AN ANALYSIS OF TEXTUAL REFERENCE ON TED TALKS THE BEST

WAY TO HELP IS OFTEN JUST TO LISTEN BY SOPHIE ANDREWS

An Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Strata One

ANGGIA AYU PARAMEITHA

11140260000010

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2018

i

ABSTRACT

Anggia Ayu Parameitha, An Analysis of Textual Reference on TED Talks The Best

Way to Help Is Often Just to Listen by Sophie Andrews. An undergraduate thesis:

English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.

The aim of this study is to explain the aspects oftenly used and the role of

anaphora and cataphora in sentences contained in TED (Technology, Entertainment

and Design) Talks script entitled The Best Way to Help Is Often Just to Listen by

Sophie Andrews. The main focus of this research is on anaphora and cataphora

cohesion by Halliday and Hasan. The method used is descriptive qualitative method.

The writer collects and limits the data to twenty-two data and they were taken from

the script of the TED Talks video obtained in the TED official website. The data are

analyzed by explaining the role and determining the aspects of endophora, as well as

categorizing some references into their types. From twenty two data taken the

research discovers that there are 15 aspects of anaphora and 7 aspects of cataphora .

In these aspects there are 13 personal references, 7 demonstrative references, and 2

comparative references.

Keywords: Anaphora, Cataphora, Cohesion, References.

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APPROVAL SHEET

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LEGALIZATION

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

education, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the thesis.

South Tangerang, July 2018

Anggia Ayu Parameitha

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah SWT, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

All praises be to Allah SWT, The Lord of the Universe, who has given the

writer health, fluency, confidence, and strength in completing the research. Peace and

blessing are upon the great Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and

his followers until the end of time.

This thesis is presented to English Letters Department, faculty of Adab and

Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta in partial of

fullfilment for the degree of Strata one. This thesis is dedicated to the writer’s

parents, M. Rizal Pahlevi and Sussana, for the support, pray, motivation, and love

that had been given. The writer also wants to give thanks to her younger brother M.

Yoga Moulana Chatami and her sister Rizna Hadiani Pratiwi. All the supports

provided material and nonmaterial are very helpful for the writer in completing this

thesis.

The writer also wants to give her gratitude to those who have contributed in

helping the completion of this thesis. Those people are:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil M.Ag., the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty;

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department;

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department;

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4. Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd., as the writer’s advisor, who had guided and

shared her knowledge with the writer in such a friendly way.

5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department, especially in Linguistics

major for the knowledge that have been given;

6. The writer’s classmate both in ExoticA and Linguistics class;

7. Ray Sita, who always having her back. Thanks for the help and

encouragement from freshman year till now.

8. Gabut team; Annisa, Lulu, Ary, Sandra, Tartila, Nadilah, Nafilah, Virza,

and Galuh.

9. Panji Kartiko, the writer’s beloved person who always gives his help and

his eternal support for her in finishing this paper. Thanks for always being

her number one cheerleader all this time;

10. All of her friends and relatives that cannot be mentioned one by one.

May Allah always bless those people with happiness and grant them good

health. Therefore, this thesis is far from perfect; the writer accept all forms of

criticisms and suggestions to make this thesis better and useful.

South Tangerang, July 2018

The Writer

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Selected Anaphora and Cataphora…………………………………….... 17

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL SHEET .............................................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION .................................................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION.................................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1

A. Background of The Study ............................................................................................. 1

B. Focus of the Study ........................................................................................................ 4

C. Research Question ........................................................................................................ 4

D. Significance of the Study .............................................................................................. 5

E. Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 5

1. Objective of the Research ......................................................................................... 5

2. Method of the Research ............................................................................................ 5

3. Instrument of the Research ....................................................................................... 6

4. Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................................ 6

5. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis ..................................................... 7

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................. 7

A. Previous Research ......................................................................................................... 8

B. Text and Context ......................................................................................................... 11

C. Cohesion ..................................................................................................................... 12

D. Reference .................................................................................................................... 13

1. Exophora ................................................................................................................. 14

2. Endophora ............................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDINGS ......................................................................... 18

A. Data Description ......................................................................................................... 18

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B. Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 24

CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .................................................. 44

A. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 44

B. Suggestions ................................................................................................................. 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 49

APPENDIXES ....................................................................................................................... 51

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1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

In listening to a language, the hearer will generally try to find out what

is the meaning of the language that speaker expresses. A language is used to

communicate with others, both written and spoken. In spoken language,

sometimes the speaker says a phrase like "It's so noisy, I cannot concentrate".

The sentence has another meaning to be conveyed by the speaker, either to

shrink our speech or the volume of a sound that is installed. People can utter a

sentence that is very different from what is spoken and has its own meaning

(Thomas 1). An utterance is the use of a particular speaker, on a particular

occasion, from a piece of language, such as a sentence sequence, or a single

phrase, or even a single word. Utterances are things that are connected with

physical (Hurford et al 16). An utterance is not an easy process and needs to

pass through many processes to be understood by the hearer (Dardjowidjojo

93). The language used by the speaker also has other purposes to be conveyed,

and this is called pragmatics (Yule 97). In the study of semantic, there is a

form of references that are present in each utterance to give more information

or to reduce the repetition of the word so that it looks more efficient, called

reference.

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In utter a language; speakers typically use a reference as a replacement

for something. Hearers often listen to people when talking and paying

attention to each word to know the message, but sometimes they do not

understand what the person is saying. An example is in the following

sentence;

(1) “Don’t touch! It is very dangerous”.

When the hearer listens to the sentence, they may wonder where it refers.

Indirectly, the hearer here cannot understand the context spoken by the

speaker. Therefore, to understand an utterance, a reference is needed. The

purpose of the reference is to determine in what context or who is referred in

the sentence (9). Reference can be divided into two meanings; first, a

reference can be defined as a relationship between two different places;

linguistic expression and other objects outside the world. Second, the

reference is an action or action performed by the speaker using a linguistic

expression to select a particular object in issuing an utterance (Huang 226).

Not only is the relationship between the meanings of a word or phrase,

it is also a social action where the word chosen by the speaker will be

understood as the speaker intended (Yule 22). In relation to references, it is

differentiated into several aspects or commonly called anaphoric reference. In

anaphoric reference, there are several expressions that are described;

anaphora, a reference expression contained in the foregoing―antecedent, an

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expression that gives meaning to proform―cataphora, a reference expression

contained in something that will be mentioned―zero anaphora or ellipsis, the

absence of linguistic expressions that contain in the sentence (23).

Generally, a reference used to pronounce a word, phrase, or sentence

must use a clear reference. This relationship between sentences must have

continuity and form cohesion so that it can be understood and interpreted well

by the hearer. If a reference used does not have connection or cohesiveness,

then the listener is difficult to get the contents of the message delivered. In

this case, cohesion is required in the formation between sentences. Cohesion

is a linguistic device that helps in sorting a sentence in the text (Josephine and

Morales 114).

In this case, the writer will only explain some aspects related to this

research. First is called anaphora, where proform is used to refer back to

something that has been mentioned earlier. Second, is cataphora where the use

of proform which explained before the references in a text. A reference may

be said to be an anaphora or cataphora if the thing used as a reference must

have the same reference to the constituent referred to. In using a reference, it

is necessary to have cohesion in uttering or writing a sentence. Halliday and

Hasan stated that thing which determines whether the set of many sentences is

a text or not can be seen from the cohesive relationship between sentences

(28). If the sentences do not have a cohesive relationship then the order of the

sentence is not a text, but a texture (2). A cohesive relationship is very

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important in composing a text or utterances that play a role so that the reader

or listener can know the contents of text or speech with ease and clarity.

