisparitybetweenaggressorandaccused
Factors: age, size, location, other circumstances, character or nature of weapon,physical character,
reputation
Q:WhatisLackofSufficientProvocation?
sufficientprovocationshouldcomefromthepersondefendinghimself/accused
sufficientprovocationshouldimmediatelyprecedetheaggression
Insultinganotherorcommittingoraldefamationisconsideredsufficientprovocation
achallengetofightisconsideredsufficientprovocation
Q:Whenisprovocationsufficient?
proportionatetotheactofaggressionandadequatetostirtheaggressortoitscommission
Q:Whohasthedutytoproveelementsofselfdefense?
Accused
Q:Whatistheeffectofclaimofselfdefensesonburdenoftheprosecution?
Shiftingtheburdenofproof
Prosecutionisrelievedofitsdutytoproveguiltofaccused
Q:Mayaccusedbeconvictedevenifevidenceofprosecutionisweak?
Yes,iftheselfdefensenotestablishedby clearandconvincingevidence
Q:doesadmissionofguiltamountstoconfessionofguilt?
No.Onlyanadmissionoffact
Accusedmustestablishtheelementwhichismissingtoprovethatheisnotguilty
Q:Whatarethelegaleffects
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |
year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
Confessionofguiltnonecessityfortrial,excepttoprovemitigating&aggravating
circumstances
Admissionoffactnecessityfortrial
Q:Maytherebeselfdefenseevenwithoutunlawfulaggression?
No.
UA
is
the
foundation
Q:howaboutinincompleteselfdefense?
No.UAisalwaysanindispensableelementofselfdefense,whethercompleteorincomplete
Throughreasonablemeans
Reasonable(needstoeliminatethedanger)
Underinstinctofselfpreservation
(Life&Limb)Thereisdanger(actual,real,imminent)notmerelyimaginary,fanciful,false
UnlawfulAggression, sudden,unprovoked,illegalattack
DefendingProperty
Defenseofpropertyshouldbecoupledwithdangertothepersondefendingoneself;ifthereisnodangertothepersonortheperson'slifeorlimb,defenseofpropertycannotbeinvoked.
Q:In
defending
property,
when
is
killing
the
aggressor
justified?
*Necessityofunlawfulaggression(uponthepersondefendinghisproperty)
*Mustbecoupledwithanattackonyourownperson
*Suchacase,youarenotdefendingyourownproperty,butyourown person?
DefenseofOWNpropertynotOFproperty
Q:Supposehittingonlythelowerportionofthebody,notkillingtheaggressor,defenseofproperty,
maybeclaimed?
YES.Aslongasnottotheextentofkilling
^pagnapataymo,dapatmayassaultonyourownperson,righttolifeissuperiortorightto
property
Q:Supposing,usingaknife,someoneslashedyourbagtogetitscontents,afterwhichyouwereableto
wresttheknifefromhim,andyoustabbedhim,causinghimtodie,canyouinvokedefenseofproperty?
NO,becausetherewasnoimminentdangertoyourlifeorlimbsinceyoualreadyhavecontrolof
theknife
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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (20