AN ANALYSIS ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE MOVIE
DESPICABLE ME 1: SUPERBAD, SUPERDAD AND THE MOVIE
DESPICABLE ME 2: WHEN THE WORLD NEEDED A HERO,
THEY CALLED A VILLIAN?
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
DIO REZA ARDIVI
1110026000078
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2016
i
ABSTRACT
Dio Reza Ardivi, An Analysis of perlocutionary acts in Despicable Me Movie:
SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie Despicable Me 2 Movie: When The World
Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian?. Thesis: English Letters Department,
Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.
In this research, the writer discusses the using of illocutionary acts in all
utterances in the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie
Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian?. The
aims of this research are to find background the unexpected perlocutionary acts.
The writer uses qualitative descriptive analysis method. The writer collects
the data from watching the movie and the script, then describe the background of
the unexpected perlocutionary acts. Based on the theory, the data are analyzed one
by one to know background of the unexpected perlocutionary acts in this movie.
From the data analysis, the writer finds the reasons of the unexpected
perlocutionary acts in the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the
movie Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian?
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the next.
Jakarta, December 2015
Dio Reza Ardivi
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, praise, and gratitude be to Allah
for giving the writer ability and health to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam
always send to our Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, who has guided us
from the darkness to enlightenment in the world.
The writer would like to express my gratitude for my advisors Dr. Frans
Sayogie, S.H., M.H., M.Pd. and Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. who always give
inspirations, encouragements, critiques, and sincere guidance for me to finish the
thesis.
The writer also would like to take this opportunity for expressing my deep
and sincere gratitude and thankfulness to:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., The Dean of Faculty of Letters and
Humanities.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English LettersDepartment.
4. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for their valuable
knowledge.
5. All the librarians of Adab and Humanities Faculty and State Islamic
University.
6. My beloved parents: Nohan and Yusnaeni Indriani for their limitless support,
pray and endless love.
7. My friends especially Happy C Family for their support and suggestion in
vi
writing my thesis.
Jakarta, December 2015
The Writer
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………... i
APPROVEMENT………………………………………………………. ii
LEGALIZATION………………………………………………………. iii
DECLARATION……………………………………………………….. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………..... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study………………………………………..... 1
B. Focus of the Study………………………………………………... 3
C. Research Question………………………………………………... 3
D. Significance of the Study…………………………………………. 4
E. Research Methodology…………………………………………… 4
1. The Objectives of Research…….…………………………..... 4
2. The Method of Research…….……………………………….. 4
3. The Technique of Data Analysis....………………………….. 5
4. The Instruments Research……………………………………. 6
5. Unit of analysis………………………………………………. 6
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research………………………………………………... 7
B. Speech Act………………………………………………………. 8
viii
1. Locutionary Acts..……………..……………………… 9
2. Illocutionary Acts…………………………………….. 10
3. Perlocutionary Acts…………………………………… 11
C. Classification of Illocutionary Acts …………………………. 12
1. Representative ………………………………………… 12
2. Directive ……………………………………………… 13
3. Expressive ……………………………………………. 13
4. Commissive …………………………………………… 14
5. Declarations …………………………………………… 14
CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE MOVIE
DESPICABLE ME 1: SUPERBAD, SUPERDAD AND THE MOVIE
DESPICABLE ME 2: WHEN THE WORLD NEEDED A HERO, THEY
CALLED A VILLIAN
A. Data Description………………………………………………. 16
B. Data Analysis…………………………………………………. 19
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion…………………………………………………….. 28
B. Suggestion…………………………………………………….. 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………. 29
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………… 32
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
There is a thing in human life that can be a special tool in life. It can help
people to socialize and communicate with other people. That is a language. Every
country on earth has a language. They are very proud to use and introduce their
language to other people. So, as Wardhaugh said, “The language will be a
precious thing to the people who use it.”1
In this contemporary world, the use of languages has grown rapidly. Humans
tend to use language as a form of expression of what they feel or what they think.
Conversation is the thing that we usually do in social life. It is conducted in our
daily life because it is the central or the most basic kind of language usage of
human. A good conversation is when the hearer understands the purpose of the
speaker’s utterance. It will be a problem if the hearer has a wrong interpretation.
In this century, the use of language is spread in movies. Movies are growing with
the supports of advanced technology. With these technologies, we will create
more real and vivid visuals. These will enhance or encourage human to make
more movies, and the support of the use of language can make them to be an
interesting. In this case, the speech plays an important role to make films to be
more attractive and interesting because it helps human to say something but mean
differently. In a movie dialogue, sometimes, we will see an actor stating his
1 Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Socialinguistics 5
th ed.(Oxford:Blackwater
Publisher,2006),p.342.
2
intention with a strange utterance. It confuses the viewers. So, how the viewers
understand the movie if they do not understand all the meanings of the utterances
that take place in that movie?
In 1960, a group of English philosophers, led by J.L. Austin, developed a
framework for understanding how language is used. It is called speech act theory.