This research is important to do because the readers or listeners are

often found the difficulties to get the point of the message delivered. By

knowing and learning more about anaphora and cataphora, the readers or

listeners are expected to be more easily receiving the message obtained by

using aspects of anaphora and cataphora. Therefore, this research will analyze

more about anaphora and cataphora cohesion using the theory of Halliday and

Hasan in TED (Technology, Entertainment, and Design) Talks script entitled

The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by Sophie Andrews.

B. Focus of the Study

This research will be focused on the aspects are oftenly used and the

role of anaphora and cataphora in the references contained in sentences in

TED Talks script entitled The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by

Sophie Andrews.

C. Research Question

Based on the background of the research as stated above, the

researcher found several research questions to identify concerning the TED

Talks script entitled The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by Sophie

Andrews. These are the following questions:

1. What are the aspects of endophora oftenly used in the text?

2. How does the role of anaphora and cataphora contain in the text?

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D. Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this research is useful to broaden the knowledge for the

reader about anaphora and cataphora and to enhance more insights about the

continuity of a sentence by reviewing the existing dictions both orally and in

writing.

Practically, this research can help to determine referral cohesion so

that readers or listeners can more easily get the point of the message in both

utterance and reading.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

Based on the background and focus of the research above, this

research is aimed to know the aspects often used and to explain the role of

anaphora and cataphora in the references contained in sentences on TED

Talks script entitled The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by

Sophie Andrews.

2. Method of the Research

The method that is used in this research is a descriptive qualitative

method. The qualitative descriptive method is a research method that is

not designed to use statistical procedures in a problem. Qualitative

research usually prioritizes processes, authenticity, and events and

involves a substantial number of subjects. Methods with qualitative

research also tend to use logic and which will produce a context that leads

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to the theory or pattern of social phenomena (Somantri, 58). This research

is a qualitative research that discusses the combination of word sentences

in terms of anaphora and cataphora associated with the cohesion of a

sentence.

3. Instrument of the Research

The instrument of the research is the writer herself and the script of the

video obtained from TED’s official website. The writer will analyze the

script of the video entitled The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by

Sophie Andrews.

4. Unit of Analysis

The writer used the script of the video provided by TED’s official

website to choose some anaphora and cataphora aspects and the cohesion

based on the focus of the study. The writer chooses the program because

TED is an organization that collects inspirational figures from various

fields to present presentations at a conference. This program can also

inspire and motivate people who experience various issues in life. The

video that will be watched is The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen

by Sophie Andrews published on March 2018. The script of the video

contains 2.293 words and the duration is 14 minutes and 24 seconds.

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5. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

The writer takes several steps in collecting and analyzing the data.

After all the data have been collected, then the writer starts to analyze the

data. Here are some steps taken:

a) Identifying the corpus of the study which is the script of the video

in TED’s official website (https://www.ted.com/) published on

March 2018 by focusing on anaphora and cataphora contained in

the text.

b) Classifying the data containing anaphora, cataphora and types of

references in the text using relevant theories.

c) Reducing the data by data reduction process.

d) Analyzing the aspects and the role of anaphora and cataphora

found in the text.

e) Explaining the data having been analyzed.

f) Concluding the study based on the data analysis.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

The discussion of references has been a long-standing material for

research by many writers, especially regarding anaphora and cataphora. The

writer found some researchers regarding anaphoric references. The first

research is entitled "Looking Back and Looking Forward: Anaphora and

Cataphora in Italian" written by Emily Fedele and Elsi Kaiser. This study is

predominantly focused on the anaphora aspect of the word phrase. The results

showed that both the processing constraints and the grammatical properties of

the referrer expression contributed to the result of the reference resolution: the

parser attempted to release an unresolved pronoun when first encountered due

to a processing load to store unresolved pronouns in memory although some

of these contrast with the specific nature of the grammar. Later, along with

related research, writers found that strong grammar principles (Binding

Theory) were powerful enough to "block" processing effects, contributing to

our view of how various components of language processing interact.

The next research is conducted by Rana Azarizad and Iman Tohidian

with the title "A Comparative Study on The Frequency of The Usage of

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Cataphora and Anaphora in English and Persian Narratives". The method

used in this research is a descriptive method with the aim of describing

anaphora references and cataphora contained in the essay of Persian and

English language. The basic theory used in this research is the theory put

forward by Halliday and Hasan. Sources of data used are data derived from

essays of Persian and English essays. Then the results of the study mentioned

that the reference of anaphora is more often appear compared with the

cataphora in the Persian language narrative and more common to use

compared with the English narrative.

Another research found entitled “Anaphoric Reference in Written

Narratives of Good and Poor Elementary School Writers” written by Elsa

Jaffe Bartlett. This study focuses on the development of children’s skill in

producing coherent anaphoric reference in written narrative texts. This study

analyzed the effect of the two co-referential contexts and the changes in

thematic focus on noun phrases. The results indicate that poor writers are

relatively insensitive to the restraint of more difficult coreferential context, but

they are as sensitive as good writers for the effect of changes in thematic

focus.

The next research is "Third person anaphoric reference by Turkish

speakers of French" written by Mustafa Mavasoglu. This study aims to find

anaphoric expression by speakers from Turkish of French in his spontaneous

speech. The material used in this research is an animated cartoon that dubbed

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into the french language, called ‘A Christmas Carol’. The results of this

research indicate that the excessive use of third person pronouns is almost

cumulative in students. The use of this aggregate is likely to be further

discussed in other fields of study.

The last research is "Anaphoric reference in clinical reports:

Characteristics of an annotated corpus" written by Wensy W. Chapman,

Guergana K. Savova, Jiaping Zheng, Melissa Tharp, and Rebecca Crowley.

The researchers annotated a set of 180 clinical reports from two institutions to

indicate all anaphor-ante-cedent pairs. The results of this research that

anaphoric reference is prevalent in all types of clinical reports, that

annotations of the noun phrase, semantic type, and section headings may be

especiallt important for automated resolution of anaphoric reference. The

separate modules for reference may be required for different report type,

institutions and types of anaphors.

The five studies already mentioned above have their respective

differences. In this research, the differences to previous studies are the topics

to be studied are anaphora, cataphora, and cohesion using a script from the

official website of TED as its corpus. The writer will analyze the role of

anaphora and cataphora in TED Talks scripts entitled The Best Way to Help is

Often Just to Listen by Sophie Andrews. This research will focus on the script

of the video that provided by TED’s official website.

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B. Text and Context

According to Halliday and Hasan, text is in various forms in

linguistics, oral or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. Text is a

unit of language used and is not determined by the length of the text but by a

realization. This is one unit of semantics which is a unit of meaning (1). They

stated, “a text does not CONSIST of sentences; it is REALIZED BY, or

encoded in, sentences” (2). A text has texture, which distinguishes that a text

can be said to be text or not. The function of texture itself is as a unity with

respect to its environment. A text can be said as text if it consists of more than

one sentence and has certain linguistics features present in that passage which

can be identified as contributing to its total unity and giving it texture (2).

Context has its meaning as 'accompanying the text'. In giving the

meaning of a message delivered to the reader, a text has a situation that

functions in delivering a message. In other words, a reader will understand

what is being discussed when there is a situation in the text. Halliday

proposed three contexts of situation features, namely Field, Mode, and Tenor.

First, field is a social action by the writer or speaker that is happening in a text

or topic to be discussed. Second, mode is part of context of situation that

appeared to discuss what part of the language is being played, what is

expected of the writer in the language delivered. This also explains what form

of the text will be used by the writer. Third, tenor is part of a context of

situation that discusses who takes part of the text or in other words the

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relationship between the writer and the reader (22). In this case, field, mode,

and tenor can be used in oral or written form.

