+ All Categories
Home > Environment > An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained...

An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained...

Date post: 08-Apr-2017
Category:
Upload: siani
View: 12 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
16
AN ECOLOGICAL–ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE MITIGATION THROUGH REWETTING PREVIOUSLY DRAINED HEMIBOREAL PEATLANDS Åsa Kasimir, Jessica Coria, Hongxing He, Xiangping Liu, Anna Nordén and Magnus Svensson Department of Earth Sciences [email protected] Biodiversity and Ecosystem services in a Changing Climate
Transcript
Page 1: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

AN ECOLOGICAL–ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE MITIGATION THROUGH REWETTING PREVIOUSLY

DRAINED HEMIBOREAL PEATLANDS

Åsa Kasimir, Jessica Coria, Hongxing He, Xiangping Liu, Anna Nordén and Magnus Svensson

Department of Earth [email protected]

Biodiversity and Ecosystem services in a Changing Climate

Page 2: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

11 Tg CO2e yr-1 18 Tg CO2e yr-1

Page 3: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Wetlands store carbon and plant nutrients

But release some methane

CN

N2O ≈ zero

CH4

CO2

Peat

[email protected]

Page 4: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

When drained; carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions

• Aerated soil makes agriculture and forestry possible.

• Decomposition of peat, the source for CO2 and N2O emission.

• Continues as long as the soil is drained or all peat has disappeared.

C

N

Ditch CO2 N2O

[email protected]

Page 5: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

• Soils contain three times more C than living biomass.• Peatlands contain nearly 30% of the world’s soil carbon

covering 3% of the earth’s land area.• Land use contribute 24% of anthropogenic GHG

emissions

Page 6: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Skogaryd• Spruce forest on drained soil earlier used for agriculture• >1 m deep fertile peat • A lot of measurement data

Page 7: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Climate data - drives the modell• Precipitation• Air temperature• Relative humidity• Global radiation• Wind speed

Calibration; data 2007-2009• Net solar radiation• NEE• Soil emission N2O and CO2 • Soil temperature• Soil water• GWL• Soil energy flow

Skogaryd, drained peat soil CoupModell

Water and energy flow

Plant module

C and N flow module

P.-E. Jansson & D.S. Moon 2001.P.-E. Jansson 2012.

Hongxing He et al. 2016. Factors controlling Nitrous Oxide emission from a spruce forest ecosystem on drained organic soil, derived using the CoupModel. Ecological Modelling

Page 8: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Simulated total GHG balance for the forest ecosystem from 1951 to 2011 and extended to 2031. Note that the GHG balance presented assumes no final harvest.

Before harvest: the total net G

HG

loss over 80 years, 1 Gg CO 2eq ha-1

Hongxing He et al. (2016) Forests on drained agricultural peatland are potentially large sources of greenhouse gases – insights from a full rotation period simulation. Biogeosciences 13, 2305–231

Page 9: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Four scenarios modelled by Coup

aim; to assess emissions and economy

•80 year rotation

1. Spruce, GWL ~40 cm depth (business as usual scenario),

2. Salix, GWL ~20 cm depth,

3. Reed Canary Grass, GWL ~10 cm depth,

4. Rewetting, GWL in the soil surface (~0 cm)

Page 10: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Vegetation Norway spruce Willow RCG Wetland

Average GWL set cm -40 -20 -10 0

Average GWL obtained -48 -22 -13 0

Biomass growthm3 ha-1 yr-1

Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1

15.911.0

13.610.0

26.69.7

1.31

Emissions: Mg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1

CO2 emission 20.1 13.1 6.4 1

N2O emission 3.0 2.4 <0.01 0

CH4 emission (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) 2.6

Leaching:

Leaching of nitrate kg N ha-1 yr-1 32 6.9 5.1 0

Leaching of DON kg N ha-1 yr-1 8.7 4.5 3.7 0

Leaching N into N2O Mg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1 0.3 0.1 0.1

Leaching of DOC Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1 0.11 0.04 0.01 ~0

Mineralized DOC in lakes2 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1 0.2 0.1 0.02

Total GHG emissions3 Mg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1 24 16 6.7 1.3

CoupModel simulation results.

Page 11: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

GHG mitigation by rewetting and vegetation change

Year

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030

Mg C

O2 ha

-1

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

Spruce -40 cm groundwater levelWillow -20 cm groundwater level Reed Caney Grass - 10 cm groundwater levelRewetting to 0 cm groundwater level

by-33%

by-72%

by-89%fro

m s

pruc

e to

will

ow

from

spr

uce

to R

CG

from

spr

uce

to re

wet

Modelled accumulated soil carbon loss

Page 12: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

12

Economics

Products sold on the market minus management cost 3384 1847 1697 0

Concrete /steel replacement Replacement of fossil fuels

1250530

01031

0704

00

Ecosystem Services - Biodiversity 0 0 0 1517

CO2 emission -4371 -3248 -1814 96

CH4 emission -46 -46 -46 -463

N2O emission -741 -660 -1 0

N2O due to nitrate leaching -39 -8 -5 0

CO2 from DOC leaching to water -89 -33 -5 0

Cost of management of ditches/ restoring wetland -14 -14 -14 -404

Net Annuity Value (SEK ha-1 year-1) -136 -1131 516 746

Benefits (SEK ha-1 year-1) (+)

Costs (SEK ha-1 year-1) (-)Marginal damage costs, Social Cost of Carbon SCC= 175.2 SEK ton-1 CO2eq

Page 13: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

GWL, cm

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Biom

ass growth or G

HG

soil emission, M

g CO

2eq ha-1

yr-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Spruce growthWillow growthRCG growthSpruce soil GHGWillow soil GHGRCG soil GHG

GWL Sensitivity of Biomass and GHG emission for scenario 1, 2 and 3

Page 14: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Emission factors, IPCC default and estimated in this project

IPC

C E

F

IPC

C E

F

IPCC EF are for drained wetlands in Temperate climate

Page 15: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

Where to find forest on drained peat:

Ernfors et al. 2007

In Sweden; 500 kha forest on fertile drained peat with a peat depth larger than 30 cm, like in Skogaryd.

Based on our modeled GHG emissions these areas emit 12 Tg CO2eq every year, possible to reduce by 33%, 72% or 89%.

Wetlands; 1/5 of Sweden area

Page 16: An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previously Drained Hemiboreal Peatlands

11 Tg CO2e yr-1 18 Tg CO2e yr-1

1.2 Mha forest and 200 kha agriculture


Recommended