This theory treats speech as action taken by the speaker in the context associated
with a receiver.2“ Pertuturan merupakan seluruh komponen bahasa dan non
bahasa yang meliputi perbuatan bahasa yang utuh, pelaku didalam percakapan,
bentuk penyampaian, topic dan konteks.”3 In other words, speech act theory tries
to explain how speakers use language to achieve the intended actions and how the
hearers infer intended meaning form what is said.4 Speech act is divided into 3
types: locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and acts perlocutionary act.
The lack of understanding towards an utterance always happens in conversation
because there is always a purpose or objective from the speaker. So, every
utterance that we produce or hear has meaning according the condition.
Utterance can be found in the dialogue of a movie. To analyze the
perlocutionary acts, the writer has chosen the data derived from the movie script
Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and Despicable Me 2: When The World
Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud
because this film gets award like BAFTA awards, and Kids Choice Awards and
3Kushartanti, PesonaBahasa.(Jakarta: PT GramediaPustakaUtama, 2007),h.109.
4SararFarourAltikriti, Speech Act Analysis to Short Story. Journal of Language Teaching and
Research, Vol.2, No 6. 2011.p.1374.
3
also the funny character in those movies; which are the minions. In this movie,
there are some unexpected perlocutionary act reaction of the illocutionary acts of
the speaker?
.The films show illocutions that have different perlocutionary act. It will be a
big problem for children if they do not understand why these situations happen in
those movies.
As we know, we have to be careful when explaining something to the children
because they do not know the purpose of the utterance of adults. Therefore, in this
research the writer would like to find the reasons why some illocutionary acts
found in the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie
Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian cannot
fulfill the expected perlocutionary acts of the speaker.
B. Focus of Study
In this research, the writer will focus on the unexpected perlocutionary acts
reaction of the speaker’s illocutionary acts using Speech Act Theory by John L.
Austin and John Searle in the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and
the movie Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a
Villian directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud .
C. Research Questions
For analysis, the writer makes his research through the following question:
4
1. Why do the hearer in the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad
and the movie Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They
Called a Villian not give the expected reaction of the speaker’s
illocutionary acts?
D. Significance of the Study
The writer hopes that through this research, the readers will get more
knowledge in the fields of speech acts especially on locutionary acts,
illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. Moreover, the research is expected
to give contribution for people to understand the processes of different
perlocutionary acts. The research also is expected to give a deeper
understanding of the plot of the whole story and the messages delivered in
Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie Despicable Me 2:
When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian..
E. Research of Methodology
1. Objectives of the Research
The purpose of this study is to describe the use of perlocutionary acts in
the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie Despicable Me
2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian.
2. The Method of Research
Based on the research question and objective of the research above, the
method used is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative is the method of
research used to describe nature phenomenon happened and relevancies between
5
one phenomena and others.5 The method of descriptive qualitative is used by the
writer is content analysis. Content analysis is any technique for making inferences
by systematically and objectively identifying specified characteristics of
messages.6 This method is used to look for the processes of the different
perlocutionary acts.
Then, the writer will describe the data which will answer the research
questions of data analysis which will answer the two research question of data
analysis above.
3. The Techniques of Data Analysis
Collected data is analyzed using Speech act theory by J.L. Austin and John
Searle. The research is approached by following steps:
a. Watching the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the
movie Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a
Villian.
b. Reading the whole dialogue on script.
c. Taking notes and marking the dialogues related to locutionary acts,
illocutionary acts, and perlocutinary act on script and analyzing them.
d. Taking the conclusion of data which have been collected.
5 Muhammad Farkhan. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. (Edisi Revisi, Jakarta:
Adabia Press. 2011), p.4. 6 Ole R. Holsti. Content Analysis. In G. Lindzey & E. Aaoroson (eds), The Handbook of
Social Psychology. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1986), p. 601.
6
4. The Instruments of Research
In this research, the writer uses himself as the main research instrument
through reading, identifying, collecting the dialogue and making it as data by
using Speech act theory based on J.L Austin and John Searle concerning
locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutinary act in the dialogue
5. Units of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this research is scripts from movie Despicable Me
1: SuperBad, SuperDad directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud released in
2010 and Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero , They Called a
Villian , directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud and released in 2013. Both
films were distributed by Walt Disney Picture.
7
CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
The idea on writing this thesis is based on some linguistics books that
supply relevant information to the topic. The writer listed some of the result of
previous studies by several researchers that had ever been read by the writer. The
following related research of the perlocutionary acts research was conducted by
Kang Qiang with titled „On Perlocutionary Acts‟. His research tells us about
introduction of perlocutionary acts and gives explanation about the kind of effect
of perlocutionary acts in people, the theory, and the aspect of perlocutionary acts.1
It means his research focuses in giving explanation about perlocutionary acts
deeply
The study was conducted by Yuanita Devy Kuspriyanti and Dewi Retno
Sari with the title „Illocution and Perlocution Analysis on the Main Character
Conflicts in An Ideal Husband‟. In this study, the researchers focus on the main
characters conflicts in An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde. This research uses
descriptive qualitative approach. As the data, the researchers used the fragments
of the main characters in An Ideal Husband drama‟s script. Based on the result of
the research, they found out that asking, command, and giving explanation were
1 Kang Qiang. On Perlocutionary Acts. Journal of Language and Literature Vol.6 (1), 25
January 2013 (China: University of Changchun , Changchun), pp.60-64.