C. Cohesion

Cohesion is the most appropriate concept to address in the field of

semantics since it is related to the meaning in the text in which it will prove

the sentences as a text. A cohesive aspect can only be set when the same word

matches its scope, such as 'animal'. Some forms of cohesion can be

manifested in the form of grammar or vocabulary (Halliday and Hasan 5).

Cohesion is defined as part of a language system that has a role in the

formation of a sentence. It determines how the structure of a sentence in a

discourse becomes coherent and related to one another (Anjani 289). It is

explained that the word 'cat' cannot be forced to have its own cohesive aspect.

In cohesion there is a role or function which is enabled by the aspect of

endophora, called cohesive relation. A cohesive relation must refer to the

same thing (Halliday and Hasan 3). They stated that, “…cohesion is effected

not by the presence of the reffering item alone but by the presence of both

reffering item and the item that it refers to.” (2-3). There is also a cohesive

chain where it refers back to the previous reference repeatedly (15).

Some forms of cohesion can be explained by grammar or vocabulary.

When speakers utter more general meanings to the hearer, then it becomes

more specific to the meaning through the vocabulary. This is divided into two;

grammatical and lexical cohesion (6). The grammatical cohesion expressed

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through grammatical systems, which consist of many types such as; reference,

substitution, conjunction, and ellipsis (Anjani 289). As explained earlier,

cohesion has a function in determining the order of a sentence or paragraph.

To explain more about cohesion, see the following example:

(2) “It’s cloudy. We should prepare an umbrella.”

The sentence explains that the weather is cloudy and it will rain so it is

advisable to prepare an umbrella. These sentences have cohesion where one

sentence with each other is related because they have a situation in a text,

which helps the reader to understand the message.

D. Reference

References are areas of research that deal with how languages relate to

the world. References can also be defined as static relationships between

expressions and things that are expressed (Bublitz and Norrick 347). On the

other hand, references are not done by an expression, but this is something

where one can use expressions to do something (Strawson 28). Thus, in

discourse analysis, reference is used as the action of a writer. It can be used in

written or spoken. References are usually used to describe a term which

requires another reference to interpret what is spoken (Halliday Hasan 31).

Halliday and Hasan (37) then claim that references are divided into three

types, namely:

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1. Personal reference, is the reference used and play a role in the

conversation situation. The terms are: I, you, we, they, she, he, it, mine,

yours, ours, his, hers, theirs, its, us, him, her, them, my, your, our, his,

her, their, its, one’s and one (generalized human) (38).

2. Demonstrative reference, which is the reference used to refer to the

place. These are the following terms: this, that, those, these, here, there,

now, then, and the (57).

3. Comparative reference, which is an indirect reference usually used to

compare something that has similarities. The following terms are used in

comparative reference: same, equal, identical, identically, such similar,

so similarly likewise, other different else, differently, otherwise (76).

Based on Halliday and Hasan (32), reference is also divided into

situational and textual. Briefly, situational references or often referred to

exophora lead to "things that are in sight," whereas textual references or

endophora lead to things that are in the text or "things that just

mentioned." For more details, an explanation of exophora and endophora

will be described further below.

1. Exophora

Exophora or situational reference is a designation relation whose

reference is designated from outside the text (Junaiyah and Arifin 14-15).

One example of the exophora reference is in the sentence:

(3) Look at that!

15

In this sentence the that word is an exophora reference because the

relation of the interpreted appointment comes from outside the text.

Another example that can explain more about exophoric reference is a

conversation with a father along with his son.

(4) Son: I wonder where that will sleep for tonight.

Father: that what?

Son: that one!

Father: where?

Son: that one, over there!

Father: that one what?

Son: the birds there whose nests are thrown away by you.

The conversation above is another example where the son uses

exophoric reference that. In the conversation, it is explained that the focus

on the child is not necessarily on the focus of his father or the person that

he is talking to.

2. Endophora

An endophora or textual reference is a reference that has a relation to

the appointment if the relation of the word designated is in the text

(Junaiyah and Arifin 14). The following examples below are endophora

references:

(5) Mrs. Claire has done her work. She prepares to go home.

(6) After he met his missing card, Andy feels so happy.

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The examples in (5) and (6) are two different types of endophora

references, named as anaphora and cataphora.

2.1 Anaphora

Anaphora is a variation used by speakers or writers to maintain

its reference which has item, such as pronoun, to refer back to

something that has gone earlier (Halliday and Hasan 2). Yule stated

that anaphora is "the second or subsequent expression" in the text (23).

Another explanation about anaphora according to Anjani has

explained in her journal that the anaphora includes references to the

constituents on the left and the constituents on the right (290). While

according to Barss, anaphora is a relationship between proform with

antecedent where anaphora interpretation can sometimes be explained

by interpretation of antecedent (78). The anaphoric reference to the

element mentioned or the element that has been written temporarily

for cataphora is in the element that has not been mentioned (Junaiyah

and Arifin 35). Then, from some explanations that have been

described, it can be concluded that anaphora is a reference that exists

in the sentence and the reference point is on the right. Examples of

anaphora are:

(7) Look at the boy. He runs so quickly.

(8) I saw Mrs. Annie today. She has a very beautiful face.

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In the sentence (7) it can be proved that the anaphora contained in

the sentence is he that refers to the boy in the previous sentence. Then

the same is done in a sentence (8) which has anaphora she which refers

to Mrs. Annie. Anaphora gives the cohesive relation if the text can be

interpreted as a whole sentence (Halliday and Hasan 2)

2.2 Cataphora

Halliday and Hasan stated that, cataphora is the use of pronoun

which explained before the reference. It is the opposite direction of

anaphora (17). According to Yule, cataphora cannot be interpreted

until the next noun phrase is presented (23). Meanwhile, Trnavac and

Taboada stated in their journal; cataphora is the opposite of anaphora.

In cataphora, pronouns are used before the reference is explained. This

is rare and has special limits (68). The word is on the left of the

sentence which will become the reference for the next phrase.

Cataphora rarely appears in a sentence when compared with anaphora.

Examples for cataphora can be seen below:

(9) It is going down so quickly, the water.

(10) If her house is far from school, Nina has to use a bicycle.

In the examples given above, the first sentence (9) has a cataphora

in the front of the sentence; it refers to the water. While in the sentence

(10) the reference used is Nina with her as its word.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

This chapter will mainly discuss the data that have been collected in

TED Talks script entitled The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by

Sophie Andrews. This chapter contains twenty-two data collected by the

writer through the script that is provided in TED’s official website. The table

below shows the data that contain anaphora and cataphora aspects in the

video.

Table 1. Selected Anaphora and Cataphora Aspects

No

.

DATA ASPECT

REFERENCE

TYPE

MINUTE

1.

a. “After cutting her arm

with a broken glass, she

fell into a fitful, exhausted

sleep on the railway station

platform.”

b. “The 14-year-old that

Cataphora

Personal

Reference

- 00:12

- 02:42

19

made that call was me.”

2.

a. “Back to him.”

b. “I was being sexually

abused by my father and

his friends.”

Cataphora

Personal

Reference

- 01:01

- 02:53

3.

a. “If he doesn’t kill me”

b. “I was being sexually

abused by my father and

his friends.”

Cataphora

Personal

Reference

- 02:17

- 02:53

4.

a. “She came out of the

station and into a phone

box nearby”.

b. “That was me in the

phone box.”

Anaphora

Demonstrative

Reference

- 01:18

- 02:45

5.

