Amyrallis and Alstroemeria

8/14/2019 Amyrallis and Alstroemeria

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Amaryllis andAmaryllis andAlstroemeriaAlstroemeriaOld Crops, New Potential

Alan W. Meerow

Copyright 1999 by the


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AmaryllisAmaryllis Hippeastrum, about 50 species native to

South America.

200 year breeding history. Dutch cultivars dominate market.

Henry Nehrling and Theodore Mead

hybrids developed in Florida in earlypart of the 20th century.

Much of this germplasm was lost, but some has

featured in Dutch cultivars.


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MainMainHippeastrumHippeastrumSpeciesSpecies

Represented in Modern CommercialRepresented in Modern CommercialHybridsHybrids

H. vi t tatumHerbert

H . leopoldi iDombrainH. par d inum(Hook. f.) Lemaire

H . r eginaeHerbert

H. pun iceum(Lamarck) Kuntze

H. aul ic umHerbert

After initial flurry of interspecific hybridization in Europe,

most breeding was concentrated among the [mostly

tetraploid] hybrids.


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1) Desirable characteristics of flower size, scape

number, and plant vigor are already stabilized in

the hybrid races.

2) Sterile triploid progeny result when diploidspecies are crossed with tetraploid hybrids.

3) Many of the diploid species are not readily

available.

4) Self-incompatibility, which occurs in most

diploid species and diploid hybrids, generally

breaks down in the tetraploid hybrids.

Why?


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New Directions in Breeding

The Dutch (market leaders) have realized

that the old standards need new blood.

Actively seeking new hybrids from amatuer

and professional breeders. Dwarfs (Japan), multifloras (high bud

counts), blue shades, spider types.

H ippeastrum cybister

Also, the newer Dutch cultivarsare mostly triploids.


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University of Florida BreedingUniversity of Florida Breeding

ProgramProgram Fort Lauderdale: begun in 1987.

Primary Objectives:Primary Objectives:

Novel floral form and color.

Higher bud counts.

Fragrance.

Disease resistance.

Secondary Objectives:Secondary Objectives:

Development of landscape cultivars.

Good foliage quality, high number of offsets.

Bradenton: development of landscape cultivars.


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Breeding StrategyBreeding Strategy Establish F1populations of the

target species. Selective inter-hybrid crosses. Selective sibling crosses. Introgress selected commercial

tetraploid cultivars into diploid

hybrid populations.


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Target Species

H ippeastrum

papilio

H . brasil ianum

H . reticulatum var. striatifolium


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Initial F1HybridsH-1: papi l iox l apacense

H-2: l apacensexpapi l io

H-4: v i t ta tumvar. tweed ianumxpapi l io

H-5: papi l ioxv i t ta tumvar. tweed ianum

H-7: cardenas ianumxpapi l io


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papi l ioxbras i l ianum

papi l ioxre t icu la tumvar. str iat i fo l ium


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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cultivar Maternal Parent Paternal Parent

_______________________________________________________________________

Rio H. papilio(Rav.) Van Scheepen H. x hybridumDutch Belle xH. ambiguum(LHer.) Herb.

Tweedianum

Sampa H. papilioxH. lapacense(Card.) H. x hybridumApple

Van Scheepen Blossom

Bahia H. pardinum(Hook. F.) Lem. H. x hybridum

xH. papilio White Christmas

First Releases from Fort

Lauderdale


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First ReleasesSampa 6-8 flowers per scape.

3-4 scapes per bulb.

Semi-dwarf.

PPAF*

*Plant Patent Applied For

Currently under evaluationby potential licensee.


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First ReleasesBahia 4 flowers per

scape.

2-3 scapes per

bulb.

Unusual color

zonation, redpicotee,

crystaline

substance to

flower.

PPAF


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First ReleasesRio

4 flowersper scape.

2 scapes

per bulb.

Intenselyfragrant.

PPAF


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Cultivar Year n Mean Number of Mean Flowers

Scapes per Bulb Per Scape (SD)

(SD)

__________________________________________________________

Rio 1994 2 2.0 (0.0) 3.5 (0.7)1995 3 2.0 (0.0) 3.6 (0.6)

1996 5 2.0 (0.0) 4.0 (0.0)

1997 5 2.0 (0.0) 4.0 (0.0)

Sampa 1994 2 3.0 (0.0) 5.2 (0.8)

1995 4 3.5 (0.6) 5.8 (0.8)

1996 6 3.5 (0.5) 6.6 (0.4)

1997 8 3.5 (0.5) 6.8 (0.3)

Bahia 1994 2 2.5 (0.7) 3.5 (0.7)

1995 3 2.7 (0.7) 3.7 (0.5)

1996 5 2.8 (0.4) 3.7 (0.5)

1997 5 3.0 (0.0) 3.8 (0.4)

Flowering performance ofHippeastrumxhybridumRio, Sampa, and Bahia

under ambient south Florida conditions.


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Table 3. Flowering performance ofHippeastrumBahia, Rio, and Sampa treated according to the forcing protocols of

Okubo (1993).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cultivar Yearz

n Mean number of Mean number of Days to 1stscape Days to 1

stscape anthesis

scapes per bulb flowers per scape emergence after after treatment

(SD) (SD) treatment

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bahia 1996 2 2.8 (0.4) 3.7 (0.5) 21, 22, 26 38, 40, 44

1997 3 3.0 (0.0) 3.7 (0.5) 23, 23, 25 43, 41, 43

Rio 1996 2 2.0 (0.0) 3.8 (0.5) 18, 21 35, 41

1997 3 2.0 (0.0) 3.7 (0.5) 20, 20, 24 38, 39, 45

Sampa 1996 2 3.0 (0.0) 5.2 (0.8) 19, 23 40, 43

1997 3 3.3 (0.6) 5.6 (0.8) 21, 21, 25 39, 41, 43

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

zForcing pretreatment began Sept 15 and lasted for eight weeks.