8
caused conflict on the main character. They also found representative, expressive
and directive, which used by the main characters.2
P.E Akhiemien, student of Lagos State University, was conducted
„Perlocution: Heeling the “Achilleas‟ Heel” of Speech Act Theory‟. This paper
sets „Heel the “Achilleas‟ Heel” of Speech Act Theory‟- perlocution. The paper
addresses that the cause of perlocutionary act derived from the illocutionary act
which is in combination with the context of utterance. A major finding of this
paper is that previous Speech Act analysis did not give context a serious
consideration in their study of perlocution leading them into philosophical blind
alleys. The paper therefore argues for a serious consideration to be given to
context for an accurate description perlocutionary acts.3
1. Speech Act
The theory of speech act improves from development of study pragmatics
which has known as study of ability in language usage which has to adjust with
the context.4 The differences between the theory of speech act by Austin, Searle,
and others in giving classification speech act will be useful for understanding the
words of speech act.
The theory of Speech act was introduced firstly by Austin in 1956 that was
created from his thesis. J.O. Urmson published it in a book “ How to Do Thing
2 Yuanita Devy Kuspriyanti and Dewi Retno Sari. Illocution and Perlocution Analysis on
the Main Character Conflicts in An Ideal Husband. Journal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.
Vol.1,No.1, April 2013 pp26-32 (STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo) 3 P.E Akhimien. „Perlocution: Heeling the “Achilleas‟ Heel” of Speech Act Theory‟s.
Vol.XXXV ,2010 (Nigeria: State University of Lagos, Lagos), pp.1-16. 4 Tun Nur Afizah Zainal Ariff dan Ahmad Ibrahim Mugableh, “Speech Act of Promising
among Jordan,”h.248.
9
with Words?”5 Then, this theory was developed by Searle to publish a book
Speech Acts: “ An Essay in the Philosophy of Language”. He argues that the
communication is not just symbols, words or sentences, but it would be more
appropriate if the so-called product or product of emblem, word or phrase in the
form of speech act behavior.
The actual speech act considers five aspect situations of speech that
includes: speaker and hearer, the context of the speech, the purpose of speech,
speech acts as an action / activity and verbal utterances as acts of products.6
Speech acts are the basis for analysis other pragmatic topics as presupposition,
conversational implicature, cooperative principle and politeness principle.
Pragmatic assessment that does not base its analysis on the speech act is not a
pragmatic assessment within the meaning of truth.
1. Locutionary
Locutionary acts are basic actions in an utterance; act says something with
words and meaning of the sentence in accordance with the meaning of that word
in the dictionary and the meaning of the sentence according to the rule.7 Focus
locution is the meaning of spoken utterances, not questioning the purpose or
function of the speech. For examples:
Diana: the time now is 07.00 a.m. Sonia!!
Sonia: Ok. Let‟s go to school.
5 Jacob L. Mey, Pragmatics: An Introducing 2
nd ed.(Oxford: Blackwater Publisher, 2001),h.92.
6 Geoffrey Leech . Principles of Pragmatics .New York: Longman Inc. 1983. P.4.
7 Kushartanti, Pesona Bahasa. (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2007),p.109.
10
Based on the example, we know that Diana tells to Sonia that the time is
07.00 a.m. So, the meaning of illocution is the time is 07.00 a.m. because
locutionary only focuses on the meaning of utterance.
2. Illocutionary
Pragmatics considers the language in a more concrete level than grammar.
In short, speech is considered as a form of activity or a speech acts. In Austin‟s
opinion, Illocutionary is doing something that had the purpose and function or
power of speech. 8 So, it means the utterance of speaker has hope to the hearer to
do something.
Illocutionary acts are speech acts that serve to tell or inform something and
used to do something. For examples of illocutionary act is "hot air". This
utterance has purpose that the speakers asked the hearer to open the door
immediately, or turn on the fan. So it is clear that the speech contains a specific
intent addressed to the hearer. For example in a dialogue:
Diana: the time now is 07.00 a.m. Sonia!!
Sonia: Ok. Let‟s go to school.
Based on example above, we know that Diana tells to Sonia that time is 07.00
a.m. But, based on illocutionary acts‟s meaning that Diana invites to Sonia to go
to school because the study in school will begin on 07.10 a.m. This explaining
shows that illocutionary acts and locutionary acts are different.