“I was without hope and

wanted to die. And that’s

where the Samaritans came

in.”

Anaphora

Demonstrative

Reference

03:24

6.

“During my teenage years,

when I was most desperate,

Samaritans became my

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

03:53

20

lifeline. They promised me

total confidentiality. And

that allowed me to trust

them.”

7.

“And at 21, I contacted

Samaritans again. This

time because I wanted to

become a volunteer.”

Anaphora

Demonstrative

Reference

04:24

8.

“So in the 1980s, when I

called Samaritans, child

abuse was a subject no one

wanted to talk about.

Victims were often

blamed, victims were often

judged. And it was a topic

of shame, and no one really

wanted to talk about it.”

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

06:22

9.

“Loneliness and isolation

have profound health

impacts. Being lonely can

have a significant impact

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

06:49

21

on your own well-being.

Recent systematic review

of research actually said

that it increased the

mortality rates, or

premature death rates, by

up to 30 percent. It can

lead to higher blood

pressure, higher levels of

depression …”

10.

“Loneliness is actually

more harmful that smoking

15 cigarettes ... It's also

associated with higher

levels of dementia.”

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

07:17

11.

“And a recent landmark

study gave us a very good,

clear definition of what

loneliness is. And it said

it's a subjective,

unwelcome feeling of a

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

07:47

22

lack or loss of

companionship.”

12.

“But for me, a volunteer

giving up their time and

listening to me without

judgment in a confidential

way, had such a huge, life-

changing effect for me.

And that was something

that really stayed with me.”

Anaphora

Demonstrative

Reference

08:20

13.

“I guess it's a really simple

idea, setting up a

helpline.”

Cataphora

Personal

Reference

09:46

14.

“My favorite group is the

music group, where

people, every week, play

musical instruments down

the phone to each other ….

But they do have fun.”

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

10:39

15.

Woman: I'm alright, thank

you.

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

11:21

11:23

23

Alan: I'm pleased to hear it.

16.

Woman: (Coughs) Oh,

sorry. (Coughs) Excuse me

about that.

Anaphora

Demonstrative

Reference

11:49

17.

Woman: … And now, here

I am, sitting in my own

home in my dressing gown

still, and using the

telephone, isn't it

wonderful?

Alan: It is.

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

11:58

18.

“So Silver Line, I guess,

are now helping older

people in the same way

that Samaritans has helped

me. They’re there 24/7,

they’re listening

confidentially and quite

often not giving any

advice.”

Cataphora Comparative

Reference 12:17

19.

And one person quite

simply came back and said,

for the first time in her

Anaphora

Personal

Reference

12:50

24

life..”

20.

“.. she had what we would

call in the sport cricket a

wicketkeeper, and what

you would call in baseball,

a catcher.”

“But for the first time in

her life, she had that

catcher.”

Anaphora

Demonstrative

Reference

- 12:59

- 13:14

21.

“…which in turn has

helped me just to believe a

little bit more in myself,

which has been so

important.”

Cataphora

Comparative

Reference

13:48

22.

“This is my catcher. So

that's Pam.”

Cataphora

Demonstrative

Reference

13:58

B. Data Analysis

This chapter will explain anaphora and cataphora as well as their roles

in TED talk script entitled The Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by

25

Sophie Andrews. This section will answer the research questions mentioned

earlier in chapter one. The data that have been collected are twenty-two data

in a video selected by the writer via a script provided by TED’s official

website.

Datum 1

a. “After cutting her arm with a broken glass, she fell into a fitful,

exhausted sleep on the railway station platform.”

b. “The 14-year-old that made that call was me.”

In datum (a), the speaker is trying to tell the story about her bad

experience when she was a child. She had a child abuse which has been done

by her father and her father’s friends. She escaped from home and tried to cut

her arm with a broken glass. In (b), the speaker begins to reveal the identity of

a girl she mentioned before in the story.

As noted in the table, the word her and she in a sentence that is in

minute 00:12 refers to someone who is described in The 14-year-old that

made that call was me in minute 02:42. Based on the example (9) and the

theory in Chapter II, the aspect of endophora that appears is cataphora because

pronoun is used before the reference is explained. This cataphora aspect uses

personal reference, her and she. The datum found above show that the

cataphora aspect existed in the first datum is not contained in one sentence or

utterance. The role of cataphora in this datum gives the sentences a cohesive

relation. It exists between her, she, and The 14-year-old that made that call

26

was me which affected by the presence of both pronoun and the item that it

refers to.

Datum 2

a. “Back to him.”

b. “I was being sexually abused by my father and his friends.”

Part (a) in this datum tells about the moment when she was running

away from home. She started to bleed, needed stitches and hospital.

Unfortunately, if she comes to the hospital, the doctor would send her back to

her father, back to him. In part (b), the speaker starts to reveal who is him and

what he did to her in the story back then.

In this part of the speech, the speaker said “Back to him” in minute

01:01 where she used the personal reference him to refer to a sentence or

utterance that are still far to be explained. It refers to the sentence in minute

02:53 which reads, “I was being sexually abused by my father and his

friends.” So, him in “back to him” is referring to the speaker’s father. Based

on the example (10) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of endophora that

is used in the second datum is cataphora because it cannot be interpreted until

the next noun phrase is presented. The role of cataphora in this datum gives

the sentences a cohesive relation which exists between him and my father that

affected by the presence of both referring item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 3

27

a. “If he doesn’t kill me...”

b. “I was being sexually abused by my father and his friends.”

Part (a) of the datum explains where the speaker came to a phone box

nearby the station and then tried to make a call. She called Samaritans and

told them that she just wanted to end herself. She was really desperate and

surrenders. She also told them that if her father did not kill her, then she

would kill herself. In part (b) the speaker starts to reveal who is he in the

story. Samaritans is a 24/7 confidential helpline in the UK for those who

might be feeling desperate or suicidal.

In the third datum above, the writer found another cataphora aspect

contained in "if he doesn’t kill me…" in minute 02:17 which has a personal

reference he in the sentence. This personal reference refers to a sentence that

is in minute 02:53, "I was being abused by my father and his father."

Therefore, he refers to my father or the father of the speaker just as the second

datum. Based on the example (9) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of

endophora that is used by the speaker is cataphora because pronoun is used

before the reference is explained. The role of cataphora in this datum gives the

sentences a cohesive relation. It lies between he and my father which refer to

the same thing.

Datum 4

a. “She came out of the station and into a phone box nearby”.

28

b. “That was me in the phone box.”

Part (a) in this datum tells about a condition or a moment where the

speaker told that she just came out of the station and went to the phone box

nearby after three days stayed in the station. In part (b), the speaker explains

who was in the phone box. She explains that the girl in the story was her.

This datum is still related to the past story of the speaker. There is a

situation explained in minute 01:48, She came out of the station and into a

nearby phone box which is referenced by a demonstrative reference that in

phrase "That was me in the phone box." in minute 02:45. Just like the

previous datum, the reference is at a different and far-reaching minutes. Based

on the example (7) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of endophora that

she used is anaphora because the reference is explained before pronoun. The

role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a cohesive relation that

exists between She came out of the station and into a nearby phone box and

that which affected by the presence of both referring item and the item that it

refers to.

Datum 5

“I was without hope and wanted to die. And that’s where the Samaritans

came in.”

29

The datum above explains a condition where the speaker started to

show her despair when she was a child. She felt so vulnerable and desperate

that the only thing she was thinking about is to end her life. When that

happened, Samaritans come as a savior.