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Amaryllis Production inAmaryllis Production in

FloridaFlorida Is it feasible?

The Theodore Mead and Henry Nehrling

efforts in the Orlando area in first third of this

century would suggest so.

Some of these old, Florida-developed varieties can

still be found in old collections and gardens,

especially in central Florida. These can be an

excellent source of starter material.

Most of the current commercial varieties are

not particularly well-adapted to Florida

conditions.


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FloridaFlorida Field Production

50% shade advisable for most germplasm in

Florida.

30% was insufficient in South Florida.

Roofed shade house advisable as well.

Sandy soils must be amended with organic matter.

Greenhouse Production

Most environmental control, but not necessarily less

pest problems.

But different pests more likely.


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FloridaFlorida Buying bulbs from Holland or the few

domestic producers and finishing is

another alternative.

Forcing:

1000-5000 foot candles.

24-27oC.

3-6 weeks to market stage (scape 30 cm

long).


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FloridaFlorida How we do it in Fort Lauderdale:

Bulbs are taken off irrigation around mid-

October.

If leaves have not senesced by January 1, we

cut them off.

Repotting as necessary.

In mid-February, first irrigation; scapes

usually begin to emerge within 2 weeks after.


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Problems: Disease Red Scorch: Staganospora cur tisi i .

Cerscospora leaf spot.

Control: broad spectrum foliarfungicides.

Keep foliage dry; sanitation.


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Problems: Disease Bulb rots:

Fusarium: Truban.

Bacterial bulb rot: notreatment, destroy

bulbs.

Hippeastrum mosaic

virus: no treatment. Insect vectored.

Stock can be cleaned

up via tissue culture

and heat treatment.


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Problems: Pests Generalized pests (greenhouse and shadehouse

production): thrips, mealybugs, scales.

Field production (and shadehouse): lubbergrasshoppers, caterpillars, sometimes snails

and slugs.

Semaspore, a parasitic

protozoan in bait worked

great on these monsters.


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Problems: Pests A new weevil, as yet unidentifed, possibly

new genus (according to Dr. Charlie

OBrien of FAMU) which first entered

the US in Louisiana and has moved into

Florida in recent years.

Successfully controlled with imidacloprid.

Banana moth (Opogona sacchari):

possibly secondary after weevil attack?


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Propagation Seed (3 or more years).

Twin scale cuttage (2 years).

Tissue culture (2 years).


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Twin Scale Cuttage


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Bulb is sectioned.

Each wedge is then divided

longitudinally into a cutting of2 concentric bulb scales with a

small part of the basal plate left

attached.

These are then inserted intopropagating mix, covering

just slightly above the basal

plate.


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Transplant into small pots

when 1-2 leaves are formed.

Kept warm, moist and shaded,bulblets should form on the

cuttings in 6-8 weeks.


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AlstroemeriaSelection and breeding

for hot climatesw ith an emphasis on B razi l ian

germplasm


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Alstroemeria Most of the commercial cutflower varieties are

bred from Chilean species with no heat

tolerance.

Over half the genus occurs in Brazil in avariety of ecological zones.

Brazilian species, not well understood

taxonomically, are the only source of heat

tolerance in the genus. A. pulchell ahas been a successful (some say too

successful) perennial in Florida for decades.


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AlstroemeriaLas OlasA Semi-dwarf, Tetraploid Hybrid

Selection for Hot Climates

PPAF


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AlstroemeriaLas Olas

Stems are 39 to 57Stems are 39 to 57

(reproductive stems(reproductive stems

to 65) cm tall.to 65) cm tall.

InflorescencesInflorescenceswith 3-with 3-

5 rays, flowers 1 to 45 rays, flowers 1 to 4

per ray.per ray.

Individual stems willIndividual stems will

bear 3 to 17 flowers.bear 3 to 17 flowers.

PPAF


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Table 2. Container performance of Alstroemeria Las Olas, 1993, 1996.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Year No. plants Total flowering Average no. of Average no. of

stems harvested flowering stems florets per inflorescence (+ SD)

per plant (+ SD)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

1995 14 147 10.5 (5.2) 6.8 (2.7)

1996 12 95 7.9 (3.5) 7.2 (1.6)

____________________________________________________________________________________


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Alstroemeria 'Las Olas' Field Performance 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Replication

Numb

erofflowering

stems April

May

June

Floral stem production is directly proportional

to plant size.


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Breeding and Selection of

Alstroemeriainodora hybrids A very variable Brazilian

species with a long

history of native

cultivation.

Initial hybrids made

with A. caryophyllaea,

and among various

forms of A. inodora. Objective:pot plants,

cutflower crops for

warm climates.


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Use Las Olas

Cutflower for local sale.

Landscape or patio perennial for 30-50% shade

(marketed in 8-10 containers).

Inodorahybrids

Winter/spring potted plants.

Landscape (not yet trialed).


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Problems Pests

Whitefly (well-

controlled by

Encarsia formosa)

As yet unidentified

tortricid moth that

feeds on shoot tips

(imidacloprid).

Disease or

physiological

problems.

No disease problems

so far.

Manganesedeficiency on high

pH soils (Las Olas).


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Inquiries about licensing should be addressed to:

Florida Foundation Seed Producers

P. O. Box 309Greenwood, FL 32443-0309

(850) 594-4721

FAX (850) 594-1068

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Amyrallis and Alstroemeria

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