8 Stephen C. Levinson, Opcit., p. 236.
11
3. Perlocutionary
The utterances of speakers often have an effect or influence power. The
effect produced by the utter something that is by Austin called perlocutionary.9
The effect or reaction of the hearer from the utterance of the speaker is an act of
perlocutionary. There are some verbs that can be sign of perlocutionary act. They
are persuading, receiving, pushing, annoy, frighten, delight, embarrassment,
attract attention, and others. Examples:
Diana: the time now is 07.00 a.m. Sonia!!
Sonia: Ok. Let‟s go to school
Based on the example, the answer of Sonia is the effect from the utterance of
Diana or known as perlocutionary acts.
Sometimes, in the conversation, we face an illocutionary acts which has a
different perlocutionary acts. It happens because a factor, situation and social
relationship of the hearer. Example:
Sealer: cookies for sale!
Jony: I am sorry. I have a bunch of bread
In other situation with different person:
Sealer: Miss, we made cookies. Do you want buy them?
Rosy: Hmmm…the smell is good. I take all them.
9 Joshua c. Stone, Triadic to Trinitarian: Kevin J. Vanhoozer’a Application of J.L. Austin’s Speech
Act Theory, Eleutheria: A Graduated Student Journal. Vol. 1. 2010. P.63.
12
Based two conversations above, we know that the sealer gets different
perlocution acts from different buyers. From the first buyer, he cannot buy
cookies because he has the bread. But, the second buyer buys the cookies because
he does not buy anything to eat and he is interesting with the smell from the
cookies.
For the conclusion we know that situation of hearer is the reason why the
different perlocution acts happens in conversation.
B. Classification of Illocutionary Acts
In connection with the above definition of speech acts, illocutionary acts
are classified into five types by Searle. The five types of illocutionary acts are
representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarations.
1. Representative
Representative is a speech act that binds the speaker to the truth of the things
he said.10
This type of speech act is also referred to as assertive speech acts. That
includes this type of speech act is a speech states, demanding, admits, shows,
reports, testified, speculating. 11
For examples from the movie Despicable Me 1:
SuperBad, SuperDad " recently, an entire top-secret lab disappeared from the
Arctic Circle. ". from that example we know he reported a lab was disappear from
the Arctic Circle. The speech includes speech acts containing information
representative because the speakers are bound by the truth of the contents of the
10
Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Lingusitics. (New York: Cambridge University
Press.2009),.p.50 11
ibid
13
speech. Speakers are responsible that the spoken utterance was indeed a fact and
can be proven in court that the studious sister and always get first rank in his
class.
2. Directives
Directive speech act is a speech act that has purpose to the hearer does
what the speaker says. Directive speech act also known as speech act impositif.12
For example to the speech acts of this kind include speech asking for, invite,
insist, suggest, urge, enjoin, charge, commanding, urging, pleading, challenging,
and gesture.13
For example from the movie Despicable Me: “You can leave now.
". That utterance means than a minions has to leave him because he is very busy
now. The examples included in the speech act type of directive because it is
spoken utterances that the speaker intended to perform the appropriate action
described in his utterance help repair tasks. Directive speech is an indicator of the
presence of an action taken by the hearer after hearing the speech.
3. Expressive
This speech act is also called evaluative speech acts. Expressive speech act
is a speech act that the speaker intended that his utterance interpreted as an
evaluation of the things mentioned in the speech, including speech thanked,
12
Jacob L. Mey, (2001), op.cit.p.120 13
Kushartanti, (2007),op. cit. p.110
14
complain, congratulate, flatter, praise, and criticize.14
For example “Yes, that's
good “. That utterance from the movie Despicable Me is a kind of people‟s way to
praising of someone does. Hence, the utterance "I work hard for money, but the
results are still not able to provide for the family". The speech is expressive
speech acts complained of which can be interpreted as an evaluation of his
utterance, namely the search for money that the results are not always able to meet
the needs of family life.
4. Commissive
Commissive speech act is a speech act that binds the speaker to carry out
all the things mentioned in the utterance, for example, swear, promising, stating
ability, and vow.15
For example from the movie Despicable me: "Oh, yes. My
pinky promises. ". That utterance means he will fulfill what he promises to
someone. So, this statement makes binds the speaker to carry out the mandate as
well as possible. This had repercussions for him to fulfill what had been his
utterance.
5. Declaration
Declaration is the speech of making an official statement about something
(status, state, etc.). This type is an impressive speech with intention, deciding,
cancel, forbids, grant, permit, classify, lifting, forgive, and forgive.16
The
following example from the movie Despicable me: “Yes, I have been recruited by
14
Jacob L. Mey, (2001), op.cit.p.120 15
Sahar Four Altikriti, Speech Act Analysis to Short Story. Journal Language Teaching and
Research, 2011.p. 1376. 16
Ibid.p.1367
15
a top-secret agency. It means he decides to receive a new job to be a top-secret
agency. This kind of illocutionary act also makes a new status of someone like
marriage or divorce.