In this datum, the demonstrative reference that refers to an event

which then described in the previous sentence; I was without hope and wanted

to die. Therefore, based on the example (8) and the theory in Chapter II, the

aspect of endophora that is used by the speaker is anaphora because the

reference is explained before pronoun. The role of anaphora in this datum

gives the sentences a cohesive relation which exists between that and I was

without hope and wanted to die that referring to the same thing.

Datum 6

“During my teenage years, when I was most desperate, Samaritans

became my lifeline. They promised me total confidentiality. And that

allowed me to trust them.”

In this datum, the speaker explains how the role of Samaritans in her

life. They came in her life as the savior of her depression. They also promised

secrecy so it makes her trusts Samaritans as her lifeline.

This datum has two personal references they and them in the second

sentence; "They promised me total confidentiality" and third; "and that

30

allowed me to trust them." Both of these personal references refer to one name

of the institution called Samaritans in the first sentence; “During my teenage

years, when I was most desperate, Samaritans became my lifeline” in minute

03:53. The aspect of endophora that the speaker used is anaphora because the

reference is explained before pronoun, based on the example (7) and the

theory in Chapter II. The role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a

cohesive relation. It exists between they, them, and Samaritans which refer to

the same thing.

Datum 7

“And at 21, I contacted Samaritans again. This time because I wanted to

become a volunteer.”

This datum tells about the time when the speaker became a volunteer

in Samaritans. In the age 21, she contacted them and offered herself to

become a volunteer. She wanted to do it because Samaritans helped her at her

worst time and pay something back to the organization that had saved her life.

In the second sentence, this as a demonstrative reference is refers to at

21 in minute 04:24 which is in the first sentence. The aspect of endophora that

is used by the speaker is anaphora because pronoun is used to refer back to

something that has been mentioned earlier, based on the example (8) and the

theory in Chapter II. The role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a

cohesive relation which affected by this and at 21.

31

Datum 8

“So in the 1980s, when I called Samaritans, child abuse was a subject no

one wanted to talk about. Victims were often blamed, victims were often

judged. And it was a topic of shame, and no one really wanted to talk

about it.”

This datum explains the child abuse which experienced by the speaker

that occurred in 1980. The topic about child abuse at that time was very rarely

discussed because victims are often blamed and judged.

Based on the example (7) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of

endophora that is used by the speaker is anaphora because the reference is

explained before pronoun. This can be proven by two personal references; it,

in “And it was a topic of shame, and no one really wanted to talk about it."

which is contained in the third sentence of the datum. Both of these personal

references it refer to the child abuse mentioned in the first sentence of this

datum. The role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a cohesive

relation which exists in both it and child abuse that affected by the presence of

both referring item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 9

“Loneliness and isolation have profound health impacts. Being lonely can

have a significant impact on your own well-being. Recent systematic

32

review of research actually said that it increased the mortality rates, or

premature death rates, by up to 30 percent. It can lead to higher blood

pressure, higher levels of depression …”

In this datum, the speaker tells the audience about the impacts of

loneliness and isolation. The topic of loneliness and isolation is discussions

that are currently becoming a problem in the society at this time.

The aspect of endophora in this datum is anaphora because pronoun is

used to refer back to something that has been mentioned earlier, based on the

example (8) and the theory in Chapter II. There are two personal references,

it, which exists in the third and fourth sentences of the datum. These two

personal references refer to a condition that lies at the beginning of the

sentence, loneliness and isolation in minute 06:49. The role of anaphora in

this datum gives the sentences a cohesive relation that lies in it and loneliness

and isolation which affected by the presence of both referring item and the

item that it refers to.

Datum 10

“Loneliness is actually more harmful that smoking 15 cigarettes ... It's

also associated with higher levels of dementia.”

The datum above explains that the speaker is still talking about the

consequences of loneliness where it is more dangerous than smoking 15

cigarettes. Loneliness can also lead to the risk of dementia disease attack.

33

The datum has a personal reference it that exists in the second

sentence of the datum. Pronoun it refers to the loneliness that exist in the first

sentence of the datum which means the aspect of endophora that contains in

this datum is anaphora because the reference point is on the right. It based on

the example (7) and the theory in Chapter II In this datum, the role of

anaphora gives the sentences a cohesive relation which lies between it and

loneliness. This cohesive relation affected by the presence of both referring

item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 11

“And a recent landmark study gave us a very good, clear definition of

what loneliness is. And it said it's a subjective, unwelcome feeling of a

lack or loss of companionship.”

This datum shows that the speaker gives a clearer explanation of the

loneliness based on a recent research. She explained that loneliness is caused

by lack of companionship.

The datum above has two personal references it in the second sentence

of the datum. Both of these personal references are the same but refer to the

different thing. The first it on "and it said...” refers to a recent landmark

study... which exists at the beginning of the sentence in the datum.

Meanwhile, the second it in "it's a subjective..." refers to loneliness which is

still in the same sentence as the previous reference in minute 07:47. Based on

34

the example (8) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of endophora that

contained in this datum is anaphora that gives the sentences a cohesive

relation. This cohesive relation exists in both it, a recent landmark study, and

loneliness.

Datum 12

“But for me, a volunteer giving up their time and listening to me without

judgment in a confidential way, had such a huge, life-changing effect for

me. And that was something that really stayed with me.”

The datum above explains that the speaker shows how the role of a

volunteer when she was a child. It is very influential and give the caller peace

of mind for events that happened to them. It gives a special impression to the

speaker too.

Pronoun that which in “And that was something that really stayed

with me” is a demonstrative reference. It refers to the condition that described

in a previous sentence “…a volunteer giving up their time and listening to me

without judgment in a confidential way…” This means that the aspect of

endophora that contains in this datum is anaphora because the reference is

explained before pronoun. It based on the example (7) and the theory in

Chapter II. The role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a cohesive

relation that lies between that and a volunteer giving up their time and

listening to me without judgment in a confidential way.

35

Datum 13

“I guess it's a really simple idea, setting up a helpline.”

In this datum, the speaker tells the audience about the importance of

setting up a helpline for those who need helps. This can be someone who

might be calling because they are suicidal, reporting abuse, or just given up on

life as she has experienced.

Based on the example (10) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of

endophora that contains in this datum is cataphora because it cannot be

interpreted until the next noun phrase is presented. It can be seen in “I guess

it's a really simple idea...” Pronoun it is a personal reference that is used by

the speaker to refer to a condition in the next line; setting up a helpline which

exists in a sentence that separated by a comma. The aspect of endophora that

contained in this datum is cataphora that gives the sentences a cohesive

relation. This cohesive relation exists in both it, and setting up a helpline.

Datum 14

“My favorite group is the music group, where people, every week, play

musical instruments down the phone to each other …. But they do have

fun.”

This datum explains that the speaker launched a national helpline just

for older people which in the United Kingdom called The Silver Line. It is

there to support lonely and isolated people. The Silver line itself is a group

36

conference calls where people can talk about their shared interest. Afterwards,

she shares about her favorite group that is a music group.

In the datum that has been mentioned above, the aspect of endophora

that contains in this datum is anaphora because the reference is explained

before pronoun. It based on the example (8) and the theory in Chapter II. The

personal reference they in the third sentence, refers to a group of people that

the speaker uttered in the first sentence, in minute 10:39, “My favorite group

is the music group where people, every week…” It describes the people that

join the same shared interest in a music group which contains in different

sentence and minute. Therefore, the role of anaphora in this datum gives the

sentences a cohesive relation which exists in they and the music group that

affected by the presence of both referring item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 15

Woman: I'm alright, thank you.

Alan: I'm pleased to hear it.

This datum explains that the speaker wants to show that the Silver

Line is not only about sadness, but also about laughter. This is because they

want to cherish the wonderful lives of older people and all the experiences

that they bring. Therefore, she shows one of Silver Line calls with the older

people in audio who just started the conversation.