16
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. DATA DESCRIPTION
As in the previous chapter, the focus of thesis research is unexpected
reaction acts of hearer from illocutionary acts of speaker. This chapter will
explain analysis of the script of the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad
and the movie Despicable Me 2: When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a
Villian which were directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud.
Table 1. Table of different Perlocutionary Acts
No Data
Illocutionary
Classification Timeline
1 a. Children: Cookies for sale
(offer cookies)
Gru : Go away. I'm
not home
b. Children: We're selling
cookies so, you know, we
can have a better future
Vector: Ooh! Wait, wait!
Do you have coco-nutties?
Commisive
(Offering)
00:06:01,356 -->
00:06:03,232
(00:06:05,360 -->
00:06:07,569
00:25:08,960 -->
00:25:12,213
00:25:12,297 -->
00:25:15,132
2
a. Gru : Cookie robots!
Dr. Nevario : Who is this?
Representative
(Asserting)
00:25:47,249 -->
00:25:49,208
00:25:49,292 -->
17
b. Gru : Cookie robots!
I said cookie robots.
Dr. Nevario : Okay. I'm on
it.
00:25:51,710
00:34:38,446 -->
00:34:41,114
00:34:46,746 -->
00:34:48,372
3 a. Gru : Okay, bedtime.
Children: Aw!
b. Gru : Come on now,
it's bedtime.
Children : But we're not
tired!
Directive
(Ordering)
00:39:56,847 -->
00:39:58,348
00:39:58,432 -->
00:39:59,766
01:02:09,595 -->
01:02:11,096
01:02:25,194 -->
01:02:26,528
4
a. Agnes: Will you read us
a bedtime story?
Gru : No!
b. Agnes: Will you read us
a bedtime story?
Gru : Fine
Directive
(Requesting)
00:40:31,132 -->
00:40:34,300
00:40:31,132 -->
00:40:34,300
01:02:27,989 -->
01:02:30,240
01:02:52,346 -->
01:02:54,306
5 a. Gru: So, good night, sleep
tight, and don't let the bed
bugs bite
Children: He's just
kidding, Agnes.
b. Gru: Good night, sleep
tight, don't let the bedbugs
blah-blah-blah
Commisive
(Threaten)
00:40:41,976 -->
00:40:45,603
00:40:55,406 -->
00:40:57,574
00:31:05,947 -->
00:31:08,791
00:31:08,867 -->
00:31:09,914
18
Children: Whoa!
6 a. Children: Oh, come on. It's
fun.
Gru: No! Stop! No one is
ever
getting out there! Ever!
b. Lucy: This is fun
Gru : Yes. Surprisingly, it
was.
Expressive
(Praising)
00:23:52,973 -->
00:23:54,816
00:23:56,852 -->
00:24:00,072
00:56:10,826 -->
00:56:12,078
00:56:12,160 -->
00:56:15,004
7 a. El Macho: Oh, oh! I'm
sorry. Pollito is usually
very friendly.
Gru: Well, we really
should be
going. Girls, come on.
b. El Macho: Lucia, I
apologize. The same thing
happened the other day
with Gru, and...
Lucia: Oh, well, speaking
of Gru, um, have you seen
him? I really need to talk
to him.
Expressive
(Apoligizing)
00:48:09,804 -->
00:48:13,684
00:48:18,896 -->
00:48:21,615
01:13:17,560 -->
01:13:19,403
01:13:28,988 -->
01:13:33,585
19
B. Data Analysis
From the data above, the writer analyzes the script of the movie Despicable
Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie Despicable Me 2: When The World
Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian which were directed by Pierre Coffin and
Chris Renaud. The writer uses the theory of Speech act introduced by J.L. Austin
and John Searle which consists of locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and
perlocutionary acts, but in this research the writer focused on perlocutionary acts.
It will be analyzed through the locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and
perlocutionary acts. These are the analyses:
Datum (1)
1) Addresser & addressee: Gru and Children
2) Setting: In Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Gru as Buyer and Children as Sellers
Children : Cookies for sale! (Offering)
Gru : Go away. I'm not home.
Children : Yes you are I Heard You
Gru : No. you did not. This is a recording.
The utterance Go away. I'm not home means he does not want to buy the
cookies because he buys a muffin from bread shop before. So, he orders the
children to go away from his home.
1) Addresser & addressee: Vector and Children
2) Setting: In Vector’s home
3) Relationship: Vector as Buyer and Children as Sellers
Children : We're selling cookies so, you know, we can have a better future
(Offering)
Vector : Ooh! Wait, wait! Do you have coco-nutties?
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Children : Yeah.
From the fact above, we know that the answer of hearer is not like what is
expected by the speaker because the first person has a muffin before. However,
the second person really likes cookies. So, those reasons are background why
those illocutionary acts do not fulfill the expected of perlocutionary acts.
From the context, the same illocutionary acts is offering. Based on the
comparison of the conversation above, we can conclude that the perlocutionary
act is not like what is expected by the speaker in the different condition. Gru
already have a cake while Vector has not it because it will be different
perlocutionary act.
Datum (2)
1) Addresser & addressee: Dr. Nevario and Gru
2) Setting: in Front of Vector’s home
3) Relationship: Dr. Nevario as friend and Gru as Friend
Gru : Dr Nefario! I'm going to need a dozen tiny robots disguised as
cookies!
Dr. Nevario : What?
Gru : Cookie robots! (Asserting)
Dr. Nevario : Who is this?
Gru : Oh, Forget it.
Gru gives explaining that he wants cookis robots. However, Dr. Nevario
answers Who is this?. The answer of Dr. Nevario tells to Gru that he does not
listen clearly. So, the communication between them does not work well.
1) Addresser & addressee: Dr. Nevario and Gru
2) Setting: Gru’s home
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3) Relationship: Dr. Nevario as friend and Gru as Friend
Dr. Nevario : A dozen boogie robots! Boogie! Look at this. Watch me!
Gru : Cookie robots! I said cookie robots. (Asserting)
Dr. Nevario : Okay. I'm on it.
Gru is disappointed with Dr. Nevario that he wants cookies robots not
buggies robot. So he says “Cookie robots! I said cookie robots” to give
understanding to Dr. Nevario. Based on the fact, Dr. Nevario has problem in
listening. So, he does not listen well. However, when meeting directly, he will
understand the purpose. So, those reasons are background why those illocutionary
acts do not fulfill the expected of perlocutionary acts.
From the context, the same illocutionary act is asserting Based on the
comparison of the conversation above, we can conclude that the perlocutionary
act is not like what is expected by the speaker in the different condition. The first
conversation occurs over the phone so it can happen any time of hearing to
communicate while the second conversation happened to meet in person and the
speaker can explain it well. Therefore there will be different perlocutionary act.
Datum (3)
1) Addresser & addressee: Children and Gru
2) Setting: Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Children as his children and Gru as their father
Gru : Wow, wow
Edith : It was your cousin’s idea
Gru : What? Okay, bedtime. (Ordering)
Children : Aw!
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Because the children know that time is late night and they are tired. So,
they only say Aw. It means they understand what Gru’s purpose from his
utterance.
1) Addresser & addressee: Children and Gru
2) Setting: Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Children as his children and Gru as their father
Gru : Come on now, it's bedtime. (Ordering)
Children: But we're not tired.
Gru : Well, I am tired.
The utterance But we're not tired has meaning that they do not want sleep
now because they are not tired.
From the fact above, the answer of hearer is not like what is expected by
the speaker because the children are not tired and time does not show lately. So,
those reasons are background why those illocutionary acts do not fulfill the
expected of perlocutionary acts.
From the context, the same illocutionary acts is ordering. Based on the
comparison of the conversation above, we can conclude that the perlocutionary
act is not like what is expected by the speaker in the different condition. The first
conversation aims to protest over ignorance that they do not have a second
conversation while mean that they do not want to sleep now. Therefore there will
be different perlocutionary act.
Datum (4)
1) Addresser & addressee: Gru and Agnes
2) Setting: Gru’s home
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3) Relationship: Agnes as his child and Gru as her father
Agnes : Will you read us a bedtime story? (Requesting)
Gru : No!
Agnes : But we can't go to sleep without a bedtime story.
Gru : Well, then it's going to be a long night for you, isn't it?
Based on the conversation above we know that Gru refuses what Agnes
request because Gru is busy with his job to prepare stealing the moon. So, he says
No! to Agnes.
1) Addresser & addressee: Gru and Agnes
2) Setting: Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Agnes as his child and Gru as her father
Agnes : Will you read us a bedtime story? (Requesting)
Gru : Fine
Agnes : What about good night kisses?
Gru : No, no. There will be no kissing or hugging or kissing.
Based on the utterance above we know that Gru will read a bedtime story
before they sleep. It happens because they will disturb Gru in his work if he does
not read it. It always happens to all parents in this world because children need
something to make their sleep quietly. So, that the reason is background why
those illocutionary acts do not fulfill the expected of perlocutionary acts.
.From the context, the same illocutionary acts is requesting. Based on the
comparison of the conversation above, we can conclude that the perlocutionary
act is not like what is expected by the speaker in the different condition. The first
conversation aims to avoid a troublesome job because there are many things to be
prepared while the latter aims to make children go to bed and do not interfere with
the work unfinished. Therefore there will be different perlocutionary act.
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Datum (5)
1) Addresser & addressee: Children and Gru
2) Setting: Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Children as his children and Gru as their father
Gru : So, good night, sleep tight, and don't let the bed bugs bite
(Threaten)
Children : He's just kidding, Agnes.
The conversation above is Gru only jokes to the children that the bugs will
bite them when they sleep. It is a way of parent in education of their child. But, it
will be worst way to give education for child because they will be scary of the
bugs or they will not sleep well.
1) Addresser & addressee: Children and Gru
2) Setting: Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Children as his children and Gru as their father
Gru: Good night, sleep tight, don't let the bedbugs blah-blah-blah (Threaten)
Children: Whoa!