37

In this datum, the aspect of endophora that contains in this datum is

anaphora because pronoun is used to refer back to something that has been

mentioned earlier. It based on the example (7) and the theory in Chapter II.

The first sentence explains the condition of the caller and she said “I’m

alright, thank you” in minute 11:21. Then, the second sentence contains

personal reference it in “I’m pleased to hear it” that is in minute 11:23. This

personal reference refers to the condition of the caller, which is I’m alright.

Therefore, the role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a cohesive

relation. This cohesive relation exists between it and I’m alright which lies in

the different minutes and sentences.

Datum 16

Woman: (Coughs) Oh, sorry. (Coughs) Excuse me about that.

This datum is still in the same condition as the previous datum where

conversations were shown between a woman and the operator of Silver Lines.

In this occasion, the woman was coughing while on a call with them, so that

their conversation was slightly disturbed.

The first and the second sentences show that the woman apologizes for

the cough during the conversation. She said, “Excuse me about that.” The

word that in the sentence is a demonstrative reference which refers to a

moment where she was coughing as described in the script (a cough). Based

on the example (7) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of endophora that

38

contains in this datum is anaphora because pronoun is used to refer back to

something that has been mentioned earlier. The role of anaphora in this datum

gives the sentences a cohesive relation which exists in that and a cough as

written in the script. This cohesive relation affected by the presence of both

referring item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 17

Woman: … And now, here I am, sitting in my own home in my dressing

gown still, and using the telephone, isn't it wonderful?

Alan: It is.

This datum shows that the woman who made a call described the

situation when she was talking to the operator of Silver Line. She was so

happy with her situation. In here, the speaker explains that this kind of

conversation is not a common thing done by the caller to the Silver Line, to

take them to be a part of their family.

According to the datum shown above, the aspect of endophora that

contains in this datum is anaphora because the reference is explained before

pronoun. It based on the example (8) and the theory in Chapter II. In here, the

writer found two personal references it spoken by different people. There is a

condition that was being told by her in the first sentence, “…here I am, sitting

in my own home in my dressing gown still, and using the telephone,”

meanwhile the next line she said “isn’t it wonderful?” then the operator

39

answered “It is.” This personal reference it that the woman and the man said

are refers to the situation of the woman that has been mentioned in the first

sentence, sitting in my own home in my dressing gown still, and using the

telephone. Therefore, the role of anaphora in this datum gives the sentences a

cohesive relation which lies in both it and sitting in my own home in my

dressing gown still, and using the telephone.

Datum 18

“So Silver Line, I guess, are now helping older people in the same way that

Samaritans has helped me. They’re there 24/7, they’re listening

confidentially and quite often not giving any advice.”

In this datum, the speaker tells the audience about the similarity

between the Silver Line and Samaritans, the place that has helped her during

her bad time when she was a child.

The speaker used comparative reference in this datum as in “the same

way that Samaritans has helped me.” She is trying to give the similarity about

the Silver Line, with the old ones, Samaritans, which help her to get through

her bad times. She used a comparative reference same to distinguish them.

Based on the example (10) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of

endophora that contains in this datum is cataphora because she is using

comparative references same at something which has not been mentioned.

40

The cataphora aspect in this datum has role to give a cohesive relation

between in the same way that Samaritans has helped me and They’re there

24/7, they’re listening confidentially and quite often not giving any advice

Datum 19

“…And one person quite simply came back and said, for the first time in

her life…”

In this datum, the speaker is trying to tell the audience about the

survey that the Silver Line has done to three thousand older people. They

asked about how was their service that has been given to all of them. She also

informed that there was someone who mentioned how the service is.

This datum contains personal reference her that can be proved in the

second sentence, “…for the first time in her life...” Pronoun her is referring to

someone that have been mentioned in the first sentence of the datum, which is

one person. The aspect of endophora that appears in this datum is anaphora

because the reference is explained before pronoun. It based on the example (7)

and the theory in Chapter II. Therefore, the role of anaphora in this datum

gives the sentences a cohesive relation which lies in one person and her which

affected by the presence of both referring item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 20

“.. she had what we would call in the sport cricket a wicketkeeper, and what

you would call in baseball, a catcher.”

41

“But for the first time in her life, she had that catcher.”

In this datum, the speaker explained in more detail the opinion from

one of the Silver Line callers about its services. Her opinion about the Silver

Line is precious to her because for the first time in her life she has a place to

share. She calls it a ‘catcher’ as in a baseball.

In this datum, there is an explanation about the condition after the

existence of the Silver Line in one of the customer’s life. As stated in minute

12:59, “…she had what we would call in the sport cricket a wicketkeeper, and

what you would call in baseball, a catcher.” Meanwhile, in minute 13:14, the

speaker said, “…she had that catcher…” The word that is a demonstrative

reference that locating and referring to a condition in minute 12:59. Therefore,

the aspect of endophora that appears in this datum is anaphora because

pronoun is used to refer back to something that has been mentioned earlier. It

based on the example (8) and the theory in Chapter II. The role of anaphora in

here gives the sentences a cohesive relation even though they are in different

sentences and minutes. This cohesive relation is exists between that and what

we would call in the sport cricket a wicketkeeper, and what you would call in

baseball.

Datum 21

“…which in turn has helped me just to believe a little bit more in myself,”

42

This datum is talking about the speaker’s personal experience. She

said that she often been lucky when she talked about her life. She also said the

reason why she is always lucky and explained that many people are on her

side at her right time; encourage her to believe more in herself.

This datum contains comparative reference in thie sentence. The word

that representing the comparative reference is more in to believe a little bit

more in myself. The speaker was not too believed in herself back then when

she was at her bad times. This time, she shows that someone who is on her

side could convince her to believe a little bit more in herself. Based on the

example (10) and the theory in Chapter II, the aspect of endophora that

appears in this datum is cataphora because she is using comparative references

more at something which has not been mentioned. The role of cataphora in

this datum gives the sentences a cohesive relation which lies in more and

myself. This cohesive relation is affected by the presence of both referring

item and the item that it refers to.

Datum 22

“This is my catcher. So that's Pam.”

The datum above explains a circumstance where the speaker is trying

to show the audience about her ‘catcher.’ She shows the picture of her

‘catcher’ who helped her through her bad times and she is the one who picked

43

up the telephone in the phone box thirty years ago. Therefore, the speaker

feels so grateful to her ‘catcher’ because of the only act called ‘listen.’ Her

name is Pam.

This datum contains two demonstrative references. The first

demonstrative reference in this datum is this which is in the first word of the

sentence, “This is my catcher.” Second, the word that which is in the second

sentence of the datum in “So that’s Pam.” These demonstrative references are

referring to one subject that is explained after them, Pam. Therefore, the

aspect of endophora that appears in this datum is cataphora because it cannot

be interpreted until the next noun phrase is presented. It based on the example

(9) and the theory in Chapter II The role of cataphora in this datum gives the

sentences a cohesive relation which lies in this, and Pam, while that is

exophora. This cohesive relation is affected by the presence of both referring

item and the item that it refers to.

44

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data contained in TED Talks script entitled The

Best Way to Help is Often Just to Listen by Sophie Andrews, the writer found

the conclusion that in expressing a sentence to the hearer, the speaker must

use a reference that can be easily digested by the hearer. In this case, the role

of the aspect of anaphora and cataphora in making the speaker understand the

content of the message is so important that both the speaker and the listener

are able to communicate well. After that, the writer found twenty-two aspects

consisting of the aspects of anaphora and cataphora, as well as the various

types of reference that speaker used in uttering her references.

In twenty-two data found by the writer, there are fifteen aspects of

anaphora and seven aspects of cataphora. Therefore, to answer the first

research question in chapter 1, it can be concluded that the aspects which

often used in the script by the speaker are aspects of anaphora. Anaphora

aspect is an aspect that is often used by the speaker because it is easy to

understand and the listener will immediately know what is being referred. The

45

writer also found twenty-two different reference types that the speaker used in

referring the things that are being referred. The speaker used 13 personal

references, 7 demonstrative references, and 2 comparative references based on

the data that have been collected and analyzed. It also can be concluded that

personal reference is the type that often used by the speaker in the script based

on the data obtained. Meanwhile, the role of anaphora and cataphora is

actually very important to make a cohesive relation of the sentence because it

determines whether a sentence or a clause is ‘cohere’ with each other or not.

From the analysis which has been done by the writer, it can be

concluded that the aspect of anaphora is an aspect that is often used by the

speaker because the hearer will have a better understanding of a conversation

and easily digest the contents of the message. Meanwhile, the cataphora

aspect is rarely used by the speaker because the hearer will not directly

receive the contents of the message delivered. Indeed, in this case it can be

seen that the speaker told her story at the beginning of the video where many

aspects of cataphora were found. However, the hearer would not immediately

know who is being told by the speaker. The cataphora aspects used in the

script are not as much as the anaphora aspects because it is not quite helpful

for the hearer to easily absorb the message.

B. Suggestions

46

Anaphora and cataphora are good topics to analyze. However,

speakers or authors who use references must be clear in determining their

references in speaking or writing. Therefore, the writer suggests the readers to

be able to explore further about the references. Although there are several

aspects which are almost similar in the sense, but different in other aspects

after further investigations were held. Then, the writer also suggests that

readers can analyze this topic in different data and sources both in oral and

written media forms because as its function, mass media as a tool of public

information that disseminated to many people. Therefore, the reference used

must be clear, correct, and easy to understand in order to avoid mistakes for

the readers or hearers.

49

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books :

Barss, A. (Ed.). Anaphora: A reference guide (Vol. 3). John Wiley &

Sons. 2008.

Bublitz, Wolfram., Norrick, N. R. Foundation of Pragmatics. Germany: De Gruyter

Mouton. 2011.

Dardjowidjojo, S. Psikolinguistik: Pengantar pemahaman bahasa manusia. Yayasan

Pustaka Obor Indonesia. 2003.

Gee, J. P. An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. Second Edition.

2005. Routledge.

Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. Cohesion in english. Routledge. 1976. PDF.

Huang, Y. Pragmatics: Second Edition. UK: Oxford University Press. 2014.

Huang, Y. Anaphora and the Pragmatics‐Syntax Interface.The handbook of

pragmatics, 288-314. 2004.

Hurford, J. R., Heasley, B., & Smith, M. B. Semantics: a coursebook. Cambridge

University Press. 2007. Print.

Junaiyah, H. M., & Arifin, E. Z. Keutuhan Wacana. Grasindo. 2010.

Mitkov, R. Anaphora resolution. Routledge. 2014. PDF.

Strawson, P. F. Logico-linguistic papers. Taylor & Francis. 2017.

Thomas, Jenny A. Meaning in interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Routledge.

2014.

Yule, George. The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Journal & Thesis :

Alarcon, Josephine B., and Katrina Ninfa S. Morales. (2011). Grammatical cohesion

in students argumentative essay. International Journal of English and

Literature 2.5: 114-127.

Anjani, E. A. (2013). Kohesi dan Koherensi Wacana Stand Up Comedy Prancis dan

Indonesia. Jurnal Kawistara, 3(3).

Somantri, G. R. (2010). Memahami metode kualitatif.Makara Hubs-Asia, 8(3).

Taboada, M. T. (2004). Building coherence and cohesion: Task-oriented dialogue in

English and Spanish (Vol. 129).John Benjamins Publishing.

Trnavac, R., & Taboada, M. (2016). Cataphora, backgrounding and accessibility in

discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 93, 68-84.

51

APPENDIX

THE BEST WAY TO HELP IS OFTEN JUST TO LISTEN

BY SOPHIE ANDREWS

00:12 After cutting her arm with a broken glass, she fell into a fitful, exhausted

sleep on the railway station platform. Early in the morning, when the station toilets

were opened, she got painfully to her feet, and made her way over to them. When she

saw her reflection in the mirror, she started to cry. Her face was dirty and tearstained;

her shirt was ripped and covered in blood. She looked as if she'd been on the streets

for three months, not three days. She washed herself as best she could. Her arms and

stomach were hurting badly. She tried to clean the wounds, but any pressure she

applied just started the bleeding again. She needed stitches, but there was no way she

would go to a hospital. They'd have sent her back home again. Back to him. She

tightened her jacket -- well, fastened her jacket tightly to cover the blood. She looked

back at herself in the mirror. She looked a little better than before but was past caring.

There was only one thing she could think of doing. She came out of the station and

into a phone box nearby.

01:23 (Telephone rings) (Telephone rings)

01:32 Woman: Samaritans, can I help you? Hello, Samaritans. Can I help you?

01:40 Girl: (Crying) I -- I don't know.

01:42 Woman: What's happened? You sound very upset.

01:46 (Girl cries)

01:50 Woman: Why not start with your name? I'm Pam. What can I call you? Where

are you speaking from? Are you safe?

02:02 Girl: It's a phone box in London.

02:05 Pam: You sound very young. How old are you?

02:08 Girl: Fourteen.

02:10 Pam: And what's happened to make you so upset?

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02:13 Girl: I just want to die. Every day I wake up and wish I was dead. If he doesn't

kill me, then, I think, I want to do it myself.

02:21 Pam: I'm glad you called. Let's start at the beginning.

02:28 Sophie Andrews: Pam continued to gently ask the girl about herself. She didn't

say much; there were lots of silences. But she knew she was there, and having Pam

on the end of the phone felt so comforting. The 14-year-old that made that call was

me. That was me in the phone box. I was running away from home, sleeping rough

on the streets in London. I was being sexually abused by my father and his

friends. I was self-harming every day. I was suicidal. The first time I called

Samaritans, I was 12 and absolutely desperate. It was a few months after my mother

had deserted me, walked out and left me in the family home. And the abuse I was

suffering at the hands of my father and his friends had left me a total wreck. I was

running away, I was missing school, I was arriving drunk. I was without hope and

wanted to die. And that's where Samaritans came in.

03:33 Samaritans has been around since 1953. It's a 24/7 confidential helpline in the

UK for anyone who might be feeling desperate or suicidal. Which I certainly was.

Volunteers answer the phone around the clock every day of the year, and calls are

confidential. During my teenage years, when I was most desperate, Samaritans

became my lifeline. They promised me total confidentiality. And that allowed me

to trust them. Disturbing as they no doubt found my story, they never showed it.

They were always there for me and listened without judgment. Mostly, they gently

encouraged me to get help; I never felt out of control with them -- an interesting

parallel, as I felt so out of control in every other aspect of my life. It felt my self-harm

was probably the only area where I felt I had any control.

04:29 A few years later, I managed to get some control in my life. And I had

appropriate support around me to allow me to live with what had happened. I had

become a survivor of abuse rather than a victim. And at 21, I contacted Samaritans

again. This time because I wanted to become a volunteer. Wanted to pay

something back to the organization that had really saved my life. I knew that the

simple act of listening in an empathetic way could have a profound effect. I knew that

somebody listening to me without judgment would make the biggest difference.