The utterance Whoa! Is the fact that the children study from their
experience. So, they will not afraid again. It is the reason why those illocutionary
acts do not fulfill the expected of perlocutionary acts.
Sometimes, the way of giving education to our children is not always
right. So, as good parents, we must make different or interesting way in education
our children.
From the context, the same illocutionary acts is asserting. Based on the
comparison of the conversation above, we can conclude that the perlocutionary
act is not like what is expected by the speaker in the different condition. The first
25
conversation occurs as a form of Agnes entertaining conversation not to be afraid
while the second occurred because the children already know the actions of
ignorant Gru to scare them. Therefore there will be different perlocutionary act.
Datum (6)
1) Addresser & addressee: Gru and Children
2) Setting: Gru’s home
3) Relationship: Children as his children and Gru as their father
Children: Oh, come on. It's fun. (Praising)
Gru: No! Stop! No one is ever getting out there! Ever!
Gru is angry because he is scary that the past will happen again in date. So, the
plan of blind date is not fun
Addresser & addressee: Gru and Lucy
Setting: Lucy’s home
Relationship: Lucy as his friend and Gru as her friend
Lucy: This is fun. (Praising)
Gru : Yes. Surprisingly, it was.
Gru agrees with Lucy because he loves Lucy. What they did with Lucy is
very fun because also he will be with Lucy. Love changes a person with also his
world. So, it is background why those illocutionary acts do not fulfill the expected
of perlocutionary acts.
From the context, the same illocutionary acts is praising. Praising is shape
of expression of psychological attitude of the speaker. Based on the comparison of
the conversations above, we can conclude that the perlocutionary act is not like
what is expected by the speaker in the different condition. The first conversation
occurred with a view rejected as a bad thing happened the past while the second,
26
Gru enjoyed it just happened because Gru liked it. Therefore there will be
different perlocutionary act.
Datum (7)
1) Addresser & addressee: Gru and El Macho
2) Setting: El Macho’s restaurant
3) Relationship: El Macho as his friend and Gru as his friend
El Macho: Oh, oh! I'm sorry. Pollito is usually very friendly (Apoligizing).
Gru: Well, we really should be going. Girls, come on.
Gru knows that El Macho’s pet see him last. So, he must leave quickly from that
restaurant. So, he only says Well, we really should be going. Girls, come on.
1) Addresser & addressee: Lucy and El Macho
2) Setting: El Macho’s house
3) Relationship: El Macho as her friend and Lucy as his friend
El Macho: Lucia, I apologize. The same thing happened the other day with
Gru, and.. (Apoligizing).
Lucy: Oh, well, speaking of Gru, um, have you seen him? I really need to talk to
him.
Based on the context above we know that Lucy looks for Gru. So, she does
not care the asking pardon of El Macho because he really wants to meet Gru to
State her feeling. The fact above is the reason why the perlocutionary act is not
like what is expected by the speaker. Sometimes, what people think, make people
forget something or situation. This phenomenon always happens in our life.
From the context, the same illocutionary acts is apoligizing. Apoligizing is
shape of expression of psychological attitude of the speaker. Based on the
comparison of the conversation above, we can conclude that the the
perlocutionary act is not like what is expected by the speaker in the different
27
condition. The first conversation occurred to avoid or run away from problems
before getting caught by El Macho while the second conversation occurred
because Lucy rush to immediately meet Gru therefore he ignores the existing
problems. Therefore there will be different perlocutionary act.
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
In process of understanding the utterances in movie, there are many
problems which is faced by the spectator especially the children. The common
problem is the children cannot understand the purpose of conversation because
they are not used to talking to adult. Based on research questions in chapter
one, in this part the writer gives an answer about why the hearer in the movie
Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad and the movie Despicable Me 2:
When The World Needed a Hero, They Called a Villian did not give the
epected reaction of the illocutionary acts of the speaker.
After analyzing the data in chapter three, the writer draws some
conclusions about his research. First, from selected data of some illocutionary
acts, the writer founds the perlocutionary act is not like what is expected by
the speaker in the different condition because from the past, the experience, or
the background of the hearer.
These factors are very big influence of the perlocutionary acts that are
expected by speaker. So, the reason the answer of hearer is not like expected by
speaker relates the condition of the hearer.
B. Suggestion
Through this research, the writer suggests the other researchers can deeply
analyze the data resulting in unexpected perlocutionary acts based on context in
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different media such as the advertisement, social media, or other written media.
Moreover, for the researchers who are interested in speech acts, it is good to
examine more on perlocutionary acts because there are only a few researchers
elaborate on it. Then, the researchers who are interested in this topic, can analyze
participants of the study from the past, the experience, or the background of the
character to get the information in understanding of the conversation in the movie.
Finally, the writer hopes this research will be usefull for the future
improvement of pragmatics study, basically perlocutionary acts theory used in this
movie, especially Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta.