05:07 So I caught up with my education, found someone I could persuade to give me

a job, and I enjoyed my volunteering at Samaritans. And when I say "enjoyed," it's an

odd word to use, because no one would want to think of anyone being in absolute

distress or pain. But I knew that that profound impact of that listening ear and

someone being alongside me at that desperate time had the biggest impact, and I felt a

great sense of fulfillment that I was able to help people as a Samaritan.

53

05:38 In my years volunteering at Samaritans, I was asked to perform many roles.

But I guess the peak came in 2008, when I was asked to chair the organization for

three years. So I had actually gone from that vulnerable caller in the phone box,

desperate for help, to being the national lead for the organization and responsible for

22,000 volunteers. I actually used to joke at the time and say if you really screwed up

as a caller, you might end up running the place.

06:04 (Laughter)

06:05 Which I did. But I guess in a world which is dominated by professionalizing

everything we do, I really understood that that simple act of listening could have such

a life-changing effect. I guess it's a simple concept that can be applied across all areas

of life.

06:22 So in the 1980s, when I called Samaritans, child abuse was a subject no

one wanted to talk about. Victims were often blamed, victims were often judged.

And it was a topic of shame, and no one really wanted to talk about it. Today,

judgment and shame surround a different issue. There's a different stigma that's out

there. And the stigma that's there today is to talk about loneliness. Loneliness and

isolation have profound health impacts. Being lonely can have a significant

impact on your own well-being. Recent systematic review of research actually

said that it increased the mortality rates, or premature death rates, by up to 30

percent. It can lead to higher blood pressure, higher levels of depression, and

actually aligned to mortality rates that might be more associated with alcohol abuse or

smoking cigarettes. Loneliness is actually more harmful that smoking 15

cigarettes. A day. Not in your life, in your day. It's also associated with higher

levels of dementia. So a recent study also found that lonely people are twice at risk

of Alzheimer's disease. Of course, there's many people that live alone who are not

lonely. But being a caregiver for a partner that maybe has dementia can be a very

lonely place.

07:47 And a recent landmark study gave us a very good, clear definition of what

loneliness is. And it said it's a subjective, unwelcome feeling of a lack or loss of

companionship. And it happens when there's a mismatch between the quality and the

quantity of relationships that we have and those that we want. Now in my life, the

best help I've ever received has been from those personal connections and being

listened to in an empathetic way. Professionals, and I'm conscious I'm speaking to a

room of professionals, have a very important place. But for me, a volunteer giving

up their time and listening to me without judgment in a confidential way, had

such a huge, life-changing effect for me. And that was something that really

stayed with me. So as you will have gathered, in my teenage years, I was off the

rails, I was going every day wondering if I'd even live the next day. But that profound

54

impact of the volunteer listening to me stayed with me. When I finally got to a point

in my life where I felt I could live with what had happened, I wanted to pay

something back. And in my experience, people who have been helped in a

transforming way always want to pay something back. So I started paying back by

my 25 years volunteering with Samaritans.

09:05 And then, in 2013, picking up on that whole issue and the new stigma of

loneliness, I launched a new national helpline in the UK for older people, called The

Silver Line, which is there to support lonely and isolated older people. In our short

history, we've taken 1.5 million calls. And I know we're having a big impact, based

on the feedback we get every day. Some people might be calling up for a friendly

chat, maybe some information about local services. Some might be calling because

they're suicidal. Some might be calling up because they're reporting abuse. And some

quite simply, as I was, may have simply just given up on life. I guess it's a really

simple idea, setting up a helpline. And I look back to those early days when I had

the lofty title, I still have, of chief exec, but in the early days, I was chief exec of

myself. Which, I have to say, I had the best meetings ever in my career --

10:00 (Laughter)

10:01 as chief exec of myself. But things have moved on, and now in 2017, we have

over 200 staff listening to older people every day of the year, 24/7. We also have over

3,000 volunteers making weekly friendship calls from their own home. We also, for

people that like the written word, offer Silver Letters, and we write pen-pal letters to

older people who still enjoy receiving a letter. And we also have introduced

something called Silver Circles -- you notice I'm owning the word "silver" here -- put

"silver" in front of it and it's ours. Silver Circles are group conference calls where

people actually talk about shared interests. My favorite group is the music group,

where people, every week, play musical instruments down the phone to each

other. Not always the same tune at the same time.

10:47 (Laughter)

10:48 But they do have fun. And "fun" is an interesting word, because I've talked

very much about desperation, loneliness and isolation. But if you came to our

helpline in the UK, you would also hear laughter. Because at the Silver Line, we do

want to cherish the wonderful lives of older people and all the experiences that they

bring. So here's an example, just a snippet of one of our calls.

11:11 (Audio) Good morning, you're through to the Silver Line. My name's Alan,

how can I help?

55

11:16 Woman: Hello, Alan. Good morning.

11:17 Alan: Hello.

11:19 Woman: (Chipper) Hello!

11:20 Alan: Oh, how are you this morning?

11:21 Woman: I'm alright, thank you.

11:23 Alan: I'm pleased to hear it.

11:24 Woman: What a wonderful thing the telephone is, you know?

11:28 Alan: It's a remarkable invention, isn't it?

11:30 Woman: I remember when I was a little girl, donkey's years ago, if you wanted

to make a phone call to somebody, you had to go to a shop and use the telephone of

the shop and pay the shop for using the telephone and have your phone call. So you

didn't make phone calls just whenever you fancied.

11:48 Alan: Oh, no.

11:49 Woman: (Coughs) Oh, sorry. (Coughs) Excuse me about that. You had to,

you know, confine your phone calls to the absolute essentials. And now, here I am,

sitting in my own home in my dressing gown still, and using the telephone, isn't

it wonderful?

12:07 Alan: It is. (Laughter)

12:10 SA: And that's not untypical of a call we might receive at our helpline. That's

someone who really sees us as part of the family.

12:17 So Silver Line, I guess, are now helping older people in the same way that

Samaritans has helped me. They're there 24/7, they're listening confidentially

and quite often not giving any advice. How often do we really ever listen without

giving advice? It's actually quite hard. Quite often on the phone calls, an older person

would say, "Could you give me some advice, please?" And 20 minutes later, they say,

"Thank you for your advice," and we realize we haven't given any.

12:42 (Laughter)

56

12:43 We've listened and listened, and we haven't interrupted. But to that person,

maybe we have given advice. We recently conducted a survey at The Silver Line to

3,000 older people, to ask them what they thought of the service. And one person

quite simply came back and said, for the first time in her life, she had what we

would call in the sport cricket a wicketkeeper, and what you would call in

baseball, a catcher. I've been here 48 hours, and I'm talking American. They will not

recognize me when I get home.

13:11 (Laughter)

13:12 But for the first time in her life, she had that catcher, which is really, really

important.

13:17 And now it's come full circle, because actually, people that are calling Silver

Line and needing a catcher are now becoming catchers themselves by putting

something back and becoming volunteers and becoming part of our family.

13:29 So I end my talk, really, where I started, talking about my own personal

experience. Because when I talk about my life, I often say that I've been lucky. And

people generally ask me why. And it's because, at every stage of my life, I have been

lucky enough to have someone alongside me at the right time who maybe has

believed in me, which in turn has helped me just to believe a little bit more in

myself, which has been so important. And everyone needs a catcher at some point

in their lives.

13:58 This is my catcher. So that's Pam. And she answered the call to me when I

was that 14-year-old in the phone box, over 30 years ago. So never, ever

underestimate the power of a simple human connection. Because it can be and so

often is the power to save a life.

14:18 Thank you.

14:19 (Applause).