30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Akhimien, P.E. 2010. „Perlocution: Heeling the “Achilleas’ Heel” of Speech Act
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Altikriti, Sahar Four. 2011. Speech Act Analysis to Short Story. Journal Language
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University Press. 1983.
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Fromkin, Victoria. Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language
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Gunawan, Asim. Pragmatik: Teori dan Kajian pustaka Nusantara. Jakarta: Univ
Atma Jaya. 2007.
Holsti, Ole R. Content Analysis. In G. Lindzey & E. Aaoroson edition: The Handbook
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Pustaka Utama. 2007.
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Kuspriyanti, Yuanita Devy and Sari, Dewi Retno. 2013. Illocution and Perlocution
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Leech, Geoffrey . Principles of Pragmatics .New York: Longman Inc. 1983
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Meyer, Charles F., Introducing English Lingusitics. (New York: Cambridge
University Press.2009
Stone, Joshua C. 2010, Triadic to Trinitarian: Kevin J. Vanhoozer’a Application of
J.L. Austin’s Speech Act Theory, Eleutheria: A Graduated Student Journal.
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Qiang, Kang. 2013. On Perlocutionary Acts. Journal of Language and Literature
Vol.6 (1), (China: University of Changchun , Changchun), pp.60-64.
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WEBSITES
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despicable_Me accesed at 07.58, November 21st 2014.
Rovi. Despicable me Synopsis. Fandango. Access from
http://www.fandango.com/despicableme3d_131098/plotsummary
Rovi. Despicable me 2 Synopsis. Fandango. Access from
http://www.fandango.com/despicableme2_147745/plotsummary
32
APPENDIX
A. Synopsis Despicable me
A mysterious criminal mastermind has stolen
one of the pyramids in Egypt, sparking a fit of
jealous envy in evil genius Gru (Steve Carell),
who hasn't managed to make headlines since
he and his minions swiped the Times Square
JumboTron years back. Ever since Gru was a
little boy, he dreamed of going to the moon.
Now, if Gru can just build a rocket and get his
hands on a powerful shrink-ray, he can
cement his reputation as the greatest thief who
ever lived by stealing the Earth's satellite right out of the sky. But immediately after
Gru heists the shrink-ray, the cunning super-nerd Vector (Jason Segel) swoops in and
snatches it right out of his hands. Now, in order to claim the moon, Gru must first
reacquire the weapon from Vector. Armed with the knowledge that his nemesis has a
mean sweet tooth, Gru adopts cookie-selling orphans Margo (Miranda Cosgrove),
Agnes (Elsie Fisher), and Edith (Dana Gaier) and commissions a new line of cookie
robots from the evil Dr. Nefario (Russell Brand), his personal weapons specialist. But
as Gru and his diminutive yellow minions prepare to carry out the biggest heist in
history, something strange happens. Gru discovers that the three little girls who have
come into his life are much more than simple pawns. They actually seem to care
33
about Gru, and it turns out the scheming evildoer makes a pretty good father. When
Gru realizes that his upcoming moon mission clashes with a ballet performance by
the girls, he must decide what's more important -- being a present parent or cementing
his nefarious reputation once and for all.1
B. Synopsis Despicable Me 2
Once upon a time, Gru (voice of Steve
Carrell) dreamt of stealing the moon - these
days he's a single adoptive father of three
precocious girls. Having given up his
spectacular life of crime, Gru now aims to
produce a delicious new line of jams with the
help of his tiny minions and his old pal Dr.
Nefario (voice of Russell Brand). Feeling
unfulfilled in his newfound role as a jam-
maker, Dr. Nefario announces that he will be
departing for more evil pastures just as Gru is approached by the Anti-Villain League
to capture the mysterious culprit who just stole a top-secret research lab filled with
PX 41 -- an experimental serum with the strength to transform harmless animals into
23 Rovi. Despicable me Synopsis. Fandango. Access from
http://www.fandango.com/despicableme3d_131098/plotsummary
34
ravenous monsters. The AVL is certain that the culprit is covering his tracks by
posing as a small business owner at a local mall, and assign their best agent Lucy
(Kristen Wiig) to aid Gru in identifying him. Meanwhile, Gru's oldest adopted
daughter Margo (voice of Miranda Cosgrove) falls for rebellious teen Antonio (voice
of Moises Arias), the leather-jacketed son of boisterous Mexican cantina owner
Eduardo (voice of Benjamin Bratt). Now, with Gru's paternal instincts kicking into
full gear just as a dastardly plot begins to unfold, the devoted new father must divide
his time between saving the world from an enigmatic super-villain, and saving
Miranda from total heartbreak. All the while, a suitable mother for the girls may have
been standing right under Gru's pointy nose the entire time.2
24 Rovi. Despicable me 2 Synopsis. Fandango. Access from
http://www.fandango.com/despicableme2_147745/plotsummary
35
Datum (1)
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Datum (2)
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Datum (3)
40
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Datum (4)
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Datum (5)
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Datum (6)
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Datum (7)
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